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Test Bank for Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach, 3rd Edition

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    1 G enetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach, 3e (Sanders) Chapter 1 The Molecular Basis of Heredity, Variation, and Evolution 1.1 Multiple - Choice Questions 1) Sexual reproduction uses ________ to generate ________ gametes, which join at fertilization. A) meiosis; haploid B) mitosis; haploid C) meiosis; diploid D) mitosis; diploid E) mitosis; identical Answer: A Section: 1.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 2) When a diploid cell divides by mitosis, the result is ________. A) identical haploid cells B) identical diploid cells C) unique diploid cells D) unique haploid cells E) a zygote Answer: B Section: 1.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 3) Modern genetics consists of three major branches. Which of these branches, also known as "transmission geneti cs," involves the study of the transmission of traits and characteristics in successive generations? A) evolutionary B) Mendelian C) molecular D) population E) reproductive Answer: B Section: 1.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 4) You identify a new u nicellular organism with multiple chromosomes organized by proteins within the cell's nucleus. Into which of the three domains of life might this organism fit? A) Archaea B) Bacteria C) Eukarya D) Archaea or Bacteria E) Archaea or Eukarya Answer: C Sectio n: 1.1 Skill: Applying/Analyzing

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    2 5) Watson and Crick used evidence from several studies to determine the structure of DNA. What conclusion were they able to draw from Rosalind Franklin's X - ray diffraction data, specifically? A) DNA consists of four types of nucleotide bases: A, T, C, and G. B) DNA nucleotides form complementary base pairs. C) Adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine when they are on opposite DNA strands. D) DNA is a duplex, with two strands forming a double helix. E) The DNA strands are antiparallel, and the strands are held together by hydrogen bonds. Answer: D Section: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.2 6) What kind of bond is formed between the 5 ′ phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3′ hydroxyl (OH) group of the adjacent nucleotide? A) ionic bond B) phosphodiester bond C) hydrogen bond D) disulfide bond E) hydroxyl bond Answer: B Section: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.2 7) What kind of bond is formed between complementary base pairs to join the two DNA strands into a double helix? A) ionic bond B) phosphodiester bond C) hydrogen bond D) disulfide bond E) peptide bond Answer: C Section: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understandin g LO: S1.2

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    3 8) Identify which of the following includes three possible components of a RNA nucleotide? A) deoxyribose, guanine, phosphate group B) deoxyribose, uracil, phosphate group C) ribose, thymine, phosphate group D) deoxyribose, cytosine, phosphat e group E) ribose, adenine, phosphate group Answer: E Section: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.2 9) What chemical group appears on the 5' carbon of a DNA nucleotide? A) carboxyl group B) phosphate group C) amino group D) hydroxyl group E) nitrogenous base Answer: B Section: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.2 10) If a eukaryotic chromosome was composed of 20% adenine, how much cytosine should theoretically be present in that same chromosome? A) 30% B) 20% C) 60% D) 40% E) 10% Answer: A Section: 1.2 Skill: Applying/Analyzing LO: G4, S1.2

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    4 11) Use the data in the following table to determine which nucleic acid sample can be ALL of the following 4 types: double - stranded DNA, single - stranded DNA, double - stranded RNA, or singl e - stranded RNA. Nucleic Acid Sample Data Sample 1 25% of the bases are thymine Sample 2 35% of the bases are adenine Sample 3 25% of the bases are uracil Sample 4 55% of the bases are cytosine Sample 5 50% of the five - carbon sugars are deoxyrib ose A) Sample 1 B) Sample 2 C) Sample 3 D) Sample 4 E) Sample 5 Answer: B Section: 1.2 Skill: Applying/Analyzing LO: G1, S1.2 12) What is the sequence and polarity of the DNA strand complementary to the strand 5' AAATGTCCATGC 3'? A) 5' TTTACAGGTACG 3' B) 3' AAATGTCCATGC 5' C) 3' TTTACAGGTACG 5' D) 5' UUUACAGGUACG 3' E) 3' UUUACAGGUACG 5' Answer: C Section: 1.2 Skill: Applying/Analyzing LO: 1.3b 13) Messenger RNA (mRNA) is ________. A) the major structural material making up ribosomes B) the mol ecule that carries the genetic information from DNA and is used as a template for protein synthesis C) the major structural component of chromosomes D) a molecule that incorporates a specific amino acid into the growing protein when it recognizes a specifi c group of three bases E) the monomer of polypeptides Answer: B Section: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.3a

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    5 14) What are the DNA regulatory sequences recognized by RNA polymerase called? A) anticodons B) proteomes C) introns D) promoters E ) termination sequences Answer: D Section: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.3a 15) What is the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA sequences? A) replication B) transcription C) translation D) transformation E) transduction Answer: C Section: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.3a 16) What is the process of synthesizing single - stranded RNA from template DNA? A) replication B) transcription C) translation D) transformation E) transduction Answer: B Section: 1.3 Skill: Re membering/Understanding LO: S1.3a 17) What kind of bond is formed between successive amino acids during translation? A) ionic bond B) phosphodiester bond C) hydrogen bond D) disulfide bond E) peptide bond Answer: E Section: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Unde rstanding LO: S1.3a

