2024 BS161 Comprehensive Final Exam With Answers (1043 Solved Questions)

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BS 161 FINAL EXAM, , BS161 PCQ & RIQ LATEST UPDATED 2024What is fermentation? - Making ATP w/out oxygenYou go on a diet and loose 15 pounds of stored fat, where does the carbon from the fat go? -It was converted to CO2 and then released.Based on the purpose and products of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acidcycle, what molecules are likely to decrease the rate of these processes by feedbackinhibition? - High Levels of ATP and High levels of NADH + H+The movement of electrons from NADH to Oxygen is __________. To what is the flow ofelectrons energetically coupled? Why is this important? - favorable (exergonic). Release s alot of energy used to help make ATP. Its immediately coupled to moving protons.What is the purpose of the process in the cell in the electron transport chain? - Usingenergy to produce a proton gradient, proton is moving back down gradient and uses energyto produce ATP from ADP and Pi.How does the processes in electron transport chain connect to glycolysis, pyruvateoxidation, and the Krebs cycle? - NADH and FADH2 is produced by glycolysis, pyruvateoxidation and Krebs cycleIs the process of the electron transport chain endergonic or exergonic? - exergonicbecause its releasing energy, which is a -ΔGYou create vesicles containing ATP synthase with the catalytic head facing out. Choose allthe conditions that would result in ATP synthesis. - pH inside vesicle =5, pH outside vesicle=7

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What is the catabolism of proteins? - proteins are broken down into amino acids and Acetyl-CoAWhat is the catabolism of fats? - fatty acids get broken down and produce NADH and FADH2During oxygenic photosynthesis the carbon from CO2 is being ____ to make sugar and theoxygen from H2O is being ____ to make O2. - reduced, oxidizedWhat does the Calvin cycle do? - forms sugar from CO2 using ATP and NADPHWhat are the three stages of Calvin cycle? - carbon fixation, reduction, regenerationWhat does carbon fixation do in the Calvin cycle? - adding CO2 to an acceptorWhat does the reduction do in the Calvin cycle? - reduces carbon, uses NADPH as source ofelectrons to do reduce carbonWhat does regeneration do in the Calvin cycle? - regenerates RuBP in order to keep addingcarbonHow many rounds of the Calvin Cycle are required to produce one molecule of glucose? - 6Where does PSI and PSII take place? - thylakoid membraneWhere does ATP synthase occur? - inner membrane of mitochondriaWhere does Rubisco take place? - in the stroma of the Calvin cycleWhat are light reactions? - use light energy to make ATP from ADP and Pi, and reduce NADP+to NADPHChlorophyll that is removed from chloroplasts and excited by a photon of light releases bothheat and light. Which statements accurately describe this phenomena? - the energy of light

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emitted plus the heat release equals the energy of the light absorbed. light energytransiently increase the PE of an electronWhere does glycolysis occur? - cytosolWhere does fermentation occur? - cytosolWhere do light reactions occur? - thylakoid membraneWhere does the Calvin cycle occur? - stromaWhat has a higher proton concentration? Stroma or thylakoid membrane? - Thylakoidmembranesubstrate-level phosphorylation - Kinase, occurs in ETCoxidative phosphorylation - ATP synthase, occurs in ETCWhat does the lactic acid do in fermentation? - Creates NAD+ which allows glycolysis to keepgoingThe inner membrane space of the ETC is: - Higher concentration, more acidic (LOW pH)The matrix of the membrane in the ETC is: - Lower concentration, more basic (HIGH pH)Which way are electrons moving against gradient? - Low to High concentrationATP synthase allows what? - Allows proton transport with the gradientWhat is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? - H2OWhat is the most reduced carbon? - CH4What is the most oxidized form of carbon? - CO2

