Test Bank For Neuroscience: Exploring the Brain, 3rd Edition

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Page 11. Why are a broad perspective and an interdisciplinary approach required forunderstanding the brain? Choose the correct option.A)Understanding the brain is a focused area in natural science with the brain servingas the common point of focus.B)Understanding the brain requires knowledge about many things, from thestructure of the water molecule to the electrical and chemical properties of thebrain.C)Understanding the brain requires the study of the different species of the brain.D)Understanding the brain requires the analysis of one approach at a time to yield anew synthesis.Ans: BDifficulty: Easy2. Galen's study of sheep brains was the basis for a theory of brain function that prevailedfor almost 1500 years. Which of the following represents this view? Choose the correctoption.A)The heart is the center of intellect and the brain is the cooling systemB)Ventricular localization of brain functionC)Mind brain dualityD)Parceling the cerebrum into lobesAns: BDifficulty: Easy3. What is “mind-brain problem”? Choose the correct option.A)Individually human mental capacities exist outside the brain that is in the mind.B)The physical basis of the mind is the brain.C)Both animals and people possess intellect and a God given soul.D)The pineal gland is a spiritual entity.Ans: ADifficulty: Moderate4. What notion was displaced by the concept of nerves being described as wires? Choosethe correct option.A)Nerves are channels that communicate with the brain by the movement of fluids.B)Muscles can be twitched when nerves are stimulated electrically and the brainitself may generate electricity.C)Signals to the muscles causing movement use the same wires as those that registersensations from the skin.D)Nerves conduct electrical signals to and from the brain.Ans: ADifficulty: Difficult

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Page 25. The combined work of Bell and Magendie revealed a fundamental fact about the spinalnerves. Choose the correct option.A)Spinal nerves are myelinated.B)Spinal nerves are bundles of sensory and motor nerves and in each sensory andmotor nerve fiber transmission is strictly one-way.C)Spinal nerves are not hollow tubes carrying fluid.D)Both humans and animals have spinal nerves.Ans: BDifficulty: Easy6. For what purpose did Franz Joseph Gall study the dimensions of the human head?Choose the correct option.A)To understand the propensity for certain personality traits.B)To demonstrate equal participation of all regions of the brain in all cerebralfunctions.C)To show that nerves conduct electrical signals to and from the brain.D)To show that unique human mental capabilities exist outside the brain.Ans: ADifficulty: Moderate7. On what basis did Broca defend functional localization of the brain? Choose the correctoption.A)By establishing a relationship between the production of speech and the rightfrontal lobeB)By establishing a relationship between the production of speech and the occipitallobeC)By establishing a relationship between the production of speech and the leftfrontal lobeD)By establishing a relationship between the production of speech and thecerebellumAns: CDifficulty: Easy8. To whom can we attribute the theory that behavior is among the heritable traits thatcould be developed? Choose the correct option.A)Marie-Jean-Pierre FlourensC)Gustav Fritsch and Edward HitzigB)Charles DarwinD)Franz Joseph GallAns: BDifficulty: Easy

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Page 39. Which of the following is a correct explanation of a disorder that affects the nervoussystem? Choose the correct option.A)Cerebral palsy is a motor disorder caused by damage to the cerebrum at the timeof birth.B)Epilepsy is a progressive disease that affects nerve conduction, characterized byepisodes of weakness, lack of coordination, and speech disturbance.C)Stroke involves a loss of feeling and movement caused by traumatic damage tothe spinal cord.D)Alzheimer's disease is a severe psychotic illness characterized by delusions,hallucinations, and bizarre behavior.Ans: ADifficulty: Difficult10. A neuroscientist investigates how different neural circuits in the brain analyze sensoryinformation, form perceptions of the external world, make decisions, and executemovements. At what level of analysis is this research conducted? Choose the correctoption.A)Molecular neuroscience levelC)Systems neuroscience levelB)Cellular neuroscience levelD)Cognitive neuroscience levelAns: CDifficulty: Easy11. What is the rationale behind the use of animal models to understand the human brain?Choose the correct option.A)Animal brains are identical to human brains but only smaller in size.B)Brain mechanisms that motivate any reaction are identical in animal and humanbrains.C)The nervous systems of different species of animals and humans share manycommon mechanisms.D)Animal brains are easier to obtain than human brains.Ans: C12. How do neuroscientists identify the parts of the brain that are specialized for differentbehavioral functions related to the niche a species normally occupies? Choose thecorrect option.A)By studying the similarities in response pattern to fear in different speciesB)By studying the activity of the nervous systemC)By comparing the specializations of the brains of different speciesD)By systematically destroying each part of the brain and studying its implicationAns: CDifficulty: Easy

