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Media/Society: Industries, Images, and Audiences Fifth Edition Test Bank

Media/Society: Industries, Images, and Audiences Fifth Edition Test Bank simplifies revision with topic-wise summaries, expert strategies, and plenty of practice exercises.

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    Croteau/Hoynes : Media/ Society, 5 th Edition 1 Chapter 1: Media and the Social World Test Bank 1. The process by which we internalize the social norms and values of our culture and develop a sense of self is known as __________. a. normalization b. naturalization c. self - realization *d. socialization 2. In 2013, roughly what percentage of U.S. households had broadband access at home? a. 55% *b. 65% c. 75% d. 85% 3. Media scholars often study how pressure from advertisers influences journalists’ news reporting. In media sociology, advertising pressure can be regarded as _____ and journalists crafting stories as ______. *a. structure, agency b. agency, structure c. environment, functions d. functions, environment 4. Which of the following statement about the historical development of mass media is not true? *a. Television was the first broadcast medium in history. b. Printing was influenced by the Church in Europe. c. The cinematograph was invented by the Lumiére brothers in the 19th century. d. The telegraph allowed instantaneous communication over long distances. 5. Sociologists argue that humans must build and interpret the meaning of objective reality. They refer to this process as: a. The variability of reality b. Reality attainment c. Social specificity *d. The social construction of reality 6. Which of the following generally is not considered a form of mass media? a. Films b. Newspapers *c. Telephones d. Music CDs 7. The first form of mass media was:

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    Croteau/Hoynes : Media/ Society, 5 th Edition 2 a. Radio *b. Printing c. The telegraph d. Television 8. The first practical printing press with movable type dates back to the: a. 1200s * b. 1400s c. 1600s d. 1800s 9. Information traveled only as fast as a horse, ship, or train could carry it up until the invention of: a. Radio b. Telephones c. Newspapers *d. The telegraph 10. The first broadcast medium was: *a. Radio b. Movies c. Television d. Telegraph 11. The introduction of broadcast media marked the first time that media producers did not have to: a. Worry about costs b. Limit themselves to local distribution c. Rely on steam - generated power *d. Physically distribute their products 12. Television was widely introduced in the United States during the: a. Late ’20s and early ’30s b. Late ’30s and early ’40s *c. Late ’40s and early ’50s d. Late ’50s and early ’60s 13. Much of the initial funding for the Internet came from: a. Private corporations b. Individual computer hobbyists c. Nonprofit, public - interest foundations *d. The government, especially the Pentagon 14. In sociology, social structure generally refers to: a. The physical environment in which we live daily life *b. Any recurring pattern of social behavior

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    Croteau/Hoynes : Media/ Society, 5 th Edition 3 c. The act of creating social interaction d. The dominant ideology of a society 15. The pattern of social behavior expected of people related by birth can be called: a. Socialization *b. Family structure c. Human agency d. Routinization 16. In sociology, agency generally refers to: *a. Intentional and undetermined human action b. Any social organization or institution c. Public communication processes d. Larger social infrastructure 17. Structure usually implies: a. Organization *b. Constraint c. Planning d. Human will 18. Which of the following topics is not an example of relationships between institutions? a. An organized demonstration to protest poor political coverage in the local newspaper b. Government regulation of the media *c. The impact of violent television on young children d. The impact of advertising revenue on the media industry 19. Which of the following is an example of relationships within the media industry? *a. Editorial pressure on journalists produce exciting, “sexy” stories b. The impact of pornography on those who buy it c. Government’s early financial support of the Internet d. Chinese government’s control of the Internet 20. Within the media industry, the tension between structure and agency relates primarily to: a. The lobbying efforts of media conglomerates to influence government *b. How much autonomy media personnel have in doing their work c. How technological innovations are changing the nature of media work d. The struggle parents have in restricting the amount of television children watch 21. In addition to the media industry and the social world, the “media and the social world” model includes the following elements: a. Government, audiences, and technology *b. Audiences, technology, and messages