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Gene - a specific sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that is located usually on achromosome and that is the functional unit of inheritance controlling the transmission andexpression of one or more traits by specifying the structure of a particular polypeptide orother proteinAlleles - one member of a pair (of any of the series) of genes occupying a specific spot on achromosome (called locus) that controls the trait; one of the possible forms of a gene. Mostgenes have two alleles, a dominant allele and a recessive allele.Chromosome - a structure in all living cells that consists of a single molecule of DNA bondedto various proteins and that carries the genes determining heredity. In all eukaryotic cells,the chromosomes occur as threadlike strands in the nucleusHomologous chromosomes - a chromosome with the same gene sequence as anotherSister chromatids - pieces of identical DNA that are crucial in the process of replication anddivision; two identical strands joined by a common centromere as a result of a chromosomethat duplicated during the S phase of the cell cycleWhich argument best defends a characteristic of the solute seen on the right? - The soluteis hydrophobic because there are is no observable evidence of electrostatic interactionsbetween the partially charged atoms of the water molecule and the soluteWhat best describes a lipid? - a molecule that does not dissolve well in waterThe flow of information in a cell proceeds in what sequence? - DNA is a template to makeRNA, RNA is a template to make proteinsWhat processes occur in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell? - Transcription and RNAprocessing

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What is represented in the image on the right? - an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase charging atRNAWhat accurately identifies the template strands for these genes? - Strand 1 is the templatestrand for the histone gene and strand 2 is the template strand for the transporter genewhat aspect of nucleic acid structure is important in determining which strand is thetemplate strand? - double stranded nucleic acids are antiparallelwhat additional reasoning is needed to completely explain which strand is used as thetemplate strand? - RNA polymerase moves from the promoter to the terminator addingnucleotides to the 3' end of the new RNAThe building block on the right is used to produce what type of polymer? - RNAHow should the side chain of the amino acid depicted on the right be classified and whyshould it be classified this way? - It should be classified as polar because the side chaincontains atoms with significantly different electronegativies which form polar bonds.Prokaryotic protein synthesis is faster than eukaryotic protein synthesis. Whatcharacteristic of prokaryotic transcription and translation makes the overall process fasterthan in eukaryotes? - Prokaryotes lack a nucleus so translation of an mRNA can begin evenbefore transcription of the mRNA is complete.What correctly lists the components necessary for transcription? - RNA polymerase, DNA,and RNA nucleotidesWhat do you predict would happen if an aminoacyl tRNA synthetase was mutated so that italways attached the wrong amino acid to its tRNA? - The cell would die because this wouldcreate errors in most proteins and erupt their functionIn an effort to determine which type of molecule contained the genetic information,scientists treated extracts from dead virulent bacteria with enzymes, incubated the treated

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extracts with live non virulent bacteria, and checked for production of virulent bacteria.Which type of enzyme prevented production of virulent bacteria? - DNaseWhat role do the functional groups in the peptide bond play in alpha helices? - They formhydrogen bonds with functional groups in other peptide bonds of nearby amino acidsWhat of the four levels of protein structure is represented in the image to the right? -TertiaryWhat level of protein structure involves IMFs between two different polypeptide chains? -QuaternaryWhat type of molecule is depicted on the left and what features make it this type ofmolecule? - It is a disaccharide because it is made up of two monosaccharidesWhat statement below most likely describes the role of amino acid 87 in the structure andfunction of this enzyme? - This interaction between amino acid 87 and 35 causes thepolypeptide to fold into a specific tertiary shape.when the Substrate binds to the enzyme, amino acid 90 is interacting with the hydroxylgroup on the Substrate. What type of interaction is most likely taking place between aminoacid 90 and the Substrate? - Hydrogen bondingyou think that amino 50 is interacting with the NH3+ the substrate. Using this hypothesis,which of the following amino acids would you predict might be found at position 50 and whymight you make this prediction? - Aspartic acid because it will form a favorable ionicinteraction with the substrate.what do you predict would happen in cells where a mutation changed amino acid 50 to adifferent amino acid that cannot interact with the amino group and why would this happen? -The cells would divide more rapidly because the structure of the protein determines thefunction of the protein.

