Test Bank For Essentials of Genetics, 10th Edition

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1Essentials of Genetics, 10e(Klug)Chapter 1 Introduction to Genetics1) The CRISPR-Cas system potentially represents one of the most power techniques in geneticsas a result of its role in ________ associated with specific human disorders.A) identifying genesB) editing genesC) producing new genesD) regulating genesE) transmittinggenesAnswer: BSection: IntroductionBloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding2) In the 1600s, William Harvey studied reproduction and development. What is the term givento his theory which states that an organism develops from the fertilized eggby a succession ofdevelopmental events that lead to an adult?A) preformationB) spontaneous generationC) cell theoryD) transductionE) epigenesisAnswer: ESection:1.1Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding3) What is the term given to the theory which states that the gamete contains a completeminiature adult?A) preformationB) transductionC) transformationD) conjugationE) cell theoryAnswer: ASection: 1.1Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding4)What is the term given to the theory which put forth the idea that living organisms could ariseby incubating nonliving components?A) spontaneous generationB) natural selectionC) evolutionD) preformationE) collective combinationAnswer: ASection: 1.1Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

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25) Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory which states that ________.A) cells contain genetic information in their nucleusB) cells move fromthe various parts of the body to the reproductive organsto produce offspringC) cells are derived from preexisting cellsD) cells propagate via asexual reproductionE) cells represent the basic units of heredityAnswer: CSection: 1.1Bloom's Taxonomy:Remembering/Understanding6) Who, along with Alfred Wallace, formulated the theory of natural selection?A) Gregor MendelB) William HarveyC) Louis PasteurD) Charles DarwinE) James WatsonAnswer: DSection: 1.1Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding7)Which of the following is an example of natural selection?A) a bird's beak is able to effectively crack the seeds it encountersB) dog breeding by humansC) depending on the food a turtle eats, its shell may grow faster or slowerD) sometime during human's life they break a boneE) bacteria can be effectively killed by treatment with bleachAnswer: ASection: 1.1Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating8) Which of the following botanists was not involved with bringing Mendel's work to light inthe1900s?A) Carl CorrensB) Carl LinnaeusC) Hugo de VriesD) Erich TschermakAnswer: ASection: 1.1Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

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39) Who was the Augustinian monk that conducted a decade of experiments on the garden pea,eventually showing that traits are passed from parents to offspring in predictable ways?A) Francis CrickB) Alfred WallaceC) HippocratesD) AristotleE) Gregor MendelAnswer: ESection: 1.2Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding10)In many species, there are two representatives of each chromosome. In such species, thecharacteristic number of chromosomes is called the ________ number. It is usually symbolizedas ________.A) haploid; nB) haploid; 2nC) diploid; 2nD) diploid; nE) polyploid; nAnswer: CSection: 1.2Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding11) Genetics is defined as the branch of biology associated with ________.A) heredity and variationB) mutation and recessionC) transcription and translationD) diploid and haploidE) replicationand recombinationAnswer: ASection: 1.2Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding12) Early in the twentieth century, Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri noted that the behavior ofchromosomes during meiosis is identical to thebehavior of genes duringgamete formation. Theyproposed that genes are carried on chromosomes, which led to the basis ________.A) of the germ-plasm theoryB) of the chromosome theory of inheritanceC) of the law of independent assortmentD)for the determination of DNA as genetic materialE) of predicting patterns of inheritanceAnswer: BSection: 1.2Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

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413) What is a simple definition of an allele?Answer: An allele is an alternative form of a gene.Section: 1.2Bloom's Taxonomy:Remembering/Understanding14) The observable feature of an organism is referred to as a ________.A) genotypeB) phenotypeC) prototypeD) karyotypeE) bryophyteAnswer: BSection: 1.2Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding15) Until the mid-1940s, many scientists considered proteins to be the likely candidates for thegenetic material. Which of the following characteristics led scientists to believe DNA was NOTthe genetic material?A) DNA is more stable thanprotein.B) DNA is less abundant than protein.C) DNA has less variation than protein.D) Protein can fold into may shapes.E) DNA is less abundant than protein and DNA has less variation than protein.Answer: ESection: 1.2Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing16) Which of the followingis an example of heredity?A) A man has low blood pressure due to medications.B) Both moths and birds have wings and can fly.C) Dalmation dogs all have spots.D) Whales and fish both swim.E) Flies and molluscs both have eyes.Answer: CSection: 1.2Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating17) Which is not a component of DNA?A) mRNAB) deoxyribose sugarC) nitrogenous baseD) phosphateAnswer: ASection: 1.3Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