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    6 18) Retroviruses carry their genetic information in the form of RNA, which is subsequently coded into DNA after the virus enters its host cell. What enzyme does the retrovirus use to produce this initial DNA? A) reverse transcriptase B) RNA polymerase C) DNA polymerase D) ribosomes E) reverse translationase Answer: A Section: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.3a 19) Only sixty - one of the sixty - four codons specify an amino acid. In what process do the other three codons function? A) initiation of transcription B) initiation of translation C) initiation of replication D) termination of transcription E) termination of translation Answer: E Section: 1.3 Skill: Applying/Analyzing LO: S1.3a 20) The movement of DNA or RNA in gel electrophoresis is often a matter of molecular weight alone. Which of the following molecular parameters usually influence the movement of protein? A) only weight B) only charge C) only shape D) only weight and shape E) weight, charge, or shape Answ er: E Section: 1.4 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.4a

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    7 21) Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with the DNA fragments shown in the gel? A) Band 1 has a lower electrophoretic mobility than Band 2 B) Band 1 has a lower molecu lar mass than Band 2 C) Band 1 is closer to the origin of migration than Band 2 D) Band 1 must have a negative charge E) Band 1 must have been stained or hybridized by a molecular probe Answer: B Section: 1.4 Skill: Applying/Analyzing LO: G3, S1.4a 22 ) Hereditary anemia known as sickle cell disease (SCD) results from inheritance of a variant form of β - globin protein (βS), rather than the wild - type β - globin protein (βA). Which of the following did Linus Pauling find following gel electrophoresis of hemo globin protein from individuals with the following three genotypes: βAβA, βAβS, or βSβS? A) the lane containing the hemoglobin from the heterozygote (βAβS) individual had two protein bands with differing electrophoretic mobility B) the lane containing the hemoglobin from the homozygous (βAβA) individual had two protein bands with differing electrophoretic mobility C) the lane containing the hemoglobin from the homozygous (βSβS) individual with SCD had two protein bands D) all three lanes had the same two p rotein bands with the same electrophoretic mobility E) all three lanes had just one protein band with the same electrophoretic mobility Answer: A Section: 1.4 Skill: Applying/Analyzing LO: G2, S1.4b

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    8 23) Hereditary anemia known as sickle cell disease (SCD) results from inheritance of a variant form of β - globin protein (βS), rather than the wild - type β - globin protein (βA). The βS protein does not migrate as far as the βA protein. Which of following does NOT explain why the gel electrophoresis lane conta ining the hemoglobin protein from the heterozygous (βAβS) individual has two protein bands? A) The band closer to the origin of migration contained βS protein and the band farther from the origin of migration contained βA protein. B) The βA protein has a higher electrophoretic mobility. C) The βS protein has a lower electrophoretic mobility. D) The protein bands migrated different distances based solely on differences in molecular weight. E) The different electrophoretic mobility of the two proteins was a result of differences in their molecular weight, charge, and/ or shape. Answer: D Section: 1.4 Skill: Evaluating/Creating LO: G3, S1.4b 24) You have digested a molecule of DNA and want to identify a specific fragment of interest. The DNA is subject ed to gel electrophoresis, but you get two bands that are very close in size. What could you use to determine which band is the correct one? A) eastern blot B) western blot C) northern blot D) southern blot E) stain with ethidium bromide Answer: D Section : 1.4 Skill: Applying/Analyzing LO: S1.4d

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    9 25) Which of the follow refers to all the RNA produced by transcription of DNA? A) proteome B) transcriptome C) genome D) translatome E) population genetics Answer: B Section: 1.4 Skill: Remembering/Underst anding LO: S1.4e 26) Which evolutionary process describes the movement of members of a species from one population to another? A) natural selection B) migration C) mutation D) random genetic drift E) population genetics Answer: B Section: 1.5 Skill: R emembering/Understanding LO: S1.5a 27) Which evolutionary process is most pronounced in small populations where statistical fluctuations in allele frequencies can be significant from one generation to the next? A) natural selection B) migration C) mutati on D) random genetic drift E) population genetics Answer: D Section: 1.5 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.5a 28) Which evolutionary process involves the slow addition of allelic variation that increases the hereditary diversity of populations, ultimately leading to evolutionary change? A) natural selection B) migration C) mutation D) random genetic drift E) population genetics Answer: C Section: 1.5 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.5a