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In eukaryotes, what determines where transcription starts? - General transcription factorsinteract with promoters and bind to RNA polymerase indicating where transcription starts.What are critical regions of a tRNA molecule? - amino acid attachment site and anticodonloopAlternative splicing allows for: - different polypeptides to be made from a single geneAlternative splicing means that: - different spliced forms contain different combinations ofaxonsDepicted here are five codons from the coding strand of DNA and the very short peptide theyencode:original DNA sequence: 5'ATG-TCT-AAC-TTA-TAA 3'protein sequence: Met-Ser-Asn-Leu-STOPA mutation adds the nucleotide T between the first and second codons in the DNA sequencecreating a mutant version of the gene.- What will happen to the length of the mRNA produced from the mutant version of thisgene? - It will be one nucleotide longer because RNA poly does not read codonsDepicted here are five codons from the coding strand of DNA and the very short peptide theyencode:original DNA sequence: 5'ATG-TCT-AAC-TTA-TAA 3'protein sequence: Met-Ser-Asn-Leu-STOPA mutation adds the nucleotide T between the first and second codons in the DNA sequencecreating a mutant version of the gene.- What will happen to the length of the protein produced from the mutant version of thisgene? - It will be shorter because the third codon is now a stop codon which will causetranslation to endDepicted here are five codons from the coding strand of DNA and the very short peptide theyencode:original DNA sequence: 5'ATG-TCT-AAC-TTA-TAA 3'

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protein sequence: Met-Ser-Asn-Leu-STOPA mutation adds the nucleotide T between the first and second codons in the DNA sequencecreating a mutant version of the gene.- What best describes the impact of having extra nucleotide in this gene? - The extranucleotide causes a shift in the reading framesExplain how information is encoded in the structure of DNA- The importance of IMF's in DNA- Relationship between information in DNA and structure of proteins - information isencoded in DNA by the order of nucleotides, which determines the structure and function.RNA polymerase comes along and pairs complementary base pairs. Functional groups areimportant because they allow for bases to be paired correctly thought IMF's. DNAdetermines the structure of proteinsWhat component of a phospholipid is found in the interior of a lipid bilayer? - the fatty acidsWhat does the molecule on the right represent? - Unsaturated fatty acidImaging the molecule shown is found in a membrane that contains a mixture of phospholipidswith saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. How does the bend in the tail impact the fluidityof the membrane? - The bend prevents tight packing which decreases the number of van derWaals interactions meaning less energy is required to allow lipids to move past each other.How does increasing the percentage of phospholipids containing unsaturated fatty acidstypically change the fluidity of a membrane if the temperature remains constant? - Ittypically increases the fluidityImagine you find a plant with a mutation that makes it unable to produce polyunsaturatedfatty acids. Compared to a normal plant that can produce polyunsaturated fatty acids,predict how this mutation most likely influences the plant's ability to survive as temperaturechanges. - The plant with the mutation will not survive as well at lower temperatures

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Based on this model of protein targeting, which statement accurately describes thesynthesis and targeting of a protein that is part of the electron transport chain? - Theprotein is synthesized on free ribosomes and require an additional signal reach its targetIn normal cells, acid hydrolyses are targeted to the lysosome. In i-cell disease, the enzymein the golgi that normally adds the signal needed to target acid hydrolases to the lysosomeno longer functions. What happens to acid hydrolases in cells with i-cell disease? - They willbe secreted to the extracellular spaceWhat type of amino acids would you likely find in the signal anchor sequence that causesintegral membrane proteins to be embedded into membranes and why would you expect tofind that type of amino acid in this sequence? - Hydrophobic amino acids because they needto cluster with the lipid tails in the interior of the membrane away from waterYou perform an experiment in which the phosphate groups on the phospholipids on theoutside of a cell are labeled with a fluorescent dye. A new cell is then created by fusing thelabeled cell with a second cell in which the phospholipids are not labeled. Based on the wayphospholipids move in a lipid bilayer, where would you expect to see the fluorescent dyeafter 15 minutes? - Randomly distributed around the outside of the new cellWhich intracellular compartment forms transport vesicles, modifies lipids, and sortsmembrane and secreted proteins? - The Golgi apparatusWhat would LEAST likely require a transport protein to cross the plasma membrane of a redblood cell? - O2How is a carrier protein different from a channel protein? - Carrier proteins undergoconformational change so that they are open on alternate sides of the membrane whilechannels are open on both sides of the membrane simultaneously.Some plant cells take advantage of the high concentration of protons outside the cell tomove solutes, such as sucrose, across the plasma membrane into the cell where thesucrose concentration is already relatively high. This type of transport is an example of: -Secondary active transport

