Cardiac muscles
Key Terms
Cardiac muscles
Smooth muscle
Lines walls of intestines, blood vessels, uterus and urinary tracts | Propels substances along these tracts
What does epidermal tissue consist of
Flattened cells that apart from guard cells lack chloroplasts and form a protective covering over leaves, stems and roots
What do some epidermal cells have
Walls with a waxy substance (cuticle) | Important as reduces water loss - plants in dry areas
What does meristematic tissue contain
Stem cells | From this all other plant tissues are derived
Where is meristematic tissue found
Meristems: At root and shoot tips | In the cambium of vascular bundles
Related Flashcard Decks
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Cardiac muscles | Makes up the walls of the heart, allowing it to pump | Forms cross-bridges to ensure that the muscle contracts in a squeezing action |
Smooth muscle | Lines walls of intestines, blood vessels, uterus and urinary tracts | Propels substances along these tracts |
What does epidermal tissue consist of | Flattened cells that apart from guard cells lack chloroplasts and form a protective covering over leaves, stems and roots |
What do some epidermal cells have | Walls with a waxy substance (cuticle) | Important as reduces water loss - plants in dry areas |
What does meristematic tissue contain | Stem cells | From this all other plant tissues are derived |
Where is meristematic tissue found | Meristems: At root and shoot tips | In the cambium of vascular bundles |
Features of meristem cells | Have thin walls containing little cellulose | Do not have chloroplasts | Do not have a large vacuole | Divide by mitosis and differentiation into other types of cell |
What is vascular tissue concerned with | Transport |
Xylem vessels | Carry water and minerals from roots to all parts of the plant |
Phloem sieve tubes | Transfer the products of photosynthesis in solution from leaves to parts of the plant that do not photosynthesise, such as roots, flowers and growing shoots | Contains sieve tube elements and companion cells |
How do xylem derive from cambium | Differentiation | Lignin is deposited in cell wall - reinforcement and waterproofing | Kills the cells - non - living xylem cells | Ends of cells break down so xylem forms continuous columns with wide lumens to carry water and dissolved minerals | Lignification is incomplete in some areas -> bordered pits |
How do phloem derive from cambium cells | Differentiation: | Sieve tubes lose most of their organelles and sieve plates develop between them from the numerous sieve pores that develop | Companion cells retain their organelles and continue metabolic functions to provide ATP for the active loading of sugars into the sieve tubes |
Function of roots | Anchorage in soil | Absorption of mineral ions and water | Storage |
Life processes carried out by the digestive system | Nutrition to provide ATP and materials for growth and repair |
Life processes carried out by the circulatory system | Transport to and from cells |
Life processes carried out by the respiratory system | Breathing and gaseous exchange excretion |
Life processes carried out by the urinary system | Excretion and osmoregulation |
Life processes carried out by the integumentary system | Waterproofing | Protection | Temp regulation (Skin, hair and nails) |
Life processes carried out by the musculoskeletal system | Support | Protection | Movement |
Life processes carried out by the immune system | Protection against pathogens |
Life processes carried out by the nervous and endocrine systems | Communication | Coordination | Control |
Life processes carried out by the lymphatic system | Lymph nodes and vessels transport fluid back to the circulatory system and is also important in resisting infections |
Why are stem cells able to express all their genes | All genes are switched on |
Potency | A cell’s ability to differentiate |
Totipotent | Can differentiate into any type of cell and produce a whole organism (zygote) |