In Mixed Company: Communicating in Small Groups 9th Edition Test Bank

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IN MIXED COMPANY9theditionTEST BANKThis TestBank has now grown to almost600questions, about evenly divided between multiple-choice and true-false.In addition,sample examsfor the movies“Twelve Angry Men”and“TheDream Team”pushthe totalnumber ofTest Bank questions to almost700.Please note thatmultiple-choice questions at the beginning of themainset are all single answer questions; thoseat the end of the set are multiple answer questions. Traditionally,multiple-choice questions haveonly a single right answer, so the bulk of this Test Bank is composed of single-answer multiple-choice questions.Why allow more than one answer to be correct onsomemultiple-choice questions?There are at least two reasons cited earlier but repeated here in case youoverlooked the previous rationalein the Instructors Manual:1.Departing from the standard single-response to a multiple-choice questionrequires precise knowledge from students. Guessing is minimized. In thestandard format, a student doesn’t need to read all the answers once thecorrect answer is ascertained. If they know “a” is correct, why read anyfurther? No critical thought need be exercised concerning answers b, c,and d. Thus, these answers become mere filler.2.Most importantly, students receive credit for everything they do know. Inthe standard single-answer format, a student might know that answers “a”and “b” are incorrect but be uncertain whether “c” or “d” is correct. If thestudent answers “c” but “d” is correct, he or she loses all points for thatquestion. The multiple-response format in which more than one answer maybe correct gives credit for everything students know (wrong answers leftunselected or correct answers circled).Simply put, the multiple-response version of multiple-choice questions seems more precise,challenging, and fair than the standard single-answer only version. Nevertheless, if instructorsstill prefer the standard format, test questions included in the test bank can be rewritten to allowonly a single correct answer, or questions with only a single correct answer already included inthe test bank can be chosen for the exam.Another possible variation some may wish to try is requiring explanations for all FALSEanswers on true-false questions. (There is no point in asking for an explanation of true answers).If you choose this option, you may want to wait until the second examto implement it. Thispermits students to get used to the examination format, especially if you choose cooperativetesting.

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Chapter 1MULTIPLE-CHOICE1.When we assume that everyone has the same meaningfor a word, this is calleda.equilibriumb.bypassingc.a transactiond.polarization2.Asian cultures are typicallya.collectivist and cooperationb.individualist and competitivec.collectivist and competitived.individualist and cooperative3.Status and connection dimensions of conversations typically produce differentexpectations and communication patterns, such asa.status produces a desire for interdependence and intimacyb.connection produces cooperation and consensus seekingc.status produces empowermentd.connection produces a competitive urge to control conversations4.The We-not-Me orientation of the communication competence modelmeans thata.your family rarely makes sacrifices for any individual family memberb.your individual goals should not be met within a group contextc.your independence is more important than the well-being of yourrelationship with your group membersd.when your personal goal to spend time alone hiking in Death Valley clashes withyour family’s goal to spend time together at the beach tossing a frisbee andwatching the family dog chase seagulls, the family goal will usually receivepriority.5.Hindsight bias isa.giving too much emphasis to information that is current and not enoughemphasis to information that is older.b.letting past accomplishments overly influence present choices made ingroupsc.allowing past events to dictate present decisionsd.the tendency to look back after the fact or when an outcome has beenrevealed and say, "I knew that all along"

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6.Ethical standards for determining competent communication includea.providing choice where possibleb.sound judgmentc.absolute integrity, no exceptionsd.evaluating the sender of themessage7.When one group member says to another in a frustrated tone of voice,"Your report must be on my desk tomorrow," she/hea.exhibits communication incompetenceb.engages in unethical communicationc.may be communicating incompetently, but it can’t be determined untilthe context is knownd.shows no sense of context8.Effectiveness of our communication as one variable of competent communicationa.is Me, not We orientedb.varies from deficiency to proficiencyc.isdetermined as either competent or incompetent based on goal achievementd.is manifested as a concern for self9.Which of the following contributesstrongly to grouphate?a.Frequent meetings that accomplish little.b.Conducting groupmeetings incompetentlyc.Social loafing of some membersd.All of the above10.Commitment is one of the general ways to improve your communication competence ingroups. This commitment meansa.knowing a lot about group communicationb.exhibiting skillful communication in a variety of contextsc.exhibiting sensitivity to other group membersd.demonstrating a passion for excellence, a strong desire to improve yourcommunication with other group members11.Which of the following are essential values that should serve as ethicalguides for ourcommunication in groups?a.honestyb.respectc.choiced.fairness

