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Primer On Communication And Communicative Disorders, A, 1st Edition Test Bank

Primer On Communication And Communicative Disorders, A, 1st Edition Test Bank makes studying simple and effective with structured explanations and a clear study plan.

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Primer On Communication And Communicative Disorders, A, 1st Edition Test Bank - Page 1 preview imageContentsChapter1CommunicationandCommunicativeDisorders1Chapter2AnatomyandPhysiologyofSpeech,Language,andVoiceProduction$Chapter3SpeechSounds,Articulation,andPhonologicalDisorders13Chapter4LanguageDevelopmentinChildren24Chapter5LanguageDisordersinChildren34Chapter6CommunicationinaMulticulturalSociety445Chapter7NeurologicalImpairment:SpeechandLanguageDisordersinAdults522Chapter8VoiceDisorders6115Chapter9SwallowingDisorders69Chapter10FluencyDisorders79Chapter11AnatomyandPhysiologyofHearingandHearingDisorders88Chapter12HearingTestingandManagementofHearingDisorders96TestBank106AnswerKey192iii
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Primer On Communication And Communicative Disorders, A, 1st Edition Test Bank - Page 2 preview imageDownloadedfromStudyXY.com®+StudyXYSdYe.o>\|iF’prE\3SStudyAnythingThisContentHasbeenPostedOnStudyXY.comassupplementarylearningmaterial.StudyXYdoesnotendroseanyuniversity,collegeorpublisher.Allmaterialspostedareundertheliabilityofthecontributors.wv8)www.studyxy.com
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Primer On Communication And Communicative Disorders, A, 1st Edition Test Bank - Page 3 preview imageChapter1COMMUNICATIONANDCOMMUNICATIVEDISORDERSContentOutline*COMMUNICATION©Definition:anexchangeofinformation(thoughts,feelings,orideas)betweenatleasttwoindividualsthroughsymbols,signs,orbehavior©Majorityofpopulationcommunicateprimarilythroughverbalexpression*Otherformsofcommunicationinvolvereading,writing,understandingfacialexpressions,usinggestures,andtouch2*Reading:Knowingwheretogoorwhattodoisunderstood~throughreadingi=*Writing:WetrytoimproveourwritingskillstoavoidaambiguitywhensharinginformationJL*Facialexpressions:Mostfacialexpressionsareinvoluntaryandtheyshowourinternalemotion.Sixuniversalexpressionsinclude:‘ooDisgust,sadness,happiness,fear,anger,andsurprise*Gestures:Manualcommunication,signlanguage,andfingerspellingaretheprimarygestures©AmericanSignLanguage(ASL):naturallanguageoftheDeafcommunityintheUnitedStatesanditdoesnotfollowtypicalEnglishgrammar*Definedas:aconceptuallanguagewithitsownstructureandrulesoItisimportanttounderstandthatsomegesturesusedintheUnitedStatesmightmeansomethingverydifferent(andevenoffensive)inadifferentcountry*Touch:Touchcanbeusedtocomfortorreassure,usedasahandshakewhengreeting,orusedtoshowloveoraffection©Alltheseformsshowthatcommunicationgoesfurtherthansimplytalkingtoanindividualtoconveyinformation*COMMUNICATIVEDISORDERSoWhenanindividualhasacommunicativedisorder,acommunicationbreakdownexistsbetweenthespeakerandlistenersoFourconceptsthatidentifythenatureofcommunicativebreakdownsinclude:1
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Primer On Communication And Communicative Disorders, A, 1st Edition Test Bank - Page 4 preview