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Most mammalian cells import glucose from the bloodstream. The blood has a higherconcentration of glucose than the cell's cytosol. What transport mechanism is most likelyinvolved in the import of glucose in this case? - Facilitated diffusionThe ΔG of hydrolysis of ATP is-7.3 kcal/mol. If ATP hydrolysis is used as an energy source inprimary active transport that moves Ca2+ ions across a membrane, what is a reasonable ΔGfor the movement of the calcium ions? - +5 kcal/molDuring a laboratory experiment, you discover that an enzyme-catalyzed reaction has a ΔG of-20 kcal/mol. If you double the amount of enzyme in the reaction, what will be the ΔG for thenew reaction? - -20 kcal/molIn the metabolic pathway illustrated on the right, the starting material (substrate A) isconverted to one of two end products, E or G. Letters indicate the substrates and products,and numbers indicate the enzymes. If a cell does not need more of molecule G, but the celldoes need more of molecule E, how will it meet its needs without wasting energy? - G willinhibit enzyme 5what mechanism does G use to inhibit the enzyme? - allosteric inhibitionWhat happens to glucose as it passes through glycolysis? - One molecule of glucosebecomes two molecules of pyruvate and some of the carbon atoms are oxidized during theprocess.What best describes the role of light in the process shown on the right? - Because this Is theCalvin cycle, light is not directly involvedIs this process anabolic or catabolic and why? - This is an anabolic process because it isusing energy to reduce carbon and build a more complex molecule.What sequences accurately represents the order in which electron acceptors are usedduring photosynthesis and cellular respiration? - NADP+; CO2; NAD+; O2

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A substrate has a hydroxyl group at the site indicated by arrow I. Predict which amino acidside chain would be located in the enzyme at the position indicated by arrow II to helpprovide favorable binding between the enzyme and the substrate. - Side chain cwhat is favoring the interaction between the side chain of the amino acid and the hydroxylgroup on the substrate? - Hydrogen bondingFrom a metabolic standpoint, what is happening in the reaction seen below? - Carbon isbeing oxidized and NAD+ is being reducedAnimals breathe in air containing oxygen and breathe out air containing less oxygen. Theconsumed oxygen is used: - as an electron acceptor in the mitochondrial electron transportchainWhich product of the electron transport chain is required by the citric acid cycle and why isit required for the citric acid cycle? - The NAD+ produced by the electron transport chain isrequired as an electron acceptor in the citric acid cycle.What wavelengths of light do green leaves absorb? - both blue light (~400 to 500 nmwavelengths) and red light (~600 to 700 nm wavelengths)What happens to the light energy absorbed by plants? - most of the light energy exciteselectrons needed to generate a proton gradient and reduce NADP+From a metabolic standpoint, which molecule has more potential energy, acetaldehyde orethanol? - Ethanol. NADH to NAD+ is being oxidized because NADH is losing electrons tobecome NAD+, since this is a coupled reaction Acetaldehyde to Ethanol must be reduced(gain e-). Since more reduced form has more PE, it would be ethanol.explain the role of DNA in the process of cellulosic ethanol production in C. bescii. - The roleof DNA is to store genetic information in order to make proteins. Enzymes work to speed upreactions and lower activation energy by aligning substrates.

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what would happen to ATP production if a protein that allows facilitated diffusion of protonswere added to the organelle and explaining why this would happen. - If a protein allowedfacilitated diffusion was added, the protons would follow its concentration gradient and notcreate a high concentration gradient in the lumen. This concentration gradient is needed topower the ATP synthase and create ATP. ATP production would DECREASEThe ability of a cells to respond to the presence of a hormone requires: - expression of theappropriate receptor in the target cellsWhat best provides a general list of the four processes that happen when a cell receives asignal? - reception, signal transduction, cell response, terminationWhat type of signaling requires transport of hormones through the bloodstream? -EndocrineIn class we discussed four types of cell communication, endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, andcontact-dependent. Which of the following is true in all of these types of signaling - Areceptor is required to receive the signalWhat type of receptor typically dimerizes as part of activation? - A receptor kinaseWhat is the difference between a cytosolic cellular response and a nuclear cellularresponse? - A cytosolic cellular response changes the activity of proteins already present inthe cell while a nuclear cellular response changes gene expressionThis model shows ___ integral membrane proteins of which ___ are receptor proteins. - 4, 2Based on Figure GM, what role does PKA play in these signaling pathways? - Itphosphorylates phosphorylase kinase and activates itBased on Figure GM, what is true about glycogen synthase? - It is active whendephosphorylated