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12.Given Tannen's perspective on gender differences in communication, what would you expect to findregarding salary negotiationand gender?a.Women negotiate for higher starting salaries far more than men because they wish toprove their worthb.Men and women negotiate for higher starting salaries about equallyc.Men far more than women negotiate for higher starting salaries because salary is asign of statusd.None of the above is true13.“Communication is transactional.” This means that each person communicating isa.either a sender or a receiverb.both a sender and receiver simultaneouslyc.senders of messages influence receivers but receivers do not influence sendersd.none of the above14. Which of the following is adifference between small groups and large organizations? There isa.greater formality in organizationsb.greater chance of information distortion in organizationsc.greater flow of negative information to the top of theorganizational hierarchyd.“a” and “b”15.Communication competence is defined as engaging in communication with others that is botha.effective and dynamicb.effective and appropriatec.appropriate and powerfuld.elaborate and sensitive16.If you were describing a collectivist culture you would use words such as,a.independenceand competitivenessb.privacyand individualityc.community and loyaltyd.all of the above17.In a collectivist culture, typicallya.self-promotion to get employment is encouragedb.competition not cooperation is emphasizedc.personal goals are less important than advancing the goals of a valued groupd.all of the above

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18.Sensitivityas presentedin the communication competence model meansa.receptive accuracy whereby you can detect, decode, and comprehend signals and emotionalcuesb.treating everyone in a group with respect and compassionc.a persistent effort to achieve goals and produce excellenced.“a” and“b”19. A small group isa.composed of two or more individualsb.composed ofno more than seven membersc.an aggregation of individuals waiting in line to buy ticketsd.none of the above20.A groupa.is composed of no fewer than three individualsb.is unlikely to be successful if members are primarily interested in their ownindividual accomplishment within the groupc.has a common purposed.all of the above21.Communication competence isa.a matter of degreeb.Me-oriented not We-orientedc.dependent on appropriatenessd.one way to combat grouphate22. The individualism-collectivism continuum is an important dimension for comparing cultures.According to research, the following can be saidregarding this continuum:a.Most people in the world live in strongly individualist culturesb.Individualist cultures tend to emphasize the autonomy of the individual andcollectivist cultures tend to emphasize commitment to groupsc.Americans should strive to be far more collectivist than individualistd.In most cultures, either individualism or collectivism tends to predominate23.“Communication is transactional” means thata.senders transmit information to receivers but not vice versab.senders and receivers enter into a relationship any time they communicatec.communication involves both content and relationship dimensions ofmessagesd.each party to the communication acts as either a sender or a receiver but not both

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24. In mixed-sex groups, the following patterns of communication usually occur:a.Men talk more than womenb.Women interrupt more than menc.Men tell more jokes than womend.Women give greater weight to the connection dimension and mengive greater weight to the status dimension of conversations25.Based on research, which of the following is an accurate statement about individualist andcollectivist cultures?a.All cultures have individualist and collectivist influencesb.Despite strong cultural pressure, no population uniformly accepts its culture’s valuesc.Excessive individualism can be faulted, but excessive collectivism also has it dangersd.The Unites States needs to become a collectivist culture to make groups workTRUE-FALSE1.Communication appropriateness isdefined as how well the groupprogresses toward the achievementof goals.FALSE2.Interrupting an interview by a search panel to answer a cell phone is an example of inappropriatecommunication because common rules and expectations for how one should conduct oneself duringa job interview are violated.TRUE3.Ethical standards for competent communication of honesty, respect, fairness, choice, andresponsibility should be applied absolutely, with no exceptions.FALSE4.The United States is an individualist culture. As such, levels of conformity togroup norms are extremely low.FALSE5.When you assume that other group members have the same meaning for aword as you do withoutchecking to see if differences exist, this is called amixed message.FALSE6. A person's communication is either competent or incompetent.FALSE7.We tend to overestimate our prior knowledge on a subject such as groupcommunication once wehave been told the correct answers. This is called the hindsight bias.TRUE8.If groups are to succeed, individual goals and agendas should be of secondary, notprimary importance.TRUE9.Communication competence in groups necessitates behavior that is both effective andappropriate.TRUE