image*Formulating:theabilitytoputthoughtsandideasintowords,signs,orsymbols*Transmitting:organizingandcoordinatingspeechmusclesorlimbs(signing)withthoughtsandideas*Receiving:abilitytouseoursensorysystemstotransmitinformationtothebrain*Comprehending:decodingandunderstandingthemessagethatwassentoEXAMPLESOFCOMMUNICATIVEDISORDERS’=Articulationdisorder:whenanindividualencountersaproblem=producingaspecificsound2*e.g,saying“wabbit”for“rabbit”JL*Dysarthria:weaknessofspeechmusclesduetobraindamage=Languagedisorder:anarrayofproblemswhichcouldaffectexpressiveand/orreceptivelanguage*e.g.unabletonamecommonobjects,unabletofollowmulti-steptasks,misuseofpronouns,andunabletomaintainaconversation*Stuttering(fluencydisorder):anindividualproducingsoundand/orsyllablerepetitionsorprolongationsthatdisrupttheflowofspeech*Voicedisorder:voicedisordersareperceptualeventsthatareidentifiedbyspeech-languagepathologistsorotolaryngologists.Theycanoccurfrommisusingandoverusingthevocalmechanism,neurologicaldisorders,andorganicdiseases*Professionssuchasteachingorsingingcanresultinvoicedisordersduetocontinuousabuseormisuseofthevoice*Hearingloss:dependingontheseverityofloss,individualsmayfinditdifficulttounderstandspeech.Individualsbornwithahearinglossmayhaveahardtimeacquiringspeech*PROFESSIONALSWHOWORKWiTHDISORDEREDCOMMUNICATION©Speech-LanguagePathologists(SLPs):trainedtoidentify,diagnose,treat,andhelptopreventcommunicativedisorders*Theprofessionworkswithindividualswhohavearticulation,language,fluency,voice,hearingproblems,andswallowingdisorders2
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Primer On Communication And Communicative Disorders, A, 1st Edition Test Bank - Page 5 preview image*InordertobecomeanSLP,anindividualmustobtainamaster’sdegreefromagraduateprogramaccreditedbytheAmericanSpeech-Language-HearingAssociation(ASHA)*Afterobtaining36hoursofgraduateworkand400hoursofclientcontact,anSLPmustcompleteaclinicalfellowship:*36weeksofmentoredpractice*Aftertheclinicalfellowship,anSLPmustpassanationalexam*Onceeverythingiscomplete,thepersonisawardedtheCertificateofClinicalCompetenceinSLP(CCC-SLP):*Qualifiestheindividualtoprovideservicesinanyworksetting:educational,hospital,nursinghomes,long-term%carefacilities,privateclinics,not-for-profitclinics,home2healthcare,universityclinics,orconsultants2©Audiologists:trainedinthenonmedicaltreatmentofhearing,balance,andvotherrelatedproblemsi*Audiologistsworkwithindividualstodeterminetheirlevelofhearingandtorecommendamplificationdevices(e.g.,hearingaidsorcochlearimplants)*Theyalsoworkalongsideotolaryngologist(ENT—Ear,Nose,andThroatphysician)todeterminethebestamplificationdevice*Tobecomeatrainedaudiologist,majorityofgraduateprogramswillofferaclinicaldoctorateinaudiology(AuD).*Studentsmustcomplete75hoursofcourseworkand52workweeksundersupervisedclinicianpracticumexperiencewithina3—4yearperiod*StudentsmustalsopassthenationalexamtoreceivetheCertificateofClinicalCompetenceinAudiology(CCC-A)*Certificationandlicensureisrequiredinordertodispensehearingaidstopatients*Possibleplacesofemploymentinclude:*Hospitals,ENToffices,outpatientcarefacilities,universityclinics,hearingaidmanufacturers,andonrareoccasionsserveasexpertwitnessesinlegalcasesregardinghearinglossesintheworkplace,etc.*PROFESSIONALORGANIZATIONS©AmericanSpeech-Language-HearingAssociation(ASHA)*ProfessionalorganizationrepresentingandcredentialingSLPs,audiologists,andspeech-languageandhearingscientists3
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Primer On Communication And Communicative Disorders, A, 1st Edition Test Bank - Page 6 preview image*Theorganizationhascreatedacodeofethicstomaintainthewelfareofclientsbeingtreated,maintainprofessionalcompetency,provideaccurateandhonestinformationtothepublic,andtomonitortheprofessionalstandardsofcolleaguesoAdditionalProfessionalOrganizations*Otherorganizationsexistthatspecializeindifferentareasofthespeechandhearingfieldsuchas:+InternationalFluencyAssociation*AmericanAcademyofAudiology*AcademyofDoctorsofAudiology*AcademyofNeurologicCommunicationDisorders%=CONCLUSION2oCommunicationgoesbeyondspeakingtoanotherindividual;itinvolves3writing,reading,facialexpression,gestures,andtouchv©Acommunicationdisordermaycauseacommunicationbreakdownwheniformulating,transmitting,receiving,orcomprehendingisimpairedo Speech-languagepathologistsandaudiologistsaretrainedprofessionalswhopracticeinthefieldofcommunicativedisordersandhearingloss,respectively©ASHAistheprofessionalorganizationforSLPsandaudiologists*RESOURCESoAcademyofNeurologicCommunicationDisordersandSciences* http//www.ancds.org©AmericanSpeech-Language-HearingAssociationwebsite* http://www.asha.orgoAmericanBoardofAudiology* http://www.americanboardofaudiologyorgoInternationalFluencyAssociation*http://www.theifa.org4