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    Croteau/Hoynes : Media/ Society, 5 th Edition 4 c. Technology, government, and messages d. Messages, audiences, and media personnel 22. Thomas Edison is most known for his development of the a. Cinematograph *b. Phonograph c. Magnetic tape d. The Long - Playing (LP) record. 23. Which of the following is NOT as example of how audiences are users of media? a. Updating Facebook b. Uploading a video on YouTube c. Posting music on Tumblr *d. Reading a news story online 24. Nielsen started measuring media consumption in “Zero - TV” households because a. More than 25% of U.S. households are “Zero - TV” households. b. An increasing percentage of U.S. households do not have a television set. *c. Over half of “Zero - TV” households are made up of 18 - to 34 - year - olds. d. More households are relying on cable and satellite instead of over - the - air broadcasts. 25. Which of the following best highlights active interpretations of media products? a. Reader or audience rather than receiver or user b. Reader or receiver rather than user or audience *c. Reader or user rather than receiver or audience d. None of the above 26. Print media use has increased in the past few years as young adults have embraced multitasking. a. True *b. False 27. Audiences and users are more passive than they were in the broadcasting era. a. True *b. False 28. Social movements have adopted new tactics such as public demonstrations in order to attract media attention. *a. True b. False 29. Smaller video cameras have played a role in enabling users to bypass the media entirely. *a. True b. False

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    Croteau/Hoynes : Media/ Society, 5 th Edition 5 30. The rise of the cassette made sound digital for the first time. a. True *b. False 31. Media reporting of crime can create a moral panic. *a. True b. False 32. Fictional portrayals of crime are more influential in promoting fear in audiences than local news. a. True *b. False 33. According to the sociologist C. Wright Mills, the “sociological imagination” allows us to connect “public troubles” and “private” issues. a. True *b. False 34. Agency is determined social action. a. True *b. False 35. How bloggers influence the operations of commercial news organizations is an example of relationships within the media industry. *a. True b. False Type: E 36. How does the rise of the Internet challenge the idea that technologies determine the evolution of media? *a. The Internet has been influenced by commercial discourses (e.g., e - commerce, social networking, and advertising). Users can upload materials, respond to news stories, and create and distribute content, which affects how we understand Internet culture. The Internet has been influences by government policy and regulation, such as U.S. federal spending (especially by the Pentagon) on th e construction of the Internet. Type: E 37. According to the authors, what are the differences between the study of so ciology and mass communication? *a. Mass communication is focused on media forms, and may embrace any number of approaches to studying media, including sociological perspectives. Sociological approaches are a subset of sociology as a discipline. Sociological approaches to media focus on agency and constraint, relationships between institutions, and

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    Croteau/Hoynes : Media/ Society, 5 th Edition 6 audiences use and interpretations of media. Sociological approaches analyze media as a part of our social world and how med ia influence our sense of self. Type: E 38. What are some differences between face - to - face and mass - mediated communication for readers? How does th is distinction affect politics? *a. In face - to - face communication, audiences can see more clues such as body language, gesture, and other aspects of nonverbal communication; they can also ask questions and challenge speakers directly. Mass - mediated communication often addresses audiences anonymously; there is less direct feedback. It is also harder to determine the sender’s intention or aims. Type: E 39. Why do the authors sometimes use reader or user ra ther than receiver or audience? *a. The authors sometimes use reader or user because they argue that we are often more active interpreters of meaning and creators of media than the terms receiver or audience often imply. They want to highlight audience activity (rather than passive behavior such as the “couch potato” stereotype). They also want to highlight the interactive potent ial of some forms of new media. Type: E 40. What is the difference between total media exposure, the multitasking proportion, and total media use? Explain why these distinctions are important for understandin g young adult media use. *a. Young adults may be in contact with media forms for multiple hours a day, or have media devices on all the time (total media exposure). Multitasking is when one uses more than one medium at a time. Total media use is the actual number of hours spent using media, once time multitasking has been taken into account. These distinctions are important for differentiating between attention and inattention and for understanding what media forms req uire more undivided attention. Type: E 41. How was broadcasting different from previous ways of distributing and consuming media? *a. Broadcasting did not require the distribution of physical media copies. Audiences did not have to travel; rather, they could be addressed where they were, often in the home. Broadcasting enabled wider forms of media distribution and sped up the speed of media transmission greatly when compared to print. Type: E 42. In explaining the role of media in society, sociologists often refer to the process known as socialization. Briefly describe what this concept means. In your answer, make sure to include at least one example. *a. Socialization refers to the process by which we learn and internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of the culture in which we live; in the process, we develop a