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10.Designating a group memberasa “competent communicator” is a judgment ofthat individual’s inherent, natural, communication capabilities that the person issimply born with.FALSE11.Communication becomes inappropriate if it violates rules and expectations of the groupwhen such violations could have been avoided without sacrificing a goal by choosingdifferent communication behaviors.TRUE12.Communication is a process of sending messages to receivers.FALSE13.One of the difficulties with communicating in virtual groups is the absence ofnonverbal cues that typically accompany verbal messages.TRUE14.Context is a central element of verbal communication.TRUE15.Appropriateness means complying with rules and their accompanying expectations.TRUE16.To be effective you have to combine knowledge with skill.TRUE17. A dyad is another name for a group.FALSE18.Grouphate is a problem in all groups.FALSE19.Communication can solve all problems in groups if group members would simply try hardenough to be competent communicators. FALSE20.The two dimensions of every message are its content and the relationship element.TRUE21.Joseph says to Carolyn, “You shouldn’t have missed our last group meeting.” Carolynreplies, “Well look who appointed himself group emperor. I missed the meeting because Iwas sick in bed, so back off.” The content of this interchange is the issue of missing ameeting and the relationship element is the conflict and tension that is apparent from the wayCarolyn responds.TRUE22.The meaning of words depends on common agreement of users.TRUE23.Assuming that everyone has the same meaning for a word and not checking to see ifimportant differences occuris called bypassing.TRUE24. Mixed messages occur when there is positive verbal and negative nonverbal communication,or vice versa,at the same time.TRUE25.The two main variables that define communication competence are effectiveness andappropriateness. TRUE

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26.You communicate via e-mail with a friend in another country. This is an example of a virtual team.FALSE27.You are at the beach working on developing a nice case of skin cancer for your later years.You ask three strangers sitting next to you if they would each like to have a Coke from yourcooler. They say yes, take a coke, and return to their beach blankets and become sunpotatoes. For that brief time, the 4 of you constituted a group.FALSE28.Language is a structured system of symbols for sharing meaning.TRUE29.Research shows that one of the biggest challenges facing virtual groups with members from variouscountries is mastering English, the dominant language of the Internet.TRUE30.Both verbal and nonverbal communication can be ambiguous, resulting in seriousmisunderstandings.TRUEChapter 2MULTIPLE CHOICE1.Negative synergy occurs whena.one group member creates a disruptionb.group members working together give more significance to negative notpositive informationc.group members working together produce a significantly worse result thanexpected if individual skill levels and abilities are considered.d.groupmembers often disagree among themselves producing stalemate2.Larger groupscompared to smaller groups typically havea.fewer isolates (non-participants)b.fewer factions and members splintering off from the group’s general point of viewc.greater difficulty working cooperativelyd.greater group satisfaction3.There are two variables that influence the “ideal” group size. They area.quality of decisions and quantity of informationb.quantity of information and speed of decision makingc.qualityand formality of decision makingd.qualityand speed of decision making

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4. Group synergy occurs whena.a majority of the group members outperforms the minorityb.the group as a whole outperforms thesum of expected individualperformances bymembersc.groups perform more poorly than individualsd.groups and individuals perform equally well5.When the action of one group member creates a ripple effect on the entire group, this is anexample ofa.negative synergyb.diffusion of responsibilityc.interconnectedness within a systemd.group synergy6.As group size increases, which of the following typically occurs?a.Complexityincreasesb.Factions developc.The number of nonparticipating members increasesd.All of the above7.Entropy isa.a measure of the degree of movement within a system toward greater organizationb.an example of throughputc.a measure of a system’s movement toward disorganization and eventual terminationd.the end effect of increasing input into a system8.Synergy occurs in groups primarily bya.group members workingcompetitively to achieve a common goalb.deep diversity within the group membershipc.looking for group members who have very narrow, specialized skills, knowledge, andabilitiesd.happenstance; it’s mostly luck9.Dynamic equilibriuma.is a range in which systems can manage change effectively to promote growth andsuccess without destroying the system with too much instabilityb.recognizes that there is a perfect balance point between stability and change in a systemc.is sustained in a system by regulating thedegree, rate, and persistenceof changed.all of the above