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Primer On Communication And Communicative Disorders, A, 1st Edition Test Bank - Page 7 preview imageChapter2ANATOMYANDPHYSIOLOGYOFSPEECH,LANGUAGE,ANDVOICEPRODUCTIONContentOutline*CENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEMoDefinition:asystemforreceivingsensoryinformation,integratingthesesignalswiththoughtsandmemories,andorganizingthesethoughttocompleteanactionoComprisedofthe:*Brain:protectedbytheskull*SpinalCord:protectedbythespinalcolumn>©Meninges:threemembranouslayersthatprotectsthebrainandspinal3cord.Thethreelayersare:i=®Duramater:outermostlayer,toughandfibrousa*Arachnoidmater:secondlayer,web-likeAL*Piamater:innerlayer,delicatefibrousoBRAIN=Cerebrum:topmostportion®Thebrainisdividedintoleftandrightcerebralhemispheres*Corpuscallosum:allowsthetwohemispherestocommunicatewitheachotherthroughaconnectionoffibers*Longitudinalfissure:adeepindentationthatdividesthecerebralhemispheres*Rightandlefthemispheresarefurthereddividedupintofourlobes.Thelobesareidentifiedandseparatedthrough:* Gyri:hillsorridges* Sulci:indentations* Fissures:deeperindentations=TheFourLobes*FrontalLobe:primarymotorarea(motorcortex).Alsoplaysaroleinmotorplanning,emotionalcontrol,judgment,problemsolving,andsocializationoIfthemotorstripiselectricallystimulatedontheleftsideofthebrain,itcontrolstherightsideofthebodyoEfferentsignal:amotorsignalthatexitsthebraintomoveabodypart©Areasofthebodythatneedgreatermuscularcoordinationarerepresentedbylargerareasofthemotorstrip.Thisiscalledamotorhomunculus5
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Primer On Communication And Communicative Disorders, A, 1st Edition Test Bank - Page 8 preview image=Forexample:themouthandtonguetakeupalargeareaonthemotorstripbecauseofthecomplexmotorcontrolneededforthesestructuresoBroca’sarea:speechmotorplanningarea*ParietalLobe:primarysensoryarea(sensorycortex)oIfpain,temperature,ortouchisfeltontheleftsideofthebody,therightsideoftheparietallobereceivestheinformationoAfferentsignal:sensorysignalsarrivingtothebrainoSimilartothefrontallobe,theareaswithgreater%sensoryreceptorsarerepresentedbylargerareasof2thesensorystrip2TemporalLobe:primaryauditorycortex.ArearesponsibleosforprocessingsoundiEoWernicke’sarea:thebrain’slanguagecenter*OccipitalLobe:primaryvisualcortexoReceivesandinterpretsvisualinformation*Structuresbelowthecerebrum:*Cerebellum:involvedwithmotorcoordination,balance,andmovement.AlsoplaysaroleindisorderssuchasstutteringandautismoLocatedbelowandtothebackofthecerebrum*Brainstem:vitalfunctionssuchasbreathingandheartratearecontrolledhere.Efferentandafferentsignalsrunthroughthebrainstem.Thebrainstemconsistsofthreestructures:oMidbrainoPonso Medulla:areawheremotorfiberscrosstosendinformationtotheoppositesideofthebodyo SpINALCORD*Thespinalcordextendsfromthebrainstemandpassesthroughanopeningintheskullandcontinuesdownthebonyspinalcolumn.Itisdividedintofivesegments:Cervical,thoracic,lumbar,sacral,coccygeal®PERIPHERALNERVOUSSYSTEMoDefinition:allneuraltissueoutsideofthebrainandthespinalcord.Themostimportantarespinalandcranialnerves6