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518) Distinguish the functions of DNA and RNAin a eukaryote.Answer: DNA is responsible for the storage and replication of genetic information; RNA isinvolved in the expression of stored genetic information.Section: 1.3Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing19) Genetic information contained in DNA that encodes for an amino acid is referred to as a(n)________.A) alleleB) traitC) nucleotideD) codonE) genotypeAnswer: DSection: 1.3Bloom's Taxonomy:Remembering/Understanding20) Which of the following processes describes the formation ofa complementary RNAmolecule?A) replicationB) transcriptionC) translationD) mutationE) mosaicismAnswer: BSection: 1.3Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding21) Reference is often made toadapter moleculeswhen describing protein synthesisin that theyallow amino acids to associate with nucleic acids. To what class of molecules does this termrefer?A) DNAB) proteinC) mRNAD) amino acidsE) tRNAAnswer: ESection: 1.3Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

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622) If a scientist changed a cell's ionic composition and complementarity between DNA strandscould no longer occur, what would the scientist first detect?A) DNA becomes single strandedB) DNA strands become shorterC) RNA would start binding to DNAD) ribosomes would move into the nucleusE) cell membranes would become less permeableAnswer: ASection: 1.3Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating23) Sickle-cell anemia, which is associated with blockage of blood flow in capillaries and smallblood vessels, causing severe painand damage to the heart, brain, muscles, and kidneys is theresult of ________.A) a large chromosome deletionB) a small chromosome deletionC) a change in a single nucleotideD) an environmental pathogenE) a hormonal variationAnswer: CSection: 1.3Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding24) Which of the following contains all the others?A) double helixB) nucleotideC) hydrogen bondD) DNA strandE) sugarAnswer: ASection: 1.3Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing25) Once a protein is made, its biochemical or structural properties play a role in producing________.A) genotypeB) phenotypeC) mutantD) chromosomeE) DNAAnswer: BSection: 1.3Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

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726) A primary discovery to generate recombinant DNA molecules was the use of ________.A) spliceosomesB) restriction enzymesC) microscopesD) bioinformaticsE) x-ray diffractionAnswer: BSection: 1.4Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding27) A ________ is an organism produced by biotechnology thatinvolves the transfer ofhereditary traits across species.A) transgenic organismB) mutantC) cloneD) vectorE) frankenfoodAnswer: ASection: 1.5Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding28) The study of the structure, function, and evolution ofgenes and genomes is referred to as________.A) genomicsB) proteomicsC) bioinformaticsD) geneticsE) cell theoryAnswer: ASection: 1.6Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding29) ________ is a discipline involved in the development of both hardware and software forprocessing, storing, and retrieving nucleotide and protein data.A) BioinformaticsB) GenomicsC) Recombinant DNA technologyD) CloningE) ProteomicsAnswer: ASection: 1.6Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

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830) Thereare various technologies to knock out genes in organisms, what is the primaryrationale for performing these experiments?Answer: To determinethe function of the gene based on changes in phenotypeSection: 1.6Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing31)Organisms that are well understood from a scientific standpoint and are often used in basicbiological research are often called ________.A) clonesB) vectorsC) recombinant DNA technologyD) model organismsE) restriction enzymesAnswer: DSection: 1.7Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding32)The most accurate depiction of the chronological order of genetic discoveries would be________.A) chromosome theory of inheritance, Mendelian genetics, recombinant DNA technology,determination of DNA structureB) determination of DNA structure, chromosome theory of inheritance, Mendelian genetics,recombinant DNA technologyC) Mendelian genetics, chromosome theory of inheritance, determination of DNA structure,recombinant DNA technologyD) Mendelian genetics, determination of DNA structure, chromosome theory of inheritance,recombinant DNA technologyAnswer: CSection: 1.8Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

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1Essentials of Genetics, 10e(Klug)Special Topics 1 Epigenetics1) ________ is the study of phenomena and mechanisms that cause chromosome-associatedheritable changes to gene expression that are not dependent on changes in DNA sequence.A) Population geneticsB) Transmission geneticsC) EpigeneticsD) MutagenesisE) PreformationAnswer: CSection: ST 1.1Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding2) Which nitrogenous bases are most likely to be methylated?A) cytosines adjacent to guaninesB) cytosines adjacent to other cytosinesC) guanines adjacent to cytosinesD) guanines adjacent to other guaninesE) cytosines base paired to guaninesAnswer: ASection: ST 1.1Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding3) In terms of epigenetics, which statement best describes the promoter for a gene that is notexpressed in lung tissue but is expressed in heart tissue?A) In lung cells, the guanines in the promoter would be hypomethylated, but would behypermethylated in heart cells.B) In lung cells, the guanines in the promoter would be hypermethylated, and would behypomethylated in heart cells.C) In lung cells, the cytosines of the promoter would be hypomethylated, and would behypermethylated in heart cells.D) In lung cells, the cytosines of the promoter would be hypermethylated, and would behypomethylated in heart cells.E) The promoters should appear the same in both types of cells, but the mRNA produced wouldbe hypermethylated more in lung cells compared to heart cells.Answer: DSection: ST 1.1Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

