Solution Manual For Nanotechnology: Understanding Small Systems, 3rd Edition

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solutionsMAnuAlFoRnAnotechnologyunderstandingsmallsystemsthiRdeditionBen RogersJesse Adamssumita Pennathurby

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Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1 HOMEWORK............................................................................................................2CHAPTER 2 HOMEWORK..........................................................................................................10CHAPTER 3 HOMEWORK..........................................................................................................21CHAPTER 4 HOMEWORK..........................................................................................................32CHAPTER 5 HOMEWORK..........................................................................................................43CHAPTER 6 HOMEWORK..........................................................................................................60CHAPTER 7 HOMEWORK..........................................................................................................74CHAPTER 8 HOMEWORK..........................................................................................................81CHAPTER 9 HOMEWORK..........................................................................................................93CHAPTER 10 HOMEWORK......................................................................................................106CHAPTER 11 HOMEWORK......................................................................................................114

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2CHAPTER 1 HOMEWORK1.1)What is the definition of nanotechnology?Nanotechnology is the control of matter measuring between 0.1 to 1000 nanometers.It means engineering things at the atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales.1.2)The number 1,234,567 written out is one million, two hundred thirty four thousand,five hundred sixty seven. Write out this number: 1,200,300,400,500,600,700,800,901One septillion, two hundred sextillion, three hundred quintillion, four hundredquadrillion, five hundred trillion, six hundred billion, seven hundred million, eighthundred thousand, nine hundred and one1.3)Rank the following things from largest to smallest: polio virus, drop of water,mercury atom, e coli bacterium, helium atom, human red blood cell.Drop of water, human red blood cell, e coli bacterium, polio virus, mercury atom,helium atom1.4)The concept of the atom was introduced approximately how long ago?2,500 years ago1.5)What are the three main components of an atom?protons, neutrons, and electrons

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31.6)What are the main components of an atom’s nucleus?neutrons and protons1.7)What is the Law of Definite Proportions?In a pure compound, the elements combine in definite proportions to each other1.8)What is the Law of Multiple Proportions?Elements combine in the ratio of small whole numbers. (For example carbon andoxygen react to form CO or CO2, but not CO2.3.)1.9)Boyle’s law states thatPV=C, wherePis the pressure of a gas,Vis the volume andCis a constant (assuming constant temperature).Consider a gas held in a 4 m3containerat 1 kPa. The volume is then slowly doubled. (a) What is the new pressure? (b) Useatoms to explain how a larger container leads to a lower pressure.ANSWERA)½ of the original pressure =0.5 kPaB) The pressure is nothing more than the individual gas molecules colliding overand over again with the container walls, exerting a force per unit area. If you makethe volume of a container larger, the molecules’ collisions with the wall will occurless frequently. This means that the pressure will decrease.

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41.10)(a)What is the mass of a square piece of aluminum foil 100 micrometers thick and10 centimeters wide (aluminum = 2.7 g/cm3). (b) How many atoms are in the piece offoil (aluminum=27 g/mol)?ANSWERA)2.7 g/cm3= 2,700 kg/m3(100×10-6m)(10×10-2m)(10×10-2m)( 2700 kg/m3) = 0.0027 kg =2.7 gB)N = (2.7 g)(6.02×1023atoms/mol)/(27 g/mol) =6.023×1022atoms1.11)Calculate the mass of an atom of (a) hydrogen (1.0 g/mol); (b) silver (107.87g/mol); (c) silicon (28.09 g/mol).ANSWERA)g10661g/mol.0124−×=.NAB)g10791g/mol107.8722−×=.NAC)g10664g/mol28.0923−×=.NA1.12)What are the mass ratios of the elements in these chemical compounds? (a)Ammonia, NH3; (b) Ethanol, C2H6O; c) Toluene, C7H8. (Note: nitrogen=14 g/mol;hydrogen 1 g/mol; carbon=12 g/mol; oxygen=16 g/mol).ANSWERA)Mass of nitrogen= (1 mol)(14 g/mol)= 14 gMass of hydrogen= (3 mol)(1 g/mol)= 3 g

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5Ratio: 4.7 parts nitrogen, 1 part hydrogenB)Mass of carbon= (2 mol)(12 g/mol)= 24 gMass of hydrogen= (6 mol)(1 g/mol)= 6 gMass of oxygen= (1 mol)(16 g/mol)= 16 gRatio: 4 parts carbon, 2.7 parts oxygen, 1 part hydrogenC)Mass of carbon= (7 mol)(12 g/mol)= 84 gMass of hydrogen= (8 mol)(1 g/mol)= 8 gRatio: 10.5 parts carbon, 1 part hydrogen1.13)What now famous talk did Feynman give to stimulate development innanotechnology? What year did he give it?There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom, 19591.14)What less optimistic topic did some of those in the audience suspect was meant bythe title of Feynman’s talk?The number of unwanted, open jobs in physics1.15)Many computers use one byte (8 bits) of data for each letter of the alphabet. Thereare 44 million words in the Encyclopaedia Britannica. (a) What is the bit density(bits/in2) of the head of a pin if the entire encyclopedia is printed on it? Assume theaverage word is 5 letters long. (b) What is the byte density? (c) What’s the area of asingle bit in nm2? (d) A CD-ROM disk has a storage density of 46 megabytes/in2and a