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Page 413. At which level of analysis do neuroscientists study the different types of neurons andtheir functions? Choose the correct option.A)Cellular neuroscienceC)Molecular neuroscienceB)Cognitive neuroscienceD)Behavioral neuroscienceAns: ADifficulty: Easy14. What is the difference between replication and verification? Choose the correct option.A)Replication tests a hypothesis whereas verification rechecks the hypothesis.B)Replication can only be done once whereas verification can be done many times.C)Replication is repeating the experiment in other subjects to rule out the possibilityof chance. In verification, the experiment is repeated and the same observationsare obtained by any scientist following the same protocol as the original observer.D)Replication and verification are not essentially different.Ans: CDifficulty: Easy15. Galen suggested that the cerebrum, which was soft, should be the recipient ofsensations. He was of the view that to form memories, sensations should be imprintedonto the brain. Thus, this must occur in the doughy cerebrum. Although the conclusionis right, the reason suggested by Galen is incorrect.Ans: TrueDifficulty: Moderate16. Scientists during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries proposed the structure-function relationship between the white matter and gray matter in the brain. Accordingto this relationship, gray matter contained the fibers that bring information to and fromthe white matter.Ans: FalseDifficulty: Easy17. Rats are considered valuable models for the effects of psychoactive drugs on thenervous system.Ans: TrueDifficulty: Easy18. The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee is formed by the animal rightsrepresentatives.Ans: FalseDifficulty: Easy

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Page 519. Scientists use the _______________approach to understand how the brain works. In thisapproach, neuroscientists break a complex problem into ___________ pieces forsystematic experimental analysis.Ans: reductionist, smallerDifficulty: Easy20. The process of verification, if __________, establishes new scientific fact andif __________, suggests new interpretations for the original observation.Ans: affirmative, negative

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Page 11. What does the Neuron doctrine state? Choose the correct option.A)Neurites of different cells fuse together to form a continuous reticulum.B)Individual cells communicate by contact and not continuity.C)Cell body of a neuron contains organelles.D)Elementary functional unit of all tissues is the individual cell.Ans: BDifficulty: Easy2. What is the function of MAPs? Choose the correct option.A)Regulates the function and assembly of microtubulesB)Regulates the function and assembly of microfilamentsC)Regulates the function and assembly of neurofilamentsD)Regulates the function and assembly of cytoskeletonAns: ADifficulty: Moderate3. Neurons comprise two types of processes: axons and dendrites. What is the majordifference between the two? Choose the correct option.A)Dendrites are of uniform diameter throughout while axons taper to a point.B)Dendrites receive incoming signals from other neurons while axons carry theoutput of the neurons.C)A cell body gives rise to a single dendrite and multiple axons.D)Dendrites travel long distances while axons taper to a point.Ans: BDifficulty: Easy4. A scientist looks through a microscope at the structure of the neuron. The scientistnotices a layer of molecules separating the neuron's intracellular space from theextracellular space. What is this part of the neuron known as? Choose the correct option.A) OrganelleB) SomaC) Neuronal membraneD) Nuclear envelopeAns: CDifficulty: Moderate5. What do you understand by the term “translation”? Choose the correct option.A)Assembling a piece of mRNAB)Assembling proteins from amino acidsC)Removal of introns and specific exonsD)The “reading” of DNAAns: BDifficulty: Easy

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Page 26. What is the most important function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? Choose thecorrect option.A)RNA splicingC)Site of protein synthesisB)Post-translational protein processingD)Cellular respirationAns: CDifficulty: Moderate7. What does the mitochondrion “inhale”? Choose the correct option.A) Pyruvic acidB) CytosolC) Adenosine triphosphateD) Amino acidsAns: ADifficulty: Easy8. Identify an important difference between the cytoplasm of the axon and that of the axonterminal. Choose the correct option.A)Protein content of the membrane differs from the somaB)Occurrence of protein synthesisC)Presence of ribosomesD)Large numbers of mitochondriaAns: DDifficulty: Easy9. What is the function of a neurotransmitter receptor in the dendritic membrane? Choosethe correct option.A)Release synaptic vesiclesB)Detect neurotransmittersC)Destroy extra neurotransmitter left in the synaptic cleftD)Form gap junctionsAns: BDifficulty: Moderate10. Identify the protein that helps anterograde transport to move materials from soma to theterminal. Choose the correct option.A) DyneinB) KinesinC) Pyruvic acidD) MAPAns: BDifficulty: Difficult11. Which of the following is the largest of the cytoskeletal elements? Choose the correctoption.A) MicrofilamentB) NeurofilamentC) MicrotubuleD) TubulinAns: CDifficulty: Easy

