Solution Manual for Biology Laboratory Manual, 11th Edition

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INVESTIGATIONS IN BIOLOGYThe best way to learn biology is todobiology. There are many ways to do this. For example,throughout this manual you’ll finddirected labsthat use traditional skills and activities (e.g.,how to use a microscope) toimmerse you in the process of biology.Similarly,thematic labswillinvolve you in discovering the themes of biology (e.g., evolution, ecology). These activities willhelp you experience the biology you have learned from lectures, your textbook, and this manual.We also want you to design your own experiments so that you can learn biologyyourway. Theseactivities, which are part of every lab, areinvestigative labs. Some of these investigations areindependent activities, whereas others are extensions of topics studied in directed labs andthematic labs. In investigative labs, you’ll apply the skills you’ve learned to answer your ownquestions about biology. In doing so, you’ll be challenged to create and developyourway ofanswering scientific questions.Investigations in biology often go far beyond simply followingthe steps of the scientific method.Indeed, investigation is a broad pursuit that includesobservations, experiments, analysis of the work of others, reliable procedures, and repetition.It’s more of an approach to answering questions than it is a set of rigid procedures. Althoughinvestigation doesn’t have to be complicated, it does require creativity, planning, patience, andattention to detail.Investigations proceed along a variety of paths, depending on the investigatorand the question being asked. But the steps we’ve described below can improve anyinvestigation, including those suggested in this lab manual.Establish a clear question.Investigations begin with observationsandquestions. Simple,straightforward questions are usuallythe best.When you’ve decided on your question,write itdown. You will be surprised how much easier it is to recall andrefine a written question than it isto develop a vague idea rattlingaround in your head.Make sure your question is statedclearly.And here's a tip for asking productive questions:Learnas much as you can about what you’reproposing to do. Themore background information you have, the better your questionswill be,and the more likely your results will make sense.Not all questions require controlledexperiments. For example, some investigations are descriptive rather than experimental. Decidewhether your question is best answered with experiments in controlled systems or withobservations in natural systems. You may investigate the impact of pollutants by administeringthem to controlled organisms, or you maychoose to describe observations about a pollutant’seffects in anatural community. Both approaches can lead to interestingand important results.Design a reliable experiment.Outline what you are going todo, and write down the steps ofyour procedure in numericalorder.The most reliable experiments are usually the simplestones.Complicated procedures are often hard to repeat and areprone to error.Remember that ahallmark of good science isthat it’s repeatable. To keep things simple and repeatable it’sbest—whenever you can—to isolate a single variable and holdall other conditions constant.That wayyou caneasily repeatyour experiment and refine your ability to reliably measure themostimportant variable.Simple, reliable procedures also make it easier to establishappropriatecontrols. If all conditions surrounding your experimentexcept one variable are held constant,then it is relativelyeasy to design a good control. A good control is areplicate procedure withthe variable of interest either heldconstant or absent. For example, if you want to detect theeffectsof a pollutant on plant growth, then you need a controlwith the same growth conditionsas the pollutant treatments,but without the pollutant you are studying.Another good tip for

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designing successful investigations isto use readily available organisms and materials forprocedures.Good science does not have to be complicated with expensiveequipment or exoticorganisms. There is no need to use a rat ifa fruit fly will do.If the experiment you’re proposingrequires materials other than the ones provided, ask your instructor if those materials areavailable. Also, get input from other people about your proposed work—investing timebeforeyou do the work can save much time later.Work objectively.Decide beforehand what result will validate your hypothesis and answer yourquestion, and what result will invalidate your hypothesis. If possible, use tables and graphs toshow your results. Write down not just your data, but also what your data mean. Try not to thinkabout what your resultsshould be. Instead, accept what theyare.Some of the most interestingresults are those that we didn’t predict, for unexpected results often lead to more questions. Andthat’s a good thing!Strengthen your conclusions.The best way to strengthenyour conclusions is to repeat yourwork.Along withrepetition,conclusions are stronger when they are supported by differentkindsof evidence.For example, if you are investigating the effectsof a nutrient on plant growth, thenyour conclusion isstronger if you investigated more than one species of plant.Similarly,conclusions based on highly controlled laboratoryexperiments are strengthened by corroborativedata on plantgrowth in natural communities with various levels of thatnutrient.Be prepared to revise your questions and experimental design.You’d be surprised how manyinitial experiments in aninvestigation “don’t work.” The results make no sense, or youcan’tmeasure the variable you thought you were going to measurewith the precision you expected.Or, the first experimentgives one result and the second experiment gives another.Ifthishappens, do not be overly concerned—this is preciselyhow “real science” goes. Think aboutwhat might be the problem;perhaps it’s arising from some source of variation in onereplicatethat’s not in the other replicates. The cure for thatproblem is revision and repetition. It’s worthsaying again …good science is reliable and repeatable.Figure out what your data mean.Discuss your data in lightof your original question orhypothesis.Do your results supportor falsify your hypothesis?Use your data to explain yourreasoning. What is the significance of your work?That is,what can you conclude from yourinvestigation? Are thereother interpretations from results?How do your results comparewiththose of others?Based on what you’ve learned, canyou now ask different or more probingquestions to learneven more?Remember that correlation does not necessarilyindicate cause andeffect.If you had problems with your investigation,discuss how these problems might have beenavoided.If you could repeat or revise your work, what wouldyou do differently?Be prepared to report your work.Scientists often remark that“you haven’t done science untilyou have published yourwork.”Lab write-ups are the beginning of a publication.

