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Scientific American Biology for a Changing World Second Edition Test Bank

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    Biology for a Changing World 2e, Chapter 1 Test Bank 1. A hypothesis is a statement that A. can be changed throughout the experiment. B. can be avidly accepted by scientists. C. can be tested and proven true. D. can be tested and proven false. E. precedes a theory. Answer: D DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: understanding scientific studies 2. Where are the most reliable scientific results published? A. in the daily news B. i n science magazines C. in science journals D. on scientific websites E. in peer - reviewed scientific journals Answer: E DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: understanding scientific studies 3 . Imagine that you read a study of the effects of exercise on the prevalence of heart disease in women ages 35 to 65. Although you believe the experiment was carried out in an appropriate manner, you still do not believe the results. You decide to conduct your own study to see for yourself. To determine if the results of the first st udy are valid, should you do everything the same way as the first study or would it be better if you change d several of the variables, such as studying men, or looking at different age groups? Explain your choice, and explain the consequences of the other choice. Answer: To be most comparable, you would conduct your new study in the exact same manner as the previous study. If you were to change any of the variables, then the results might change as well; thus, you would not be able to compare your new results to the first study. DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Use It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: contradictory results, experimental differences, process of science 4 . The scientific process from beginning to end can be outlined as : A. hypothesize, test, analyze, and conclude.

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    B. observe, hypothesize, test, analyze, and conclude. C. observe, question, test, analyze, and conclude. D. hypothesize, test, analyze, and conclude. E. observe, te s t, hypothesize, analyze , and conclude. Answer: B DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: the scientific process, peer review 5 . Observations used as scientific evidence should NOT include A. peer - reviewed scientific literature. B. previous data generated. C. observations about past work. D. anecdotal evidence. E. other people’s data. Answer: D DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: the scientific process, peer review 6 . A hypothesis can be everything EXCEPT A. proven true . B. not supported. C. supported. D. falsifiable. E. testable. Answer: A DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: the scientific process, peer review 7 . All of the following are true of a scientific hypothesis EXCEPT A. it is an opinion. B. it is an educated guess to explain an observation. C. there must be a way to test the hypothesis. D. there must exist a possibility of obtaining a result that could prove your hypothesis wrong. E. there must exist a possibility of obtaining a result that could support your hypothesis. Answer: A DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: hypothesis, process of science

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    8 . Which of the following places the steps of the scientific process in the correct order? A. experiment → questions → hypothesis → read literature → conclusions B. questions → experiment → read literature → hypothesis → conclusions C. read literature → experiment → questions → conclusion → hypothesis D. questions → read literature → hypothesis → experiment → conclusions E. read literature → questions → experiment → hypothesis → conclusions Answer: D DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: hypothesis, process of science 9 . Why can’t science answer questions about the existence of a supernatural being? Answer: Science requires a hypothesis that is testable and falsifiable. There is no way to test the existence of a supernatural being, nor is it possible to prove that something does not exist. DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: hypothesis, process of science 10 . A scientific hypothesis must have two very important features. What are they? Answer: A scientific hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable. DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: hypothesis, process of science 11 . What does it mean to say that a scientific study has undergone “peer review”? Why is this important? Answer: When a study has undergone peer review it means that other scientists have examined the study to make sure the experiment was carried out properly and that the conclusions are appropriate. This is important to weed out studies with questionable methods and results to ensure scientific accuracy and reliability. DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: peer review, process of science

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    12 . Why do scientists say that a hypothesis is “supported” and never say that a hypothesis has been “proven”? Answer: Because it is impossible to test a hypothesis under every possible scenario ; there is no way to “prove” a hypothesis. Thus, a hypothesis can only be supported. DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: hypothesis, process of science 1 3 . What are the steps used in the process of a scientific study? A. making initial observations that generate questions, studying the literature, generating hypotheses that are both testable and falsifiable, testing the hypothesis with experiments and analyzing the data, and making conclusions that are supported by data B. generating hypotheses, conducting experiments, researching literature, making conclusions supported by the literature, and analyzing data C. making initial observations that generate questions, generating hypotheses, studying the literature, conducting experiments based on literature, and making conclusions supported by data D. generating hypotheses based on published literature, testing hypotheses, and making conclusions supported by data E. None of the above . Answer: A DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: scientific studies, experimental design 1 4 . What is the first step in the scientific process? A. designing an experiment B. choosing test subjects C. peer review of your study D. analyzing your data E. formulating a hypothesis Answer: E DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: scientific process, hypothesis, design 1 5 . What is the importance of peer review in the scientific process? A. It helps a scientist formulate a hypothesis . B. It helps a scientist choose test subjects . C. It ensures that a study has been appropriately designed and correctly interpreted .