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    Croteau/Hoynes : Media/ Society, 5 th Edition 7 sense of self, an identity, and a sense of belonging. When we are fully socialized into a culture, we take its values and norms for granted. Mass media define how we think about fashion and gender. Representations of Wall St. and finance reinforce the idea that the pinstripe suit is masculine. Business students may wear suits that remind them of high - profile film and television characters in order to project a similar aura of confidence. Students might use examples on gender and beauty standards, media and fashion, masculinity and representations of male athletes in baseball, basketball, or football, or dominant constructions of teen culture in television and film. Type: E 43. Sociologists often link discussions of social relations to the concepts of “Structure” and “Agency.” What are they, and how do they relate to each other? Do they have equal relationships? Are they at odds? In your discussion, include at least one specific example. *a. Structure refers to any recurring pattern of social behavior. Agency is intentional and undetermined social action. They do not necessarily have an equal relationship. Structural constraints limit agency. The family is a structure that limits how we think, but the degree of autonomy we have to express ourselves within our family is our level of agency. Advertising and editorial policies are structures that limit what journalists can say and write. The ability of journalists to write and pursue stories as they wish within these structures defines their agency.

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    Croteau & Hoynes: Media/ Society, 5 th Edition 1 Chapter 2: The Economics of the Media Industry Test Bank 1 . Which of the following correctly links a broadcaster and its parent company? a. NBC — Viacom b. ABC — Comcast c. CBS — Walt Disney *d. Fox — News Corporation 2 . A company seeking to become vertically integrated in the book industry may want to purchase which of the following companies? a. A record label *b. A paper mill c. A chain of movie theaters d. None of the above 3 . Conglomeration refers to the process in which: a. Network television imitates itself to build on previously established success b. A larger number of corporations enter the media industry *c. Media companies become part of larger corporations d. Media companies begin to sell off their holdings 4 . The notion of a “private ministry of information” refers to: *a. A small number of private firms dominating the media industry b. Government interference in the media industry c. The rise of the computer Internet as a form of communication d. High taxes on media companies 5 . The “homogenization hypothesis” about media ownership and the diversity of media content proposes that concentrated ownership will: *a. Produce media that lack diversity b. Produce media that contain great diversity c. Lead to the expression of new ideas d. Have no effect 6 . “Quasi - monopoly” local newspaper ownership means that: a. There are a small number of local newspaper owners b. Local newspapers are owned by national chains *c. Two companies jointly operate the two papers in a single town d. There are no daily papers available 7 . Which of the following media conglomerations is not American? a. Viacom *b. Bertelsmann c. Time - Warner d. Walt Disney