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INVESTIGATION WORKSHEET 1Name________________How Temperature Affects the Production of CO2by YeastObservation: Fermentation of nutrients by yeast produces CO2, and the production-rate of this CO2can be usedto measure growth of the yeast. In this lab you’ve already investigated how CO2production is affected bydifferent nutrients (i.e., sugar, protein).Formulate and recorda question regarding temperature how it influencesCO2production by yeast.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Write a your null hypothesis for this experiment:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Write an alternate hypothesis for this experiment:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify the independent variable:________________________________________________________Identify the dependent variable:__________________________________________________________Describe your experimental design and procedures.Identify your control and experimental groups.Remember to keep thesinglevariable difference between your control and experimental groups, and specify how you will analyze your data.What safety proceduresshould you be sure to incorporate in your methodology?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Results:What would be an appropriate way tographically represent your data?_________________________________________Do your data support yournull or alternatehypothesis?_____________________________________________________Answer your question:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What ideas do you have for experiments that will build on this experiment?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Comments:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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INVESTIGATION WORKSHEET 2Name________________Variation in theAreas and Shapes of LeavesObservation: Leaves, which are the primary photosynthetic organ of most plants, are adapted for absorbing light.This involves exposing largesurface-areas to the environment.Formulate and record a question regarding surface area and the shape of leaves.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Write a your null hypothesis for this experiment:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Write an alternate hypothesis for this experiment:____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify the independent variable:___________________________________________________________________Identify the dependent variable:____________________________________________________________________Describe your experimental design and procedures.Remember to keep the single variable difference between your controland experimental groups, and specify how you will analyze your data.What safety procedures should you be sure to incorporate in your methodology?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Results:Modify this table to record your dataLeaf NumberSpecies______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What would be an appropriate way to graphically represent your data?_________________________________________Do your data support yournull or alternatehypothesis?_____________________________________________________Answer your question:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Do you think your results would have been different if you had selected different leaves?What if you had chosen leavesgrown outdoors instead of leaves grown indoors, or vice versa?_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What ideas do you have for experiments that will build on this experiment?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Comments:________________________________________________________________________________

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INVESTIGATION WORKSHEET 3Name________________The Shapes, Surface Areas, and Volumes of Red Blood CellsRed blood cells, which are the most common type of blood cell, are used by vertebrates to deliver oxygen tobody tissues. Red blood cells are filled with hemoglobin, which gives them their characteristic color.Formulate and record a question regarding shape, surface area, and volume of RBCs.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Write a your null hypothesis for this experiment:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Write an alternate hypothesis for this experiment:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify the independent variable:________________________________________________________Identify the dependent variable:__________________________________________________________Describe your experimental design and procedures.Identify your control and experimental groups.Remember to keep thesingle variable difference between your control and experimental groups, and specify how you will analyze your data.What safety procedures should you be sure to incorporate in your methodology?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Results:Whatwould be an appropriate way to graphically represent your data?_________________________________________Do your data support yournull or alternatehypothesis?_____________________________________________________Answer your question:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What ideas do you have for experiments that will build on this experiment?