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    10 29) Which evolutionary process relies on the prem ise that individuals with the best adaptations are most successful at reproducing and leave more offspring than those with less adaptive forms? A) natural selection B) migration C) mutation D) random genetic drift E) population genetics Answer: A Section: 1.5 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.5a 30) Which term describes a set of organisms that descended from a single common ancestor and are more closely related to other members of the group than to organisms outside the group? A) paraphyletic gro up B) phylogeny C) species D) monophyletic group E) parsimony Answer: D Section: 1.5 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.5b 31) Morphological or molecular characters shared by members of a clade are called ________. A) common ancestors B) paraphyl etic groups C) homoplasmies D) monophyletic groups E) synaptomorphies Answer: E Section: 1.5 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.5b

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    11 32) In the phylogenetic tree below, which feature distinguishes snakes and mammals from frogs and salamanders? A) legs B) head C) amniotic egg D) milk E) notochord Answer: C Section: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing LO: S1.5a

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    12 1.2 Short Answer Questions 1) What are the three domains of life? Answer: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya Section: 1.1 Skill: Remember ing/Understanding 2) With the assistance of William Bateson, Archibald Garrod produced the first documented example of a human hereditary disorder that shaped the study of biochemical pathways. Which disorder were they describing? Answer: alkaptonuria Se ction: 1.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: G5, S1.1a 3) The physical units of heredity composed of defined DNA sequences that collectively control gene transcription and contain the information to produce RNA molecules or proteins are better known as what? Answer: genes Section: 1.1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.1b 4) A complete set of chromosomes is transmitted to produce identical daughter cells in which cell division process? Answer: mitosis Section: 1.1 Skill: Remembering/Unde rstanding 5) The genotypes of humans are more than 99% similar. What is the term that describes the alternative forms of genes that contribute to human genetic variation? Answer: alleles Section: 1.1 Skill: Applying/Analyzing LO: S1.1b 6) In eukaryot es, most of the cells' DNA is found in the form of chromosomes in the nucleus. Which organelles contain their own genomes (descended from ancient endosymbiotic bacteria)? Answer: mitochondria and chloroplasts Section: 1.1 Skill: Remembering/Understandin g

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    13 7) During DNA replication, nascent DNA strands are synthesized in only one direction. Nucleotides are added only to which end of the nascent strand? Answer: the 3 ′ hydroxyl end Section: 1.2 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.2 8) Messenger RNA codons pair with tRNA anticodons at which cell structure? Answer: the ribosome Section: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.3a 9) Peptidyl transferase a nd other proteins power the continuous progression of the ribosome along mRNA and catalyze what type of bond formation in the growing polypeptide chain? Answer: peptide bonds Section: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.3a 10) Before transferr ing DNA from a gel to the membrane in Southern blotting, the DNA must be denatured (usually by soaking the gel in NaOH). Why is this step necessary? Answer: to make the DNA single stranded so that the molecular probe can bind via complementary base pairin g to its target DNA Section: 1.4 Skill: Applying/Analyzing LO: S1.4c 11) What process proposed by Wallace and Darwin describes the higher rates of survival and reproduction of certain forms of a species over alternative forms? Answer: natural selectio n Section: 1.5 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.5a 12) As natural selection increases the frequency of one morphological form over another in the population, what changes at the genotypic level? Answer: allele frequency Section: 1.5 Skill: Ap plying/Analyzing LO: G2, S1.5a

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    14 13) What type of diagram would you use to depict morphological or molecular similarities and differences that identify evolutionary relationships? Answer: phylogenetic tree Section: 1.5 Skill: Remembering/Understanding 14) Both sugar gliders and flying squirrels have evolved characteristics that allow them to glide, despite being geographically separated. Similar traits that have independent origins arise as a result of what phenomenon? Answer: convergent evolution Sec tion: 1.5 Skill: Applying/Analyzing LO: S1.5a 15) Phylogenetic trees are constructed based on morphological characteristics, but molecular phylogenetic trees are constructed based on which feature? Answer: nucleic or amino acid sequence Section: 1.5 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.5b 1.3 Fill - in - the - Blank Questions 1) The work of Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri suggested that the hereditary units, or genes , described by Mendel are located on ________. Answer: chromosomes Section: 1.1 S kill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.1b 2) Genetic experiments have revealed the relationship between the observable traits of an organism, or ________, and the genetic constitution of an organism, or ________. Answer: phenotype; genotype Section: 1 .1 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.1b 3) DNA replication is called ________ because the newly replicated DNA consists of a parental strand (from the original DNA) and a newly synthesized daughter strand. Answer: semiconservative Section: 1.2 S kill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.2

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    15 4) The ________, first proposed by Francis Crick, summarizes the relationships between DNA, RNA, and protein. Answer: central dogma of biology Section: 1.3 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.3a 5) A ge neral labeling compound called ________ attaches to all DNA or RNA in a gel by binding to the sugar - phosphate backbone, thus allowing researchers to visualize the nucleic acids when the gel is exposed to UV light. Answer: ethidium bromide (EtBr) Section: 1.4 Skill: Remembering/Understanding LO: S1.4a

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