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Using Figure GM and your knowledge of biological switches, choose a reasonable explanationof how signal transduction is terminated when epinephrine is no longer present. - Theactivity of PP1 causes dephosophorylation of phosphorylase kinase which inactivatesphosphorylase kinase by causing it to change shape slightly.cAMP binds to a protein call EPAC which changes the activity of EPAC. What type of molecularswitch is EPAC? - It is a ligand-based switchProkaryotic and eukaryotic cells reproduce by different processes. Regardless, all cellsmust ________ before they divide. - make a copy of their genetic informationFigure K is shown on the right. What is shown in the picture on the right side of Figure K? -There are two homologous chromosomes each composed of two sister chromatids.If there were no mutations during the previous round of DNA replication, which most likelydescribes the genetic information in the picture on the right of Figure K. - There are twopairs of DNA double helices with each pair having identical genetic information.Where in the cell cycle would you be able to find chromosomes like those depicted in FigureK? - After the G2/M checkpoint before the spindle checkpoint.What it a major determinate of CDK activity? - The presence of cyclins which bind to CDKcausing CDK to change shape and become active.Activated CDKs are required to pass which checkpoints? - both the G1/S and the G2/McheckpointsShown to the right is a thumbnail of Figure SSP. A full size image for Figure SSP is availableon the back of the exam. Use this figure to answer the next three questions.Activation of thissignaling pathway controls what cellular process? - passage of the cell through the spindlecheckpoint

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Using Figure SSP as a model, how would a mutation that prevents interactions between MADand Cdc20 impact signaling and why would it do this? - This mutation would cause activationof signaling before all kinetochores were attached because Cdc20 would not be inhibited.Using Figure SSP as a model, what is the role of separase and how does it accomplish thisrole? - It releases sister chromatids by acting as an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdownof cohesin.What best describes why different types of cells in your body function differently? -Different cells have the same genes but these genes are expressed differently.How can modifying histone tails impact the cell? - Modifying histone tails can impact geneexpression because it effects chromatin structureWhat description of general transcription factors and specific regulatory transcriptionfactors is true? - General transcription factors are present in every cell type and differentspecific regulatory transcription factors are present in different cell types.What genes are UNLIKELY to be expressed in eye cells - the gene that produces insulinWhat is the function of the promoter in an operon? - It is a DNA sequence that allows RNApolymerase to bind the DNA and begin transcriptionWhat can an E. coli cell do when the lac operon is expressed that it cannot do when the lacoperon is not expressed? - It can use lactose as an energy sourceHow are cAMP and catabolite activator protein (CRP) affected by glucose concentration? -when glucose concentration is low, cAMP levels are high and CRP binds to the lac operon andincreases expressionWhat accurately describes negative control of the lac operon? - Binding of LacR to the DNAwhich decreases the ability of RNA polymerase transcribe the lac genes.

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Describe the function of G proteins in signaling and explain why normal G protein functionwould be required to produce - G-proteins function when a G-coupled receptor is activated.This causes the G-protein to release GDP and bind to GTP and become active.Explain why the OCT-4 gene is expressed in stem cells but not expressed in adult skin cells. -It requires the specific "instructions" to produce the mRNA and protein for OCT-4 in stemcells. It would not cause the expression of the INS gene because INS and OCT-4 each havedifferent specific transcription factors that allow expressionPredict how a mutation in the region of the DNA indicated by the arrow in box W wouldimpact expression of the OCT-4 gene and explain how the mutation would have this impact. -A mutation would change the enhancers sequence which would either cut expression orwould be only slightly effected.Small -> Big molecules - -REQUIRE energy: anabolism- ENDERGONIC (+ delta G)Big -> Small molecules - -RELEASE energy: catabolism-EXERGONIC (- delta G)What are allosteric inhibitors? - stopping processes for over working themselvesNAD+ to NADH is: - reductionsignal anchor sequence: - tells transporter to put specific proteins in the membranenuclear localization signal - nucleus not an option, so goes to extracellular spaceCO2 -> glucose - reduction (endergonic)ATP -> ADP is: - + delta G, requires energyWhat is Evolution? - -Lineages of organism change over time

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