Test Bank for Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach, 3rd Edition

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1Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach, 3e(Sanders)Chapter 1 The Molecular Basis of Heredity, Variation, and Evolution1.1 Multiple-Choice Questions1) Sexual reproduction uses ________ to generate ________ gametes, which join at fertilization.A)meiosis; haploidB) mitosis; haploidC) meiosis; diploidD) mitosis; diploidE) mitosis; identicalAnswer: ASection: 1.1Skill: Remembering/Understanding2) When a diploid cell divides by mitosis, the result is ________.A) identical haploid cellsB)identical diploid cellsC) unique diploid cellsD) unique haploid cellsE) a zygoteAnswer: BSection: 1.1Skill: Remembering/Understanding3) Modern genetics consists of three major branches. Which of these branches, also known as"transmission genetics," involves the study of the transmission of traits and characteristics insuccessive generations?A) evolutionaryB) MendelianC) molecularD) populationE) reproductiveAnswer: BSection: 1.1Skill: Remembering/Understanding4) You identify a new unicellular organism with multiple chromosomes organized by proteinswithin the cell's nucleus. Into which of the three domains of life might this organism fit?A) ArchaeaB) BacteriaC) EukaryaD) Archaea or BacteriaE) Archaea or EukaryaAnswer: CSection: 1.1Skill: Applying/Analyzing

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25) Watson and Crick used evidence from several studies to determine the structure of DNA.What conclusion were they able to draw from Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction data,specifically?A) DNA consists of four typesof nucleotide bases: A, T, C, and G.B) DNA nucleotides form complementary base pairs.C) Adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine when they are on opposite DNAstrands.D) DNA is a duplex, with two strands forming a double helix.E) TheDNA strands are antiparallel, and the strands are held together by hydrogen bonds.Answer: DSection: 1.2Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.26) What kind of bond is formed between the 5′ phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3′hydroxyl (OH) group of the adjacent nucleotide?A) ionic bondB) phosphodiester bondC) hydrogen bondD) disulfide bondE) hydroxyl bondAnswer: BSection: 1.2Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.27)What kind of bond is formed between complementary base pairs to join the two DNA strandsinto a double helix?A) ionic bondB) phosphodiester bondC) hydrogen bondD) disulfide bondE) peptide bondAnswer: CSection: 1.2Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.2

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38) Identify which of the following includes three possible components of a RNA nucleotide?A) deoxyribose, guanine, phosphate groupB) deoxyribose, uracil, phosphate groupC) ribose, thymine, phosphate groupD) deoxyribose, cytosine, phosphate groupE) ribose, adenine, phosphate groupAnswer: ESection: 1.2Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.29) What chemical group appears on the 5' carbon of a DNA nucleotide?A) carboxyl groupB) phosphate groupC) amino groupD) hydroxyl groupE)nitrogenous baseAnswer: BSection: 1.2Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.210) If a eukaryotic chromosome was composed of 20% adenine, how much cytosine shouldtheoretically be present in that same chromosome?A) 30%B) 20%C) 60%D) 40%E) 10%Answer: ASection: 1.2Skill: Applying/AnalyzingLO: G4, S1.2

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411) Use the data in the following table to determine which nucleic acid sample can be ALL ofthe following 4 types: double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, orsingle-stranded RNA.Nucleic Acid SampleDataSample 125% of the bases are thymineSample 235% of the bases are adenineSample 325% of the bases are uracilSample 455% of the bases are cytosineSample 550% of the five-carbon sugars aredeoxyriboseA) Sample 1B) Sample 2C) Sample 3D) Sample 4E) Sample 5Answer: BSection: 1.2Skill: Applying/AnalyzingLO: G1, S1.212) What is the sequence and polarity of the DNA strand complementary to the strand5' AAATGTCCATGC 3'?A) 5' TTTACAGGTACG3'B) 3' AAATGTCCATGC 5'C) 3' TTTACAGGTACG 5'D) 5' UUUACAGGUACG 3'E) 3' UUUACAGGUACG 5'Answer: CSection: 1.2Skill: Applying/AnalyzingLO: 1.3b13) Messenger RNA (mRNA) is ________.A) the major structural material making up ribosomesB) the molecule that carries the genetic information from DNA and is used as a template forprotein synthesisC) the major structural component of chromosomesD) a molecule that incorporates a specific amino acid into the growing protein when itrecognizes a specific group of three basesE) the monomer of polypeptidesAnswer: BSection: 1.3Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.3a

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514) What are the DNA regulatory sequences recognized by RNA polymerase called?A) anticodonsB) proteomesC) intronsD) promotersE) termination sequencesAnswer: DSection: 1.3Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.3a15) What is the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA sequences?A) replicationB) transcriptionC) translationD) transformationE) transductionAnswer: CSection: 1.3Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.3a16) What is the process of synthesizing single-stranded RNA from template DNA?A) replicationB) transcriptionC) translationD) transformationE) transductionAnswer: BSection: 1.3Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.3a17) What kind of bond is formed between successive amino acids during translation?A) ionic bondB) phosphodiester bondC) hydrogen bondD) disulfide bondE) peptide bondAnswer: ESection: 1.3Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.3a