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Page 312. What is retrograde axoplasmic transport? Choose the correct option.A)Movement of material from axon terminal to somaB)Movement of material from soma to axon terminalC)Movement of material within the synaptic terminalD)Movement of material among axon collateralsAns: ADifficulty: Difficult13. Some neurons have long axon that stretches from one part of the CNS to another. Whatare these called? Choose the correct option.A)InterneuronsC)Golgi type IneuronsB)Golgi type IIneuronsD)Motor neuronsAns: CDifficulty: Easy14. What is the site where the axon begins? Choose the correct option.A) SomaB) Axon hillockC) Axon collateralD) Axon terminalAns: BDifficulty: Easy15. Molecular neurobiologists study the information contained in genes to determine thestructure and functions of the neuronal proteins.Ans: TrueDifficulty: Easy16. Dendritic spines are sensitive to the quality of the environment experienced during earlydevelopment.Ans: TrueDifficulty: Easy17. During transcription, transcription factors regulate the process of binding RNApolymerase to the promoter to initiate RNA synthesis.Ans: TrueDifficulty: Moderate18. Ribosomes take raw material in the form of amino acids and manufacture proteins usingthe blueprint provided by the mRNA.Ans: TrueDifficulty: Easy19. Free ribosomes that appear to be attached by a thread are called polyribosomes. Thethread is a single strand of ______________.Ans: mRNADifficulty: Easy

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Page 420. Pathological changes in axonal microtubule-associated proteins or MAP are called Tau.This pathological change is implicated in the dementia that accompanies____________.Ans: Alzheimer's diseaseDifficulty: Difficult

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Page 11. A simple reflex requires the nervous system to perform three functions. Two of thesefunctions are to collect and distribute information. What is the third function? Choosethe correct option.A)Disintegrate informationC)Process informationB)Integrate informationD)Translate informationAns: BDifficulty: Easy2. What is resting membrane potential? Choose the correct option.A)Difference in electrical charge across the membrane at restB)Generation and conduction of action potential at restC)Positive charge inside the membrane with respect to outside at restD)Isolation of the cytosol from extracellular fluidAns: ADifficulty: Moderate3. What is capacitance? Choose the correct option.A)Electrical potential differenceC)Voltage across neuronal membraneB)Storage of electric chargeD)Migration of electric chargeAns: BDifficulty: Difficult4. Which of the following is the major charge carriers involved in the conduction ofelectricity in neurons? Choose the correct option.A) AnionsB) CationsC) IonsD) Ionic bondsAns: CDifficulty: Easy5. How do the lipids of the neuronal membrane contribute to the neuronal membranepotential? Choose the correct option.A)Encourages chemical interactions with waterB)Catalyzes chemical reactionsC)Integrates cytosol of neuron with extracellular fluidD)Forms a barrier to water-soluble ions and waterAns: DDifficulty: Moderate6. Which force other than the ionic concentration gradient determines the equilibriumpotential for an ion? Choose the correct option.A)Selective ionic permeabilityC)Electrical resistanceB)Sodium potassium pumpD)Electrical conductanceAns: ADifficulty: Easy

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Page 27. How do action potentials differ from passively conducted electrical signals? Choose thecorrect option.A)Action potentials diminish over distance; passively conducted signals do notdiminish over distanceB)Action potentials occur only in nerve cells; passively conducted signals occuronly in muscle cellsC)Action potentials are transmitted over short distances; passively conducted signalsare conducted over long distancesD)Action potentials are signals of fixed size and duration; passively conductedsignals are not signals of fixed size and durationAns: DDifficulty: Easy8. How does the sodium potassium pump help maintain the resting membrane potential?Choose the correct option.A)Pumps potassium in and sodium outB)Pumps sodium in and potassium outC)Exchanges a sodium and a potassium for a calciumD)Uses calcium to pump sodium and potassium against their concentration gradientsAns: ADifficulty: Easy9. Which of the following mechanisms decrease intracellular [Ca2+]? Choose the correctoption.A)The calcium pumpB)Intracellular calcium-binding proteinsC)Organelles such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulumD)All of the aboveAns: DDifficulty: Easy10. What is the meaning of an ion's equilibrium potential? Choose the correct option.A)Net movement of ions from a region of high concentration to a region of lowconcentrationB)Electrical potential difference that exactly balances an ionic concentrationgradientC)Difference between the real membrane potential and equilibrium potential for aparticular ionD)Difference in concentration between region with high ionic concentration andregion with low ionic concentrationAns: BDifficulty: Moderate