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6DVD disk has a storage density of 329 megabytes/in2. Is the pinhead better or worse thanthese two storage media? How much better or worse?ANSWERA)Area of pin head = 0.00307 in2bits = (44,000,000 words)(5 letters/word)(8 bits/letter) = 1760000000 bitsBit density = 5.7329×1011bits/in2B)Byte density = (5.7329E+11 bits/sq inch)/(8 bits/byte) =7.17×1010bytes/in2, or about72 GB/in2C)1 in2= 6.4516×1014nm2(6.4516×1014nm2/in2) / (5.7329×1011bits/in2) =1125 nm2D) About 1560 times better than the CD-ROM and 220 times better than the DVD.1.16)What is meant by “gray goo?”A nightmarish scenario where self-assembling nano-bots or nano-elementsproliferate out of control, turning the world to an amorphous goo.1.17)For a gray goo scenario to play out, what entirely new type of machine would benecessary?Self-assembler1.18)What year was the word ‘nanotechnology’ first used?1974

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71.19)A baseball is made up of trillions of trillions of atoms. (a) Write out the numberfor one trillion trillion. (b) NASA estimates that there are about 1021stars in the universe.Is this number higher or lower than the number of atoms in a baseball?ANSWERA) 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000B) There are about 1,000 times fewer stars.1.20)The distance between the nuclei of two iron atoms is about 4 Angstroms (1Angstrom=10-10m). (a) How many nanometers is that? (b) How many iron atoms on thisspacing would it take to reach 2 microns (1 micron=10-6m)?A) 0.4 nm; B) 5,000 atoms1.21)What five categories are the most popular areas for nanotechnology patents in theU.S.?dendrimers, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes and nanowiresSHORT ANSWER1.22)Name three things you are familiar with (easy for you, personally, to identify with)that are roughly 1 mm in size. Name something that’s about 1 micrometer in size. Namesomething that’s 1 nanometer in size.1.23)Based on your education and interests, describe the role you might be best suited toplay in the multidisciplinary arena of nanotechnology.

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81.24)Perform your own topic search using an internet search engine. Use the samesearch terms as Figure 1.7, and reconstruct the chart. How have the results changed andwhat does this suggest?1.25)Make a list of at least five name brand products that incorporate nanotechnology.1.26)Search Science Magazine’s online table of contents. Find the percentage of issuesfrom the previous year with at least one article whose title contains the prefix ‘nano.’1.27)The concept of the atom was ridiculed by Romans; the idea that he earth revolvedaround the sun was initially shunned as well. What scientific ideas are at the heart ofcontroversy these days? What are the implications of these ideas? Which groups are atodds? How much is proven about the idea and how much is conjecture?WRITING ASSIGNMENTS1.28)Nanotechnology is multidisciplinary; it draws from, and requires expertise in,numerous scientific and engineering fields. So the question becomes: Is there such athing as nanotechnology? Are there any applications, research fronts, concepts, oroverarching goals which are unique to nanotechnology and not just an advancement inanother field (chemistry, physics, medicine, biology, etc.)? Or is nanotechnology reallyjust the name for where all these other fields overlap? Citing and quoting evidence fromcredible sources (including at least two that are non-technical in nature such as anewspaper article, a book review, or a governmental document) and those more gearedtoward scientists and engineers (for example, an editorial or an article from a scientificjournal or a speech from a convention) take one side of this issue and argue it in 500

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9words. It would also certainly be worth interviewing an expert on the topic (a professoror government official perhaps).1.29)Technological progress in nuclear power and biotechnology has been thwarted toa degree by public distrust, misinformation and resistance to change. There are very realdangers and ethical issues involved in such technological progress, and at the same time,very real advantages. How is nanotechnology similar? How is it different? Whatlessons can be taken from the manner in which nuclear power and biotechnology areunderstood by the general public to make for a safer, more productive transition period inthe case of nanotechnology?1.30)Richard Feynman thought that the atomic hypothesis was the best single sentenceto summarize all of scientific knowledge. Write your own sentence at the top of a pageand use the rest of the page to convince the reader your choice makes sense.