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618) Retroviruses carry their genetic information in the form of RNA, which is subsequentlycoded into DNA after the virus enters its host cell. What enzyme does the retrovirus use toproduce this initial DNA?A) reverse transcriptaseB) RNA polymeraseC) DNA polymeraseD) ribosomesE) reverse translationaseAnswer: ASection: 1.3Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.3a19) Only sixty-one of the sixty-four codons specify an amino acid. In what process do the otherthree codonsfunction?A) initiation of transcriptionB) initiation of translationC) initiation of replicationD) termination of transcriptionE) termination of translationAnswer: ESection: 1.3Skill: Applying/AnalyzingLO: S1.3a20) The movement of DNA or RNAin gel electrophoresis is often a matter of molecular weightalone. Which of the following molecular parameters usually influence the movement of protein?A) only weightB) only chargeC) only shapeD) only weight and shapeE) weight, charge, or shapeAnswer: ESection: 1.4Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.4a

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721) Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with the DNA fragments shown in thegel?A) Band 1 has a lower electrophoretic mobility than Band 2B) Band 1 has a lower molecular mass than Band 2C) Band 1 is closer to the origin of migration than Band 2D) Band 1 must have a negative chargeE) Band 1 must have been stained or hybridized by a molecular probeAnswer: BSection: 1.4Skill: Applying/AnalyzingLO: G3, S1.4a22) Hereditary anemia known as sickle cell disease (SCD) results from inheritance of a variantform of β-globin protein (βS), rather than the wild-type β-globin protein (βA). Which of thefollowing did Linus Pauling find following gel electrophoresis of hemoglobin protein fromindividuals with the following three genotypes: βAβA, βAβS, or βSβS?A) the lane containing the hemoglobin from the heterozygote (βAβS) individual had two proteinbands with differing electrophoretic mobilityB) the lane containing thehemoglobin from the homozygous (βAβA) individual had two proteinbands with differing electrophoretic mobilityC) the lane containing the hemoglobin from the homozygous (βSβS) individual with SCD hadtwo protein bandsD) all three lanes had the same two protein bands with the same electrophoretic mobilityE) all three lanes had just one protein band with the same electrophoretic mobilityAnswer: ASection: 1.4Skill: Applying/AnalyzingLO: G2, S1.4b

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823) Hereditary anemia known as sickle cell disease(SCD) results from inheritance of a variantform of β-globin protein (βS), rather than the wild-type β-globin protein (βA). The βS proteindoes not migrate as far as the βA protein. Which of following does NOT explain why the gelelectrophoresis lane containing the hemoglobin protein from the heterozygous (βAβS) individualhas two protein bands?A) The band closer to the origin of migration contained βS protein and the band farther from theorigin of migration contained βA protein.B) The βA protein hasa higher electrophoretic mobility.C) The βS protein has a lower electrophoretic mobility.D) The protein bands migrated different distances based solely on differences in molecularweight.E) The different electrophoretic mobility of the two proteins wasa result of differences in theirmolecular weight, charge, and/ or shape.Answer: DSection: 1.4Skill: Evaluating/CreatingLO: G3, S1.4b24) You have digested a molecule of DNA and want to identify a specific fragment of interest.The DNA is subjected to gel electrophoresis, but you get two bands that are very close in size.What could you use to determine which band is the correct one?A) eastern blotB) western blotC) northern blotD) southern blotE) stain with ethidium bromideAnswer: DSection: 1.4Skill: Applying/AnalyzingLO: S1.4d

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925) Which of the follow refers to all the RNA produced by transcription of DNA?A) proteomeB) transcriptomeC) genomeD) translatomeE) population geneticsAnswer: BSection: 1.4Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.4e26) Which evolutionary process describes the movement of members of a species from onepopulation to another?A) natural selectionB) migrationC) mutationD) random genetic driftE) population geneticsAnswer: BSection: 1.5Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.5a27) Which evolutionary process is most pronounced in small populations where statisticalfluctuations in allele frequencies can be significant from one generation to the next?A) natural selectionB) migrationC) mutationD) random genetic driftE) population geneticsAnswer: DSection: 1.5Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.5a28) Which evolutionary process involves the slow addition of allelic variation that increases thehereditary diversity of populations,ultimately leading to evolutionary change?A) natural selectionB) migrationC) mutationD) random genetic driftE) population geneticsAnswer: CSection: 1.5Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.5a