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Page 311. What is the term used to describe the mechanism for the regulation of [K+]obyastrocytes? Choose the correct option.A)DepolarizationC)Blood-brain barrierB)Potassium spatial bufferingD)Goldman equationAns: BDifficulty: Moderate12. Distinguish between the “head” and “tail” of phospholipids. Choose the correct option.A)The phospholipids have a nonpolar “head” and polar “tail.”B)The phospholipids “head” contains hydrophilic phosphate and “tail” contains ahydrophobic hydrocarbon.C)The phospholipid “head” is hydrophobic and the hydrocarbon “tail” ishydrophilic.D)The phospholipid “heads” face each other and “tails” face the watery extracellularand intracellular environments.Ans: BDifficulty: Easy13. In which condition do astrocytes take up extracellular K+? Choose the correct option.A)Rise in extracellular potassium concentrationsB)Fall in extracellular potassium concentrationsC)Potassium equilibrium potentialD)All of the aboveAns: ADifficulty: Difficult14. Which of the following factors determines the ion selectivity of specific ion channels?Choose the correct option.A)Number of protein molecules assembling to form a poreB)Number of ion channels in the membraneC)Nature of the R groups lining the ion channelD)Gating propertiesAns: CDifficulty: Easy15. Two types of cells have excitable membranes, neurons and muscle cells.Ans: TrueDifficulty: Easy16. Protein shape influences protein function.Ans: TrueDifficulty: Easy

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Page 417. Peptide bonds are a single chain of amino acids.Ans: FalseDifficulty: Easy18. The differences between amino acids result from the differences in the size and natureof the R groups.Ans: TrueDifficulty: Easy19. The subunits of different potassium channels have common structural features thatbestow selectivity for K+ions. ______________ is one such structural feature.Ans: Pore loopDifficulty: Easy20. All amino acids have a central _________ atom.Ans: Alpha carbonDifficulty: Easy

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Page 11. How long does an action potential last from the beginning of the rising phase to the endof the falling phase? Choose the correct option.A) 2 nanosecondsB) 2 millisecondsC) 2 secondsD) 2 microsecondsAns: BDifficulty: Easy2. What is meant by the action potential threshold? Choose the correct option.A)Critical level of depolarization required to trigger an action potentialB)Critical level of hyperpolarization required to trigger an action potentialC)The action potential threshold is the same as the generator potentialD)Critical level at which electrical current is injected through a microelectrodeAns: ADifficulty: Moderate3. What is the absolute refractory period? Choose the correct option.A)The period when the firing frequency is at about 1000 Hz.B)The time period of 1 msec after one action potential is initiated and before thenext one is initiated.C)The period when it is difficult to initiate another action potential for severalmilliseconds due to sodium channel inactivation.D)The period when the membrane potential stays hyperpolarized until the voltage-gated potassium channels close.Ans: BDifficulty: Easy4. The movement of what ion is reflected in the rising phase of the action potential?Choose the correct option.A) Inward Na+B) Outward K+C) Outward Na+D) Inward K+Ans: ADifficulty: Easy5. How does the sodium channel selectivity filter differentiate Na+and K+ions? Choosethe correct option.A)K+ions have the wrong charge.B)The K+ions are stripped of all their water molecules but the Na+ions are not.C)Sodium channel admits a Na+water complex with the water serving as amolecular chaperone through the channel.D)K+is excluded by voltage gating.Ans: CDifficulty: Easy

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Page 26. What type of channel is affected by tetrodotoxin (TTX)? Choose the correct option.A)K+channels are blocked by TTX.B)TTX blocks the Na+channel by binding tightly to a specific sight on the outsideof the channel.C)TTX blocks Cl-ion channels.D)TTX sensitizes voltage-gated Na+ion channels.Ans: BDifficulty: Moderate7. How are toxins used as a research tool? Choose the correct option.A)To study the consequences of blocking action potentialsB)To deduce information about the three-dimensional structure of the potassiumchannelC)To study the consequences of disrupting channel functionsD)To study the consequences of blocking action potentials, to deduce informationabout the three-dimensional structure of the potassium channel and to study theconsequences of disrupting channel functionsAns: DDifficulty: Easy8. How long does it take for a voltage-gated potassium channel to open? Choose thecorrect option.A)Voltage-gated potassium channels take about 3 msec to open after depolarization.B)Voltage-gated potassium channels open as soon as the membrane is depolarizedbeyond threshold.C)Voltage-gated potassium channels do not open immediately upon depolarization;they take about 1 msec to open after the membrane is depolarized.D)Voltage-gated potassium channels open when action potential fire at maximalfrequency.Ans: CDifficulty: Moderate9. What role do voltage-gated potassium channels play in the action potential? Choose thecorrect option.A)Voltage-gated potassium channels maintain the resting membrane potential.B)Voltage-gated potassium channels help depolarize the membrane toward thethreshold for an action potential.C)Voltage-gated potassium channels interfere with sodium conductance.D)Voltage-gated potassium channels restore negative membrane potential after thespike.Ans: DDifficulty: Easy

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