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    D. It helps the scientist collect data . E. It is the first step in any scientific study . Answer: C DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: scientific process, peer review 1 6 . I notice that all the students in my class seem very drowsy 45 minutes into my class period. Knowing that it could not possibly be my lecture putting them to sleep , I consider other factors such as the fact that my class is at 5pm and the sun is usually setting at that time of the day , which I think may make people drowsy. What type of evidence am I collecting in making this observation? A. experimental B. anecdotal C. peer reviewed D. coincidental E. untestable Answer: B DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Use It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: scientific process, evidence, anecdotal 1 7 . What are the criteria for a good hypothesis? A. It must be realistic and have only one possible result. B. It must have only one possible result and be peer reviewed. C. It must be based on anecdotal evidence and be testable. D. It must be based on peer - reviewed journal articles and be realistic. E. It must be testable and falsifiable. Answer: E DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: scientific process, hypothesis, design 1 8 . Based on previous published data and some preliminary experiments done in my lab, I hypothesize that a drug called “shrinkase” will inhibit the growth of a particular type of cancerous tumor. What is my next step in the scientific process? A. find people with that kind of tumor B. obtain a large supply of shrinkase C. determine what my control and experimental groups will be D. submit my hypothesis for peer review E. analyze the results of my experiments Answer: C DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?

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    Type: Use It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: scientific process, hypothesis, design, experiment 1 9 . What conclusions can be drawn from a hypothesis? A. If evidence supports the hypothesis, the hypothesis is considered scientific theory. B. If evidence rejects the hypothesis, then it can be removed from the list of possible answers to the original question. C. If data support the hypothesis, then it is accepted and further testing is not warranted. D. If there is data to support the hypothesis, then it is accepted until further testing suggests otherwise. E. Both B and D . Answer: E DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: experiment, design, statistical significance, sample size 20 . Evidence that is not based on systematic scientific study is known as ____ evidence. A. empirical B. causational C. anecdotal D. logical E. statistical Answer: C DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: anecdotal evidence 21 . If the results of an experiment contradict the hypothesis, you have _____ the hypothesis. A. supported B. falsified C. proved D. failed E. verified Answer: B DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: hypothesis testing 22 . Scientific journals send out potential articles to other scientists working in the same research area, and those scientists make comments regarding the research. This is known as A. jurisprudence. B. peer rebuttal.

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    C. journalistic integrity. D. journalistic license. E. peer review. Answer: E DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: peer review 2 3 . A hypothesis must be ____ and _____. A. logical; verifiable B. logical; falsifiable C. testable; logical D. irrefutable; testable E. testable; falsifiable Answer: E DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: hypothesis 2 4 . You have the following known facts: Smoking causes accumulation of materials in the lungs, thereby decreasing oxygen - absorbing capability of the lungs. Long - term smoking causes more accumulation of materials in the lungs. Decreased lung capacity increases the workload of the heart. Which of the following hypotheses can you make from these observations? A. People who never smoke will never develop lung problems. B. Long - term smokers have poorer heart health than non - smokers. C. New smokers have poorer heart health than long - term smokers. D. Stopping smoking eliminates lung problems within two years. E. Stopping smoking eliminates heart problems within two years. Answer: B DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: hypothesis 2 5 . A hypothesis is often called an educated guess. Why is it a guess and why is it educated? Answer: It is a guess because it is a possible answer to a question that has been formulated but not yet answered. It is educated because that question and the possible answer are both based on prior knowledge gained from previous observation and research. DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Use It Difficulty: Easy

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    Important Words/Concepts: hypothesis 26 . A controlled experiment describes the use of A. separate control and experimental groups. B. precise measurements. C. accurate and careful measurements. D. more than one variable changing separately. E. careful testing of the hypothesis. Answer: A DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: independent and dependent variable, control and experimental groups 2 7 . In a controlled experiment, the control and experimental groups differ in the A. environmental variable. B. controlled variable. C. independent variable. D. dependent variable. E. result. Answer: C DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: independent and dependent variable, control and experimental groups 28 . A placebo is given to the : A. dependent group. B. control group. C. independent group. D. experimental group. E. variable group. Answer: B DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: independent and dependent variable, control and experimental groups 29 . In a controlled experiment usually only one factor is changed, which is the A. placebo. B. controlled variable. C. coordinate variable. D. independent variable.