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1029) Which evolutionary process relies on the premise that individuals with the best adaptationsare most successful at reproducing and leave more offspring than those with less adaptive forms?A) natural selectionB) migrationC) mutationD) random genetic driftE) population geneticsAnswer: ASection:1.5Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.5a30) Which term describes a set of organisms that descended from a single common ancestor andare more closely related to other members of the group than to organisms outside the group?A) paraphyletic groupB) phylogenyC) speciesD) monophyletic groupE) parsimonyAnswer: DSection: 1.5Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.5b31) Morphological or molecular characters shared by members of a clade are called ________.A) common ancestorsB) paraphyletic groupsC) homoplasmiesD) monophyletic groupsE) synaptomorphiesAnswer: ESection: 1.5Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.5b

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1132) In the phylogenetic tree below, which feature distinguishes snakes and mammals from frogsand salamanders?A) legsB) headC) amniotic eggD) milkE) notochordAnswer: CSection: 1.5Skill: Applying/AnalyzingLO: S1.5a

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121.2 Short Answer Questions1) What are the three domains of life?Answer: Bacteria, Archaea, and EukaryaSection: 1.1Skill: Remembering/Understanding2) With the assistance of William Bateson, Archibald Garrod produced the first documentedexample of a human hereditary disorder that shaped the study of biochemical pathways. Whichdisorder were they describing?Answer: alkaptonuriaSection: 1.1Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: G5, S1.1a3) The physical units of heredity composed of defined DNA sequences that collectively controlgene transcription and contain the information to produce RNA molecules or proteins are betterknownas what?Answer: genesSection: 1.1Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.1b4) A complete set of chromosomes is transmitted to produce identical daughter cells in whichcell division process?Answer: mitosisSection: 1.1Skill: Remembering/Understanding5) The genotypes of humans are more than 99% similar. What is the term that describes thealternative forms of genes that contribute to human genetic variation?Answer: allelesSection: 1.1Skill: Applying/AnalyzingLO: S1.1b6) In eukaryotes, most of the cells' DNA is found in the form of chromosomes in the nucleus.Which organelles contain their own genomes (descended from ancient endosymbiotic bacteria)?Answer: mitochondria and chloroplastsSection: 1.1Skill: Remembering/Understanding

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137) During DNA replication, nascent DNA strands are synthesized in only one direction.Nucleotides are added only to which end of the nascent strand?Answer: the 3′ hydroxyl endSection: 1.2Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.28) Messenger RNA codons pair with tRNA anticodons at which cell structure?Answer: the ribosomeSection: 1.3Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.3a9) Peptidyl transferase and other proteins power the continuous progression of the ribosomealong mRNA and catalyze what type of bond formation in the growing polypeptide chain?Answer: peptide bondsSection: 1.3Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.3a10) Before transferring DNA from a gel to the membrane in Southern blotting, the DNA must bedenatured (usually by soaking the gel in NaOH). Why is this step necessary?Answer: to make the DNA single stranded so that the molecular probe can bind viacomplementary base pairing to its target DNASection: 1.4Skill: Applying/AnalyzingLO: S1.4c11) What process proposed by Wallace and Darwin describes the higher rates of survival andreproduction of certain forms of a species over alternative forms?Answer: natural selectionSection: 1.5Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.5a12) As natural selection increases the frequency of one morphological form over another in thepopulation, what changes at thegenotypiclevel?Answer: allele frequencySection: 1.5Skill: Applying/AnalyzingLO: G2, S1.5a

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1413) What type of diagram would you use to depict morphological or molecular similarities anddifferences that identify evolutionary relationships?Answer: phylogenetic treeSection: 1.5Skill: Remembering/Understanding14) Both sugar gliders and flying squirrels have evolved characteristics that allow them to glide,despite being geographically separated. Similar traits that have independent origins arise as aresult of what phenomenon?Answer: convergent evolutionSection: 1.5Skill: Applying/AnalyzingLO: S1.5a15) Phylogenetic trees are constructed based on morphological characteristics, but molecularphylogenetic trees are constructed based on which feature?Answer:nucleic or amino acid sequenceSection: 1.5Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.5b1.3 Fill-in-the-Blank Questions1) The work of Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri suggested that the hereditary units, orgenes,described by Mendel are located on ________.Answer: chromosomesSection: 1.1Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.1b2) Genetic experiments have revealed the relationship between the observable traits of anorganism, or ________, and the genetic constitution of an organism, or ________.Answer: phenotype; genotypeSection: 1.1Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.1b3) DNA replication is called ________ because the newly replicated DNA consists of a parentalstrand (from the original DNA) and a newly synthesized daughter strand.Answer: semiconservativeSection: 1.2Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.2

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154) The ________, first proposed by Francis Crick, summarizes the relationships between DNA,RNA, and protein.Answer: central dogma of biologySection: 1.3Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.3a5) A general labeling compound called ________ attaches to all DNA or RNA in a gel bybinding to the sugar-phosphate backbone, thus allowing researchers to visualize the nucleic acidswhen the gel is exposed to UV light.Answer: ethidium bromide (EtBr)Section:1.4Skill: Remembering/UnderstandingLO: S1.4a

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