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10CHAPTER 2 HOMEWORK2.1)Give at least four advantages of miniaturization in machine design.less material used in production, multifunctionality, compactness, lighter weight,improved strength-to-weight ratio, easier storage (both for manufacturers andconsumers)2.2)True or false: Miniaturization improves the factor of safety of a product.False—while this is true in certain cases, it is not always true.2.3)Scaling laws are: (a) general engineering guidelines for miniaturization, (b) usefulfor estimating how the characteristics of something will vary with changes incharacteristic dimension, (c) helpful estimates of a device’s performance at the nanoscale(d) accurate predictors of physical characteristics at the macro-, micro- and nanoscales.B—useful for estimating how the characteristics of something will vary withchanges in characteristic dimension2.4)Scaling laws derive from: (a) design engineers’ experience, (b) market demands, (c)the laws of physics, (d) the material used.C—the laws of physics2.5)The characteristic dimension is: (a) the dimension in which an object is largest in athree-dimensional representation of that object, (b) metric units, (c) a representative

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11measurement of something for comparison purposes, (d) a variable used to determine thesurface-to-volume ratio of an object.C—a representative measurement of something for comparison purposes2.6)True or false: the characteristic dimension,D, of an object is the average of thatobject’s width, height and length.False—while width, height or length can be used forD, this metric is not typicallyan average2.7)Based on the scaling laws, how many times greater is the strength-to-weight ratio ofa nanotube (D=10 nm) than the leg of a flea (D=100 μm)? Than the leg of an elephant(D=2 m)?For the flea, S/W=1/100E-6=10000; for the nanotube, 1/10E-9=1E8; for theelephant, 1/2= 0.5. So the strength-to-weight ratio of the nanotube is 10,000 timesbetter than the flea’s leg and 2E8 times better than the elephant’s leg.2.8)Data from the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, Greece are provided in Table 2.2.Plot the percentage of body weight lifted versus weight class. Is the same trend evidentin the women’s weightlifting event as the men’s event shown in Figure 2.4? In whatweight class is there a discrepancy and how might this be explained?ANSWERConvert lbs to kg, then divide lift weight by weight class for percentage of bodyweight lifted.

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12WOMEN'S GOLD MEDAL WINNERSWeight class (kg)Lift (lbs)Lift (kg)PERCENTAGE48463.0521043853490.6122342058523.6923841063534.7124338569606.3827539975600.86273363There is a discrepancy in the 69 kg weight class that might be explained by a weakshowing in that particular category during that Olympic games. Data from worldrecords, where each category reflects the best showing ever, more closely follow thetrend.Percentage of body weight lifted vs. weight class350360370380390400410420430440450404550556065707580weight class (kg)Percentage of body weight lifted(%)

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132.9)Derive the mass-to-volume ratio as a function of characteristic dimension. Explainthe result.Both mass and volume are proportional to L3, so the ratio is 1—the mass to volumeratio is therefore independent of scale.2.10)The micro-mirror shown in Figure 2.8 is used for redirecting light in an opticalcommunication system. The torque needed to spin it on the y axis is directly proportionalto its mass moment of inertia, Iyy:3121htwIyy=Here ρ is the density of the mirror material.a) Derive the scaling law for Iyy.b) If the mirror’s dimensions can be reduced to one third original size, what is thecorresponding percent reduction in the torque required to turn the mirror?ANSWERA)533121121L)L)(L)(L(htwIyy∝∝=B)00403155.LITorqueyy==∝∝or 0.4% of the original torque is needed,corresponding to a 99.6%reductionin torque.2.11)What is the resistance of a cubic micrometer of copper (= 17.2 × 10-9Ωm)?Cubic micrometer:()()()()=××××=−−−−666910110110110217.R0.017 Ω

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142.12)How much more or less resistance does a cubic micrometer of copper have versusa cubic millimeter?DR1∝. Since a cubic millimeter hasD1000 times larger, its resistance is 1000times less than that of the smaller block.2.13)In designing an electrostatic actuator made from parallel plates, you can eitherdouble the plates’ areas or halve the distance separating them. Which provides a greaterimprovement in the electrostatic force?2221dAVFroe−=Doubling the area doubles the force, while halving theseparation distance quadruples the force—so changing the distance is the betteroption.2.14)Consider two parallel wires 100 μm long, each carrying 20 μA of current,separated by 1 μm.a) What is the electromagnetic force between these wires?b) If the orientation is right, the electromagnetic force created by these two wires can beenough to lift one of the wires. The force of gravity opposing that motion,Fg=mg, wheremis mass andg=9.8 m/s2. If the wire is made of copper (8.96 g/mL) with a diameter of 2μm, what is the force of gravity holding it down?c) How many times greater or smaller is this force than the electromagnetic force beingused to lift the wire?

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