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10.The "rule of seven" refers to which of the following?a.Seven members is the ideal size of a small groupb.It takes at least seven minutesfor a group to focus directly on a group taskc.Each member added to a decision-making group that starts with seven members reducesdecision effectiveness byabout10%d.Seven members is the maximum number to be defined as a small group.11.Throughput in a system refers toa.the output of a system measured in productivityb.what all livingsystems must combat to survivec.the process of transforming input into output to keep the system functioningd.the structure of a system12.In your small group, you have a social loafer who has gradually de-motivated and frustrated almosteveryother group member with his lackluster effort. This is an example, in systems terms, calleda.social compensationb.ripple effectc.boundary controld.equifinality13.When a small group is so dysfunctional that it produces a worse result than would be expected basedon perceived individual skills and abilities of members, this is calleda.negative synergyb.ripple effectc.negative throughputd.equifinality14.Synergy is the result ofa.deep diversityb.highly motivated group membersc.group effort with members working in concert with each otherd.all of the above15.Deep diversity refers toa.including a high percentage of under-represented minorities as group membersb.making sure there is gender equity in agroup’s compositionc.substantial variation among group members in task-relevant skills, knowledge, abilities,beliefs, values, perspectives, and problem-solving strategiesd.all of the above

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16.A system sustains dynamic equilibrium by regulatinga.degree of change affecting the groupb.desirability of change affecting the groupc.the rate of change affecting the groupd.all of the above17.Dealing witha difficult group memberrequires, among other things,a.creatingacooperative group climateb.ostracizingthe difficult memberc.avoidingthe bad behavior, hoping it will subsided.providing many opportunities for the difficult member to express himself/herself to thegroup18.The best size for a group isa.the smallest size capable of performing the task effectivelyb.seven members with diverse skillsc.twelve members, based on the jury modeld.none of the above19.Your group has a difficult group member. He complains repeatedly, bullies group members intosupporting his positions during discussions, and dominates the discussion, often interrupting othermembers. Your group should address this difficult individual bya.letting the troublemaker have his way so these initial “victories” might incline him to be lesscombativeb.trying to change the difficult member into a likeable personc.allowing the troublemaker to voice complaints to the entire group whenever disgruntled, hopinghe will “run out of steam”d.confronting the difficult member about his unacceptable behavior20. Groups establish boundaries and thus regulate change bya.speaking a group lingo or specialized languageb.making some members feel like outsiders and not real group membersc.establishing roles for membersd.all of the above21. Which of the following affects a group’s ability to adapt successfully tochange?a.Degree of changeb.Desirability of changec.Rate of changed.Equifinality of change

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22. We join groups because ofa.interpersonal attractionb.need to belongc.attraction to the activities of thegroupd.attraction to group goals23.A rulea.should always be followed in groups if a group hopes to be effectiveb.is a prescription that indicates what you should or shouldn’t do in specific contextsc.is central to determiningappropriateness of your communicationd.is one way to establish a boundary in groups24.A system isa.a set of relatively unrelated parts working separately to accomplish a common goalb.a set of interrelated parts working together to form a whole in the context ofa changing environmentc.generally composed of input, output, and throughputd.destroyed if input ceases25.According to "bad apple" research,a.bad apple members are an example of negative synergyb.those groups that had to deal with a bad apple member scored 30% to 40% lower onchallenging tasks than groups with no bad apple memberc.bad apple behavior is highly contagious, easily infecting other group membersd.negative influence of one bad apple member is usually not great when most group members arehighly talented individuals.TRUE-FALSE1.Your symposium group increases in size from 6 members to 11. Group satisfactionwill likely increase because you have far more resources available.FALSE2.All systems attempt to maintain stability and to achieve a state of dynamic equilibrium byresisting change.TRUE3.Smaller groups inhibit overt disagreement andsigns of dissatisfaction morethan larger groups.TRUE4.The best size for a decision making group is the smallest size capable of performing the taskeffectively.TRUE