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    E. dependent variable. Answer: D DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: independent and dependent variable, control and experimental groups Use the following information to answer Questions 30 - 33. To test the effectiveness of a new drug designed to improve concentration in children with hyperactivity disorder, a researcher divided 100 children with hyperactivity disorder into two groups of 50 children each. First, both groups received a test to determine the length of time they could study a word list before their attention wandered. Then, group 1 received the new drug while group 2 received a sugar pill. One hour later, both groups took the concentration test again. 30. Which group is the experimental group and which is the control group? Answer: Group 1 is the experimental group; group 2 is the control group. 31. Why did group 2 receive a sugar pill instead of simply not taking anything at all? Answer: Group 2 received the sugar pill so that as many variables as possible would be the same between the two groups. 32. What is the independent variable in this study? Answer: The independent variable is the drug. 33. What is the dependent variable in this study? Answer: The dependent variable is attention span. DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Use It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: control group, dependent variable, experimental group, independent variable, process of science 34 . A study is conducted to see if walking reduces joint stiffness in people suffering from arthritis of the knee. Half the participants are instructed to walk an additional 1 mile every day, while the other half are told to go about their normal daily routine with no additional exercise. In this study, the group that walks an extra mile every day is referred to as the A. control group. B. experimental group. C. placebo group. D. dependent group. E. independent group. Answer: B Commented [IJ1]: wimba: This applies to Questions 30 - 33.

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    DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Use It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: control group, dependent variable, experimental group, independent variable, placebo, process of science 35 . A study was conducted to determine if the growth rate of babies differs between babies that are bottle - fed and babies that are breast - fed. In this experiment, growth rate is referred to as the A. controlled variable. B. experimental variable. C. dependent variable. D. independent variable. E. placebo variable. Answer: C DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: control group, dependent variable, experimental group, independent variable, placebo, process of science 36 . Two groups of people are given a drug that they are told will make them drowsy. However, only one group actually receives this drug, while the other group secretly receives a sugar pill. Strangely, both groups report feeling very tired 30 minutes later. The group receiving the sugar pill is said to be experiencing the A. control effect. B. experimental effect. C. dependent effect. D. independent effect. E. placebo effect. Answer: E DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: control group, dependent variable, experimental group, independent variable, placebo, process of science 37 . What is a placebo treatment and why is it important in a properly designed experiment? Answer: A placebo treatment is a fake treatment given to the control group to mimic the experience of the experimental group. It is important to keep as many factors as possible identical between the experimental and control groups so that only the variable being studied is different. By doing this, you ensure that the result you observe is due to the experimental factor and not to any other unknown factor. DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?

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    Type: Know It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: control group, experimental group, placebo, process of science 38 . Describe the features of an experimental group versus a control group ― for example, in an experiment whose hypothesis is “ consuming coffee improves memory.” Answer: The experimental group will contain subjects who are observed under the conditions being tested. In this case, experimental and control groups would both have their memories tested. The experimental group would be individuals who have had caffeinated coffee versus the control group, who would have had decaf coffee (no caffeine). DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: experimental, control, experiment 39 . What is the importance of a placebo? A. It allows the researcher to treat control and experimental groups differently while allowing them to believe they are being treated the same. B. It allows the researcher to treat control and experimental groups the same while allowing them to believe they are being treated differently. C. It allows the researcher to use an experimental drug on more people. D. It removes the need for a control group. E. All of the above . Answer: A DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: experimental, control, experiment, placebo 40 . In a well - designed experiment the independent variable A. does not depend on another factor or condition. B. changes from subject to subject randomly. C. can never be manipulated by the researcher. D. will depend on the dependent variable. E. None of the above. Answer: A DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: exp erimental, control, independent variable Use the following information to answer Questions 41 - 43.

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    A scientific study looked at the effect of tanning beds on DNA damage. The scientists took skin cells and exposed them to UV radiation (the type used in indoor tanning beds) for different lengths of time: some for 1 minute, some for 5 minutes, some for 15 minutes, and some for 30 minutes. They then looked for signs of DNA damage and compared the results to cells that had never been exposed to UV light. 41 . What is the independent variable in this experiment? A. the number of skin cells B. the type of light C. t he length of time the cells are exposed to UV light D. the untreated cells E. the amount of DNA damage in the cells Answer: C DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Use It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: experimental, co ntrol, independent variable 42 . What is the control in this experiment? A. the number of skin cells B. the type of light C. the length of time the cells are exposed to UV light D. t he untreated cells E. the amount of DNA damage in the cells Answer: D DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Use It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: exp erimental, control, independent variable 43 . What is the independent variable in this experiment? A. the number of skin cells B. the type of light C. the length of time the cells are exposed to UV light D. the untreated cells E. t he amount of DNA damage in the cells Answer: E DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Use It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: exp erimental, control, independent variable 44 . You finish a research project and submit your findings to a journal for peer review. The reviewers decide that they do not think your experimental results were convincing enough to support or disprove your hypothesis. What is your next step? A. cry