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Primer On Communication And Communicative Disorders, A, 1st Edition Test Bank - Page 9 preview imageoSpinalnerves:31pairsofnervesthatoriginateinthespinalcord*Motorinformationistransmittedthroughthesenerves=SensoryinformationisreceivedandtransmittedtothebrainthroughthesenervesoCranialnerves*12nervesthatoriginateinthebrainstem*Twopurposes:¢Transmitsmell,vision,hearing,andtasteinformationfrombodilystructurestobrain*Transmitinformationfromthebraintoperformvoluntarymovementsoftheeyes,mouth,lips,tongue,andlarynx;0)*AUTONOMICNERVOUSSYSTEM2oMaintainsourinternalequilibriumvoTwobranches:15*Sympathetic:protectsandpreparesourbodiesforanysituationbyregulatingourheartrate,breathing,andsecretions*e.g,Ourheartracesandwemayperspiremorewhenfrightened* Parasympathetic:returnsourbodytoastateofequilibrium*ANATOMYANDPHYSIOLOGYOFSPEECHPRODUCTIONoORESPIRATORYSYSTEM*Twofunctions:*Breathing*Aidesintheproductionofspeech*Dividedintotwosections:*Upperrespiratorysystem:airwaysfoundwithinthenose,mouth,andthroatabovethevocalfolds*Lowerrespiratorysystem:beginsjustbelowthevocalfoldsinthetracheaandcontinuesintothelungs*AnatomyofBreathing*Thorax:airtightcavityformedbytheribcage,spinalcolumn,clavicle,andscapulathatlinkthelungswiththeribsthroughamembrane.Thisconnectionallowsthelungstomovewhentheribcagemoves*PulmonarySystem:includesthelungsandtheairwaysleadingtothelungs*Trachea:rigidbutflexibletube.Itisaseriesof20C-shapedcartilaginousrings7
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Primer On Communication And Communicative Disorders, A, 1st Edition Test Bank - Page 10 preview imageoBranchesinto>twobronchi,whichdividesinto->bronchioleswithinthelungsandthenturnsinto>alveolarducts,andfinallyendsin>alveolarsacs:tinyelasticsacswhereoxygenisexchangedforcarbondioxide*Diaphragm:dome-shapedmusclelocatedatthebottomofthethoraciccavity.Whencontracted,thediaphragmflattensoutandincreasesthesizeofthechestcavity.Thisinitiatestheprocessofbreathing=PhysiologyofBreathing*Boyle’sLaw>Energy=PressureXVolume;oThisstatesthatasvolumeincreases,thepressure2decreasesandviceversa3*StepsofbreathingvoContractandflattenthediaphragm(increasesivolumeanddecreasespressureofthoraciccavity)oAirflowsfromhighpressuretolowpressure,fillingupthelungswithair—inhalationoPressureinthelungsincrease,causingadecreaseinthethoraciccavitypressure©Airthenrushesoutbecausetheairpressureinthelungsisgreaterthanthepressureoutsideofthebody—exhalation*LungVolumeandCapacitiesoQuietrespiration:abreathingpatternthatoccurswhenapersonisquietlysittingoTidalVolume(TV):ameasurementoftheamountofairenteringandleavingthelungs©Forcedrespiration:abreathingpatternthatrequiresgreatervolumesofairoInspiratoryReserveVolume(IRV):takinglargerbreathstogetmoreairo ExpiratoryReserveVolume(ERV):exhalingtheIRVairoVitalCapacity(VC)=IRV+TV+ERVoResidualVolume(RV):airleftinlungsafterERVoTotalLungCapacity(TLC)=VC+RVoBreathingforairisadifferentprocessthanbreathingforspeech*Breathingforspeechinvolves:8
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Primer On Communication And Communicative Disorders, A, 1st Edition Test Bank - Page 11 preview imageoIncreasingthespeedofairtobuildenoughpressuretoblowthevocalfoldsapartoIncreasingthespeedofairbehindthestructuresinthemouthtocreatespeechsoundsoGreatervolumeofairisrequiredoShorteningtheinhalationprocesstoabout10%ofrespiratorytime,90%ofthetimeisspentexhalingoLARYNGEAL(PHONATORY)SYSTEM*Thelaryngealsysteminvolvesthelarynx(voicebox),whichhasimportantfunctionsforspeech:;*Actsasavalvetocontrolairflow,allowingthevocalfolds2toopenandcloseasairpassesthrough3*Producesvocalfoldvibrationtoproducesound.Thisisvknownasphonationi*AnatomyofSoundProduction*Cartilagesofthelarynx:oThyroidcartilage:largeststructureinthelarynxanditprotectsthevocalfoldsoCricoidcartilage:attachesunderneaththethyroidcartilageoArytenoidCartilages:apairofcartilagesthatsitontopofthecricoidcartilageandservesasanattachmentforthevocalfolds*Musclesofthelarynx:©Musclesattachtothecartilagestoabduct(open)oradduct(close)thevocalfoldsoVocalfolds:apairedmusclethatattachestothebacksideofthethyroidcartilage,crossesintheopeningofthecricoidscartilage,andattachestothearytenoidscartilageso Glottis:spacebetweenthevocalfolds*PhysiologyofSoundProduction*Myoelastic-AerodynamicTheoryofSoundProduction:anexplanationforourabilitytoproducesoundo Myo-:muscleso-elastic:stretchablepropertiesofthevocalfoldsoAerodynamic:movingair*Processofsoundproduction:oAnindividualclosesthevocalfolds9