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    Croteau & Hoynes: Media/ Society, 5 th Edition 2 8 . When Warner Bros. released Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone in 2001, corporate parent AOL Time Warner promoted the film using a variety of media. Which of the following media they did not use ? a. AOL b. Moviefone c. People magazine *d. HarperCollins Publishing 9 . The belief that “nothing succeeds like success” leads network television executives to: *a. Develop programs that copy key traits of current ratings leaders b. Develop programs about successful businesspeople c. Move program time slots in search of a successful slot on the schedule d. Look for new talent on a regular basis 10 . News companies are taking various measures to keep costs down lately. Which of the following does not belong to such measures? a. Decrease the number of journalists on staff b. Limit investigative reporting c. Focus the news on preplanned official events *d. Increase international news coverage 11 . When advertisers sponsor TV programs, they are especially interested in the: a. Name of the program’s producer b. Network executives they will be working with c. Scripts for upcoming episodes *d. Size and make - up of the audience 12 . The shift to advertising as a source of revenue for the 19th - century British press led to: *a. The decline of the national radical press b. The rise of a national radical press c. An increase in the importance of the number of readers d. A decrease in the importance of the number of readers 13 . Which kind of news is particularly vulnerable to pressure from advertisers? a. Coverage of national sporting events *b. Coverage of local real estate c. Coverage of the president d. Coverage of foreign policy 14 . Which of the following media companies is the dominant player in the U.S. radio industry? *a. Clear Channel b. Sony Music Entertainment

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    Croteau & Hoynes: Media/ Society, 5 th Edition 3 c. Penguin Random House d. 20th Century Fox 15 . Many argue that increased media concentration by a small number of conglomerations causes some effects on media contents. Which of the following does not belong to such effects? a. The diversity of media contents may be reduced. b. News and other journalistic programs may be forced to become an “entertainment.” c. Media owners’ specific political agenda may be promoted. *d. Audience may become more active in interpreting media contents. 16 . If a media company integrates a talent agency, a film studio, and a movie theater, this is called ________ integration. *a. vertical b. horizontal c. spiral d. linear 17 . “Advergames” is an example of _______ marketing. *a. viral b. guerilla c. preferential d. mass 18 . Advertisers’ strategy to build their products into the storyline of a movie, television series, or video game by including them in a seemingly natural and recurring way that may be hard to recognize is called _______. *a. product placement b. product testing c. product sampling d. product exhibition 19 . The advertising strategy in which brands become integral characters in media contents and thereby media production costs are shared by advertisers is known as _______ a. brand procurement *b. brand integration c. brand synergy d. brand sharing 20 . ____________ refers to the ways reporters doubt themselves, tone down their work, omit small items, or drop entire stories to avoid pressure, eliminate any perception of bias, or advance their careers. a. Citizen journalism b. Embedded journalism

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    Croteau & Hoynes: Media/ Society, 5 th Edition 4 *c. Self - censorship d. Agenda - setting 21 . Which of the following is true about early newspapers in the United States (18th to early 19th century)? a. Newspapers were largely funded by corporations. b. “Objectivity” was a major norm of newspaper journalists. c. No editors existed for newspapers. *d. Newspapers were advocates of political parties. 22 . _______ refers to the degree to which there is diversity in media content readily available to audiences. a. Media monopoly b. Media concentration *c. Media pluralism d. Media conglomeration 23 . Which corporation owns the sports cable network ESPN? *a. Walt Disney b. News Corporation c. Comcast d. Viacom 24 . Networks’ tendency to minimize the risk of losing money on programs is known as _____ *a. Profit - driven logic of safety b. Program diversification c. Fin - sync rule d. Prime time program bias 25 . The approach to media that says media products should be understood as the result of a social process that occurs within an institutional framework is known as the ______ perspective. *a. production b. technological c. encoding d. decoding Type: E 26 . From American Idol to Survivors to Jersey Shore, a recent trend in television is the proliferation of reality shows. Why do you think there is such proliferation of reality shows today? Try to incorporate media economics and production perspectives in your answer. Type: E