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Comments:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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INVESTIGATION WORKSHEET 4Name________________The Responses of Single-Celled Organisms to Environmental StimuliObservation: Single-celled protists such asParameciumandAmoebalive in water and are sensitive toenvironmental stimuli.Formulate and record a question regarding the effect of temperature on the movement of protists.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Write a your null hypothesis for this experiment:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Write an alternate hypothesis for this experiment:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify the independent variable:________________________________________________________Identify the dependent variable:__________________________________________________________Describe your experimental design and procedures.Identify your control and experimental groups.Remember to keep thesingle variable difference between your control and experimental groups, and specify how you will analyze your data.What safety procedures should you be sure to incorporate in your methodology?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Results:What would be an appropriate way to graphically represent your data?_________________________________________Do your data support yournull or alternatehypothesis?_____________________________________________________Answer your question:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What ideas do you have for experiments that will build on this experiment?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Comments:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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INVESTIGATION WORKSHEET 5Name________________The Properties ofPhillips Milk of Magnesia, a Popular Antacid.Observation:Phillips Milk of Magnesiais a milky-white liquid that is a popular over-the-counter laxative andantacid.Phillips Milk of Magnesiais often taken by people suffering from “acid indigestion.”Formulate and record a question about how efficientPhillips Milk of Magnesiais at neutralizing stomach acid.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Write a your null hypothesis for this experiment:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Write an alternate hypothesis for this experiment:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify the independent variable:________________________________________________________Identify the dependent variable:__________________________________________________________Describe your experimental design and procedures.Identify your control and experimental groups.Remember to keep thesingle variable difference between your control and experimental groups, and specify how you will analyze your data.What safety procedures should you be sure to incorporate in your methodology?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Results:What would be an appropriate way to graphically represent your data?_________________________________________Do your data support yournull or alternatehypothesis?_____________________________________________________Answer your question:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What ideas do you have for experiments that will build on this experiment?________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Comments:_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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INVESTIGATION WORKSHEET 6Name________________Variation in Starch Storage by Roots Versus LeavesObservations:Starch is the major storage product of photosynthesis in higher plants, and some plant organs morethan others are specialized forstoring starch.Iodine reacts with starch to produce a dark blue-black color.Formulate and record a question regarding the production of starch in the leaves versus the roots of aflowering plant._____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Write a your null hypothesis for this experiment:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Write an alternate hypothesis for this experiment:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify the independent variable:______________________________________________________________Identify the dependent variable:________________________________________________________________Describe your experimental design and procedures.Identify your control and experimental groups.Remember tokeepthe single variable difference between your control and experimental groups, and specify how you will analyze yourdata.What safety procedures should you be sure to incorporate in your methodology?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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INVESTIGATION WORKSHEET 7Name________________The Importance of the Length of the Column in Column ChromatographyObservation:Column chromatography is a common means of separating molecules according to their size andshape. The movement ofmolecules through a column is affected by several factors, including the column’smatrix and the column’s length.Formulate and record a question regardinghow the length of the column affects the separation ofmolecues in column chromatograpghy.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Write a your null hypothesis for this experiment:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Write an alternate hypothesis for this experiment:________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Identify the independent variable:________________________________________________________Identify the dependent variable:__________________________________________________________Describe your experimental design and procedures.Identify your control and experimental groups.Remember to keep thesingle variabledifference between your control and experimental groups, and specify how you will analyze your data.What safety procedures should you be sure to incorporate in your methodology?______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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