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Primer On Communication And Communicative Disorders, A, 1st Edition Test Bank - Page 12 preview imageoPressurebuildsupbelowthevocalfolds:subglotticspace0SubglottalairpressureovercomestheresistanceofthevocalfoldsoVocalfoldsareblownapartandairrushesthroughtheglottisoVocalfoldscomebacktogetheroThisquickprocessisknownasonecycleofvocal-foldvibration.Inordertoproducesound,theprocessbeginsagainandagain.*Bernoulliprinciple:asthespeedoffluid(air)increases,the;pressuredecreases2oThisexplainswhythevocalfoldscomebackto3theirrestingpositionafterthesubglottalairisvreleasediEoTheelasticpropertiesofthevocalfoldsalsobringthefoldsbacktogether*Body-CoverModel:anotherproponentofvocal-foldvibrationoThismodelexplainsthatthevocalfoldsmovefrombottomtotopbecauseofthepressuredifferenceswithinthelarynxoVocalfoldsaremultilayered.Therefore,independentmovementofthetopandbottomoccur*Vocal-FoldVibration:oMales:occursonaverage125timespersecond©Females:occursonaverage225-250timespersecondoChildren:canoccurasfastas400timespersecond©Thesedifferencesoccurbecauseofthelengthandthicknessofthevocalfolds©Theindependentvibrationofthevocalfoldscreateabuzzingnoise©ARTICULATORYSYSTEM*AnatomyandPhysiologyofShapingSounds*Vocaltract:describedasalongtubethatstartsjustabovethevocalfoldsandendsatthelipsandnose.Responsibleforproducingspeechsounds.Madeupofthreecavitiesinwhichthesoundvibrates:10
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Primer On Communication And Communicative Disorders, A, 1st Edition Test Bank - Page 13 preview imageoPharyngealcavity:beginsatthevocalfoldsandendsbehindthemouthandnoseoOralcavity:beginsatthelipsandendsatthebackofthemouthoNasalcavity:beginsattheopeningofthenoseandendsinthebackatthepharyngealcavity*Voicelesssounds:soundsproducedbyopenedvocalfolds*Voicedsounds:soundsproducedbyclosedvocalfolds.AllEnglishvowelsarevoiced,includinghalfoftheconsonants*Articulation:movement*Articulators:structuresthatchangetheshapeandlengthof;thevocaltracttoproducespeechsounds.Theyinclude:2oTongue,hardpalate,softpalate(velum),mandible3(jaw).teeth,andlipsvoClosingandtighteningourlipshelpcreatepressure15tocreatecertainsounds.e.g.,/b/and/p/o Protrudingorextendingourlipscreatesalongervocaltracttocreatesoundslike“00”oSoftpalate(velum):separatesthenasalcavityfromtheoralcavityoTongue:Playsabigroleinproducingspeechsounds¢ Coarticulation:allowsustoproducesoundsinanefficientmannerbyanticipatingupcomingsoundsandmovingourarticulatorstoprepareforthosesounds®SUMMARYANDREVIEWoCentralnervoussystemismadeupofthebrainandspinalcord©Thebrainisseparatedintothefrontallobe(motorcortex),parietallobe(sensorycortex),temporallobe(auditorycortex),andoccipitallobe(visualcortex)oThespinalcordtransmitsinformationfromthecentralnervoussystemtotheperipheralnervoussystem.Theperipheralnervoussystemincludescranialandspinalnerves©RespirationplaysabigroleintheproductionofspeechoTherearevoiced(adductedvocalfolds)soundsandvoiceless(abductedvocalfolds)sounds.Speechsoundsareshapedthroughmovementofthearticulatorstochangethesizeandshapeofthevocaltract11