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    Croteau & Hoynes: Media/ Society, 5 th Edition 5 27 . Many network television shows constantly imitate each other, creating copies and spin - offs. From the perspective of media economics, why do we see similar programs across the networks? Type: E 28 . Define media “concentration” and “conglomeration.” Then discuss their potential effects on media contents and production. Type: E 29 . Analysts often say that profit - driven logic has taken over news operations in many media firms these days. What would be the consequences of cost minimization and profit maximization on news media specifically? Type: E 30 . It is often said that economic forces helped develop the norms of objectivity and neutrality in U.S. newspapers during the 19th century. Clarify this statement to your best ability. 31 . The number of media businesses in the United States has decreased over the last several decades. *a. True b. False 32 . A “production perspective” in media studies suggests that media products should be seen as the result of social and economic processes of production. *a. True b. False 33 . Bertelsmann is the largest global media company measured by revenue. a. True *b. False 34 . The homogenization hypothesis suggests that media concentration would lead to decreased diversity in media contents. *a. True b. False 35 . “Horizontal” integration refers to the integration of media companies of similar sizes. a. True *b. False 36 . CBS is an example of a niche media company aimed at specific audiences. a. True *b. False

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    Croteau & Hoynes: Media/ Society, 5 th Edition 6 37 . Media products are free - floating texts, independent of organizational or external constraints. a. True *b. False 38 . The U.S. press of the early 19th century was a biased, partisan press. *a. True b. False 39 . “Advergames” refers to adventure games played online. a. True *b. False

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    Croteau & Hoynes: Media/ Society, 5 th Edition 1 Chapter 3: Political Influence on Media Test Bank 1. This landmark media regulation eased media ownership requirements so that big media businesses could flourish. What is this regulation called? a. The Fairness Doctrine (1949) b. The Concentration Act (1988) *c. The Telecommunications Act (1996) d. The First Amendment (1791) 2. The following clause comes from the U.S. Constitution. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive rights to their respective writings and discoveries. To what does this clause refer? *a. Copyright b. Freedom of speech c. Mergers and acquisitions d. Defamation 3. The government regulation forcing networks to buy programming from independent producers is called the _______. a. Creative Commons License *b. Fin - syn Rule c. Fairness Doctrine d. Diversity Doctrine 4. One of the myths about government regulation of the media is that: *a. The media industry generally opposes all forms of government intervention b. All national governments have some form of media regulation c. Democratic societies have generally supported freedom of the press d. The United States generally has fewer regulations on media compared to Europe 5. So - called radio pirates have faced legal troubles because they: a. Broadcast “indecent” material *b. Operate without federal licenses c. Traffic in stolen goods d. Criticize elected officials 6. The major ongoing debate about media regulation is: a. Whether or not the government has the right to regulate the media b. Whether or not the government should regulate the media *c. What kind of government regulation should exist d. How to enforce the regulations 7. Government has regulated broadcast media differently than print media primarily because:

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    Croteau & Hoynes: Media/ Society, 5 th Edition 2 *a. Broadcast signals use scarce public airwaves b. Broadcast signals are seen in the privacy of the home c. Media companies are completely dependent on advertising for revenue d. Media companies lobbied government 8. Which of the following government regulations clearly benefits the media industry? a. Limitations on ownership of media outlets *b. Broadcast license requirements c. The (now - defunct) Fairness Doctrine d. The Concentration Act 9. The phrase “Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech or of the press” is from the: a. Declaration of Independence *b. First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution c. Communications Act of 1934 d. Founding charter of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) 10. The Telecommunications Act of 1996: a. Tightened restrictions on media ownership *b. Eased restrictions on media ownership c. Eliminated the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) d. Revamped the Federal Communications Commission ( FCC) 11. The First Amendment was originally designed for: a. All forms of media *b. The print media only c. Only white, male, property owners d. East coast only 12. The chief media and communication regulatory body in the United States is the: *a. FCC (Federal Communications Commission) b. MRB (Media Regulations Board) c. FTC (Fair Trade Commission) d. Department of Justice 13. The five commissioners on the FCC are: a. Elected by the members of Congress to four - year terms *b. Appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate c. Chosen by media industry leaders and confirmed by the president d. Appointed by the Supreme Court and confirmed by the president 14. One of the arguments about the media that “free market” advocates usually make is that: *a. Consumers have the ultimate power to tune in or buy media products

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