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24) Which carbon atom is methylated on cytosine?A) 2'B) 4'C) 5'D) 6'Answer: CSection:ST 1.1Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding5) The sum of histone modifications and their interactions is called the ________.A) genetic codeB) histone codeC) protein codeD) expression codeE) transcription codeAnswer: BSection: ST 1.1Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding6) Which of the following genes is known to cause instability in repetitive microsatellitesequences when hypermethylated?A)BRCA1B)CDKN2AC)MLH1D)IGF2E)H19Answer: CSection: ST 1.3Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding7) Which statement about X inactivation isfalse?A) X inactivation was the first example of epigenetic allele-specific regulation to be identified.B) All embryonic cells randomly inactivate paternal X chromosomes during early development.C) Xist is a sense lncRNA expressed on the inactivated X chromosome.D) Tsix is an antisense lncRNA expressedon the active X chromosome.E) Xist and Tsix are transcripts of the same gene that are transcribed in opposite directions.Answer: BSection: ST 1.2Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

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38) A particular small noncoding RNA that is linked to spermatogenesis is most likely classifiedas what kind of noncoding RNA?A) microRNAsB) short interfering RNAsC) antisense lncRNAsD) piwi-interacting RNAsE) bidirectional lncRNAsAnswer: DSection: ST 1.1Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing9) Which of the following mechanisms is an example of genomic imprinting in humans?A) The maternal and paternal alleles of agene pair are both expressed.B) One of the two X chromosomes in females is randomly expressed and the other is repressed.C) A random pattern of autosomal allele inactivation is observed.D) Human males have only one Y chromosome and one X chromosome.E) In some allele pairs, only the paternal allele is expressed, and in others, only the maternalallele is expressed.Answer: ESection: ST 1.2Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding10) Which of the following genotypes would most likely lead to alow birth weight?A)Igf2+/Igf2+where neither maternal nor paternal allele is mutated.B)Igf2+/Igf2-where the mutatedIgf2-allele is maternal.C)Igf2+/Igf2-where the mutatedIgf2-allele is paternal.D)Igf2+/Igf2-where the mutatedIgf2-allele iseither maternal or paternal.E)Igf2+/Igf2-but only in female progeny as theIgf2gene is on the X chromosome.Answer: CSection: ST 1.2Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing11) What DNA regions regulate the expression of a cluster of genes through methylation?A) promotersB) insulatorsC) epimutationsD) imprinting control regionsE) enhancersAnswer: DSection: ST 1.2Bloom's Taxonomy:Remembering/Understanding

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412) How would you interpret the histone code, H2K4me3? This code represents a ________.A) trimethylated lysine at position 2 from the N-terminus of histone H4B) dimethylated lysine at position 4 from the N-terminus of histone H3C) trimethylated lysine at position 4 from the N-terminus of histone H2D)dimethylated lysine at position 3 from the N-terminus of histone H3E) trimethylated lysine at position 3 from the N-terminus of histone H4Answer: CSection: ST 1.1Bloom'sTaxonomy: Applying/Analyzing13) Which of the following statements best characterizes mice pups that experienced low levelsof maternal nurturing?A) As adults they have high levels of glucocorticoid receptor expression.B) As adults they have increasedability to adapt to stress.C) As adults they have increased promoter methylation.D) As adults they are more likely to nurture their offspring.E) As adults their brains are heavily mutated.Answer: CSection: ST 1.4Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding14) Consider the genesIGF2andH19and the imprinting control region(ICR) between them. Ifthe paternal ICR region was mutated in such a way that it could not be methylated but thematernal ICR was not mutated, how would that effect growth? Inyour explanation describe theexpression ofIGF2andH19from both the maternaland paternal alleles.Answer: There would be reduced growth. The maternal copy ofICRis usually not methylatedand so would remain unmethylated allowing for the expression ofthe maternalH19. ExpressedH19produces a noncoding RNA that suppressesIGF2. Typically, the paternal copy ofICRishypermethylated so thatH19is not expressed and thusIGF2can be expressed. In this mutant,theICRis unable to be methylated and thusH19will be expressed and then the resultingnoncoding RNA will repress theIGF2. This would result in the repression of both maternal andpaternal copies ofIGF2and will result in slower growth.Section: ST 1.2Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing15)Explain the roles of Xist and Tsix during X inactivation in females.Answer:Both Xist and Tsix are long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA). Xist is expressed on theinactivated X-chromosomes. The Xist lncRNA will repress the genes on the inactivated X-chromosomes.Tsix is expressed on the active X chromosomes. When Tsix is expressed, itslncRNA will repress Xist expression, thus preventing the active X chromosome from beingsilenced.Section: ST 1.2Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