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5.No group, not even a cult, can survive without some input from outside the system.TRUE6.A group should tighten its boundaries when both the quantity and type of outside influences place anundue stress on the group.TRUE7.In human systems, change cannot cease.TRUE8.Setting boundaries is a critical group function.TRUE9.A clear line can be drawn that distinguishes exactly when a small group becomes a large group.FALSE10.A system sustains dynamic equilibrium when it regulates the degree, rate, andconsistency ofchange.FALSE11.Your group creates aspecialized languagethat is mostly incomprehensible to outsiders. This is anexample of using a psychological barrier to exercise group boundary control.FALSE12.A group should strive to remain completely open to input. Otherwise it might make poordecisions.FALSE13.Openness in a system should always be encouraged and closedness in a system shouldalways be discouraged to produce the most effective decision making and problem solving.FALSE14.High levels of stress and tension, divisive conflicts, boredom, and poor productivity are justsome indicators of excessive openness or closedness in a system.TRUE15.Seven group members is the ideal sized group according to research.FALSE16.There are usually more non-participating group members in smaller groups than in largergroups. FALSE17.Larger groups inhibit overt disagreement more than smaller groups.FALSE18.Group climate often suffers in large groups of 10 members or more.TRUE19.If speed in decision making is a chief concern, then a group of at least 7 members or more iscritical. FALSE20. Negative information to the top of a traditional organizational hierarchy tends to berestricted.TRUE21.As groups increase in size, formality in processes and procedures decreases.FALSE22.Systems are never in a static, unchanging state.TRUE

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23.Distortion of information is usually a bigger problem in small groups than it is in largeorganizations because large organizations have more resources to prevent such distortion.FALSE24.Deep diversity in groups means that members have strong values in common in a worldmarked by great variation in values.FALSE25.Groups canfind that perfect, ideal balance point between stability and changeif they try hardenough.FALSE26.All living systems must combat entropy and they achieve this with input.TRUE27.Throughput is the process of transforming input into entropy.FALSE28.Structuration theory posits that a system such as a small group establishes structuresfor discussion and problem solving in the form of rules, roles, norms, and power distribution.TRUE29.According to structuration theory, structures established in small groups both permit throughput tooccur while also constraining the process.TRUE30.The ripple effect in a system is always a negative experience for group members.FALSEChapter 3MULTIPLE CHOICE1.You’re a member of [instructor’s name] Dark Beer Drinking Social Group. You observe apattern of behavior among group members that discourages loud talking and laughter duringdiscussions. This showsa.an explicit normb.secondary tensionc.an implicit normd.entropy2.TheTwenty Percent Rule refers toa.the amount of time that group members, on average, should spend engaging in casualconversation to reduce primary tensionb.the proper proportion of time that a group should spend socializingwhen working on a taskc.the minimum standard for the proportion of minority and femalegroup membersnecessary to discourage discriminationd.the maximum standard for the proportion of competitive opportunities in a group compared tocooperative opportunities for groups to function effectively

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3.There are two primary dimensions of every group. They area.cohesivenessand conformityb.productivity and taskc.task and functionald.task and social4.Groups can build cohesiveness among members bya.encouraging compatible membershipb.developing strong, competitive goalsc.threatening expulsion ofany members who trigger disagreementd.focusing most efforts on task accomplishment5.Cliquesa.encourage nonconformity from membersb.can provide social acceptance, support, companionship, and recognition formembersc.have no positive social influence on membersd.typically are non-hierarchical and non-competitive6.Which of the following is a condition that promotes conformity in groups?a.The stronger the cohesiveness, the greater the conformityb.The weaker the cohesiveness, the greater the conformityc.Conformity decreases as the task importance increasesd.Conformity is less when individuals expect to be groupmembers for a long time7.Groups typically respond to nonconformity from a member by using four strategies. Thesearea.reason, seduction, deviance, and conflict managementb.reason, ostracism, isolation, and persuasionc.reason, seduction, coercion, ostracismd.peer pressure, ostracism, coercion, isolation8.The Collective Effort Model suggests thata.group members are strongly motivated to perform well in a group if they areconvinced that their individual effort will likelyhelp in attaining valued resultsb.group members working together can produce strong cohesivenessc.group members must be wary of social compensation influences to be effectived.social loafers are the product of little concern for members’ social welfare in the group

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