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    B. formulate a new hypothesis that better fits your data C. d esign and carry out more experiments to support or disprove your hypothesis D. reanalyze your data E. fix your results so they better fit your hypothesis Answer: C DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Use It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: experimental design, scientific process 45 . A controlled experiment must A. have a dependent variable. B. have an independent variable. C. be falsifiable. D. be repeatable. E. All of the above . Answer: E DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: controlled experiment, variables 46 . You are running an analysis on different food items to test for the presence of the major biological macromolecules starch, proteins, and lipids. For each test you examine four food items and distilled water. What is the role of the distilled water? Answer: It is a control. DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: control 47 . Numerous studies have shown that the more often a person performs a workout routine that increases heart rate, the better their overall heart health is. You have two groups of individuals who are willing to participate in a heart - health experiment. Fifty are non - smoking males, ages 18 to 22, who work out three times per week. Fifty are non - smoking males, ages 18 to 22, who do not work out on a regular basis. In the experiment, they will step up and down on an 8 - inch - high cinder block 120 times/minute for 3 minutes. Researchers will examine their heart rate before starting, immediately after they finish, and every minute after finishing until their heart rate returns to their original rate. Two common measures of heart health are the percentage increase in heart rate caused by exercise and the time the heart rate takes to return to the base rate. Based on these parameters, what is your hypothesis regarding the heart health and test performance of the two groups?

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    Answer: The non - exercising group will have a greater increase in heart rate and a longer recovery time than the exercising group, indicating an overall lower level of heart health in the non - exercising group. DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Use It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: hypothesis , experimental design 48 . You are performing a bacterial transformation where you are trying to transfer DNA that contains the gene for resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin into the bacterium E. coli . Ampicillin normally kills E. coli , but if you are successful in your transfer of the DNA, the E. coli will now be unaffected by ampicillin. E. coli grows best on Luria Broth agar plates. Giving a cold period and then a brief heat shock and a cold period has been shown to help bacteria cells take up pieces of DNA. You take some cultures of E. coli , add cold calcium chloride, keep these on ice for 15 minutes, heat shock them for 90 seconds, then chill them on ice for 1 minute before putting them onto Luria Broth agar plates with ampicillin and Luria Broth plates without ampicillin. These bacteria should be killed by the plates with ampicillin. You take some other cultures of E. coli , add cold calcium chloride, then add the new DNA, then keep these on ice for 15 minutes, heat shock them for 90 seconds, then chill them on ice for 1 minute before putting them onto Luria Broth agar plates that contain ampicillin and Luria Broth agar plates without ampicillin. If you successfully transferred the DNA, these bacteria should grow on the plates with ampicillin and the ones without ampicillin. In this experiment, why were the colonies without the added DNA and the colonies with the added DNA treated the same way (15 minutes cold, then heat shock, then cold)? Answer: As a control to show that you handled both types of E. coli colonies the same way. Even though there was no DNA to be taken up by the one set of E. coli , if you had not handled them the same as the ones with DNA, you might conclude that the cold/heat/cold treatment conferred the ability to resist ampicillin. DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Use It Difficulty: Hard Important Words/Concepts: control 49 . Which of the following is an example of an everyday (non - scientific) theory? A. Objects are attracted to one another by gravity. B. Broccoli tastes better than cauliflower. C. All life forms are related to each other through common ancestry. D. All living things are made of cells. E. The universe was created from a large cosmic explosion.

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    Answer: B DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: process of science, theory 50 . Which is NOT an everyday (non - scientific) theory? A. If you carry and umbrella it won’t rain . B. Evolution occurs by natural selection . C. The freezer is the best place for valuables . D. Wearing bright clothes cheers one up . E. 3000 subjects perform better after a full night’s sleep . Answer: B DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: scientific theory 51 . Which of the following is NOT a scientific theory? A. Cells come from pre - existing cells . B. Objects are attracted to one another by gravity . C. A hypothesis supported by r esults from an experiment with 3 , 000 subjects . D. All life forms are related to each other through common ancestry . E. The universe was created from a large cosmic explosion . Answer: C DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: scientific theory 52 . Explain why evolution is not dismissed as “just a theory” with reference to the Theory of Evolution. Answer: Evolution has been supported by many experiments in many diverse fields. Fossils, comparative anatomy, biochemical, and biographical data support the theory of evolution by natural selection. Theories in science differ from the mainstream or colloquial interpretations, as scientific theories are based on results and conclusions from many experiments. Over time, supported hypotheses, backed by much data, become recognized as scientific theory. DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses? Type: Know It Difficulty: Easy Important Words/Concepts: scientific theory 53 . What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

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