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516) Explain why artificial reproductive technologies (ART) such asin vitrofertilization areassociated with an increased risk of epimutations.Answer: There is an increase in imprinting errors, and maternal specific methylation is reducedwhen using ART. ART is conductedwhen epigenetic reprogramming is occurring and mayinterfere with that reprogramming. Some examples are an increase in Beckwith–Wiedemannsyndrome, Angelman syndrome, and Prader-Willi syndrome.Section: ST 1.2Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding17) Explain why selected regions of the genome are hypermethylated in cancer cells even thoughgenomes of cancer cells are typically characterized by global hypomethylation.Answer: Hypermethylation of promoters that regulate tumor-suppressor genes canlead toreduced expression of proteins involved in DNA repair. Loss of DNA repair mechanisms canlead to loss of cell cycle control and cancer. Hypermethylation of these genes is known to reducetheir expression.Section: ST 1.3Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding18) Based on rat studies that show how maternal nurturing helps offspring respond better tostress, propose a model to help explain why human children who are abused have a highersuicide rate.Answer: From rat studies, it could be proposed thathuman children that are abused will havedecreased histone acetylation and increased DNA methylation associated with the genes forglucocorticoid receptors. These receptors in the hypothalamic region of the brain are important inmediating stress.Section:ST 1.4Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating19) What are the two main goals of the NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Project?Answer: The goals are to (1) provide a set of at least 1000 reference epigenomes in a range ofcell types from healthy anddiseased individuals and (2) delineate the epigenetic differences inhealthy and diseased states.Section: ST 1.5Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

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1Essentials of Genetics, 10e(Klug)Chapter 2 Mitosis and Meiosis1)Living organisms are categorized into two major groups based on the presence or absence of anucleus. What group is defined by the presence of a nucleus?A) eukaryotic organismB) virusC) eubacteriumD) archaeaE) bacteriophageAnswer: ASection: 2.1Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding2) What is the name of the membranous structure that compartmentalizes the cytoplasm ofeukaryotic organisms?A) ribosomeB) mitochondriaC)cytosolD) endoplasmic reticulumE) nucleoidAnswer: DSection: 2.1Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding3) Organized by the centrioles, what structures are important in the movement of chromosomesduring cell division?A) mitochondriaB) chloroplastsC) cell wallsD) spindle fibersE) centromeresAnswer: DSection: 2.1Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding4) Which of the following is not a true statement about mitochondria?A) the mitochondrial genome is contained in the nucleusB) the mitochondria duplicate themselvesC) the mitochondria transcribe and translate their own genetic informationD) mitochondria are found in plants and animalsE) mitochondria are sites for cellular respirationAnswer: ASection: 2.1Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

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25) The nucleolus organizer region (NOR) is responsible for production of what type of cellstructure?A) nucleolusB) ribosomeC) chromatidsD) mitochondriaE) endoplasmic reticulumAnswer: BSection: 2.1Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding6) Which of the following terms defines a chromosome in which the centromere is near one end,but not at the end of a chromosome?A) acentricB) submetacentricC) metacentricD) acrocentricE) telocentricAnswer: DSection: 2.2Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding7)The diploid chromosome number of an organism is usually represented as 2n. Humans have adiploid chromosome number of 46. What would be the expected haploid chromosome number ina human?A) 92B) 16C) 12D) 24E) 23Answer: ESection: 2.2Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing8) Which of the following is incorrect?A) a locus is a gene site on a chromosomeB) an allele is an alternate form of the same geneC) sex chromosomes are not strictly homologousD) homologous chromosomes contain identical geneticinformationE) a karyotype is generated from a metaphase spreadAnswer: DSection: 2.2Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

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