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Primer On Communication And Communicative Disorders, A, 1st Edition Test Bank - Page 14 preview image®RESOURCESoBrainAnatomyandDiscussionofTraumaticBrainInjury* http://www.brainline.org/multimedia/interactive_brain/the_human_brain.html?gclid=COnV4Lex46ACFRMNDQod-jl71.woCross-SectionalAnatomy* hup://www.lumen.luc.edu/lumen/meded/grossanatomy/vhp/visible.htmoHowLungsWork=http://’www.lungusa.org/your-lungs/how-lungs-work/?gclid=CM2g47mw46ACFQOeDQodcDeBDwoViewsoftheLarynx;* http://www.entusa.com/larynx_videos.htm2oVocalTractVisualizationLabF*http://speech.umaryland.edu/index.htmlos12
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Primer On Communication And Communicative Disorders, A, 1st Edition Test Bank - Page 15 preview imageChapter3SPEECHSOUNDS,ARTICULATION,ANDPHONOLOGICALDISORDERSContentOutline¢LANGUAGEANDSPEECHoDifferencebetweenspeechandlanguage*Language:systemofsymbolsusedforcommunicationandthoughtthatcanbespoken,written,orsigned=Speech:theabilitytorelatemeaningtohumanvoiceoPhoneme:amentalrepresentationofspecificspeechsounds=Ifwechangeaphonemewithinaword,itchangesthemeaning2=Phonemesarewrittenwithslashes-/p/,/b/,/t/,/k/=oPhone:anindividualproductionofthephonemei=o Allophone:variationsthatoccurfromproductiontoproductiona=Forexample,ifwechangeaphonemeinawordthenitchangesthewordJLmeaning,butifwechangethephonethemeaningremainsthesamebutsoundsdifferent®SOUNDSINENGLISHoInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA):asetofsymbolstorepresenthumanspeechsounds=Englishusesabout40ofthephonemesrepresentedinIPA*Thissystemhelpstoavoidconfusionacrosslanguageswhenmultiplelettercombinationsareusedtorepresentthesounds*e.g,thesound“f”inEnglishisusedinavarietyofways—tough,photo,andflute.IfthesewordswerewritteninIPA,eachonewoulduse/1/.=IPAisusedtotranscribespeechasitisheardoClassificationofSpeechSounds=Vowels®AllvowelsarevoicedandtheyaremadewitharelativelyopenvocaltractoTheyareclassifiedaccordingtotongueheight(high,mid,low)andtongueposition(front,central,back)¢Diphthong:acombinationoftwovowelsbychangingtheshapeofthevocaltractwhenmovingfromonevoweltothenextoe.g,whenwesay‘buy’weusethevowel/a/andmovetothesecondvowel/1/=Consonants—consonantssoundshavethreeclassifications:®Place:wherethesoundisproducedinthevocaltractbythearticulators.Placeisidentifiedbytheeightplacesofproduction:oBilabial:soundsaremadewithtwolips,e.g.,/p/13
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Primer On Communication And Communicative Disorders, A, 1st Edition Test Bank - Page 16 preview imageoLabiodental:soundsaremadewiththelipsandteeth,e.g.,/f/oLinguadental(dental):soundsmadewiththetongueandteeth,e.g.,“th”oLingua-alveolar(alveolar):madewiththetonguepositionedatthealveolarridge,e.g.,/t/oLinguapalatal(palatal):soundsmadewiththetongueagainsttheroofofthemouth,e.g,“sh”oLinguavelar(velar):soundsmadewiththebackofthetongueandsoftpalate,e.g.,/g/oLabiovelar:soundsmadebythelipsandsoftpalate,e.g.,;wl2o Glottal:soundsmadeinthespacebetweenyourvocal3folds,e.g.,/IVre*Manner:typeofconstrictionandhowthebreathstreamisimanaged.Therearesevencategoriesofmanner:oStops(plosives):soundsmadebycompletelyblockingoffthevocaltract,buildingupairpressurebehindtheconstriction,andexplodingthesound,e.g.,/p/,/b/,/t/,/d/,/k/,and/g/oFricatives:soundsmadebyusingthetonguetocreateaconstrictionwithinthevocaltractandforcingthebreathstreamthroughtheconstriction,e.g.,/f/,/v/,/s/,and/z/oAffricate:soundsmadebycombingastopandafricative.Firsttheairisstoppedbehindaconstrictionandthenthesoundisreleasedthroughtheconstriction,e.g.,/tf/asin‘chew’and/d3/asin‘jewel’oGlide(semivowels):soundsmadebygraduallychangingtheshapeofthevocaltractasismovestotheadjacentvowel,e.g.,/w/oLiquids:=(lateral):soundsmadebytheairtravelingaroundtheconstrictionwithinthevocaltract,e.g.,/lI/14
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