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Economics 11th Edition Test Bank

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    1 Student: ___________________________________________________________________________ 1. The Social Security Program began during the administration of A. Franklin D. Roosevelt. B. Harry S. Truman. C. Dwight D. Eisenhower. D. John F. Kennedy. 2. During the 19 th century, the great abundance of land compared to the availability of labor A. attracted millions of immigrants. B. encouraged early marriage and large families. C. encouraged rapid technological development. D. All of the choices are true. 3. Which of the following is true? A. The Japanese rebuilt their economy after World War II by selling its goods to their own rapidly growing population. B . Slow U.S. population growth in the 19 th century forced American farmers and manufacturers to seek foreign markets to propel its rapid economic growth. C . The Japanese rebuilt their economy after World War II by targeting the large U.S. market, while their own market remained largely closed to U.S. manufactured goods. D. America's rapid population growth in the 19 th century slowed its economic growth rate. 4. The completion of the American national railroad network in the second half of the 19 th century led to all of the following except A. that it enabled manufacturers to sell their products all over the country. B. mass consumption. C. increased prices of goods sold which led to more investment and more jobs. D. higher wages. 5. Between 1939 and 1944 the United States' national output A. remained the same. B. nearly doubled. C. nearly tripled. D. nearly quadrupled. 6. The worst recession since World War II started in which year? A. 1957 B. 1973 C. 1981 D. 2007 7. Which of the following explains the slower economic growth in the South compared to other regions of the country? A. Much of the South's capital, public and private, was destroyed in the Civil War. B. The transcontinental railroads that were completed in the 1860s, 1870s, and 1880s all bypassed the South. C . The South remained an agricultural region after the Civil War instead of immediately becoming a higher productivity manufacturing region. D. All of the choices are true.

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    8. Under President Eisenhower the problem of inflation. A. got a lot worse. B. got a little worse. C. got a little better. D. got a lot better. 9. The decade that had the most stagflation was the A. 1940s. B. 1950s. C. 1960s. D. 1970s. 10. Which of the following is true? A . The completion of the transcontinental railroad system in the 1880s eventually made the United States the world's first mass market. B . Southern manufacturers benefited from high protective tariffs of the 19 th century that kept out cheaper Japanese manufactured goods. C . The canal system linking east-coast rivers with the Great Lakes in the 1820s created an "American economy" rather than just a series of regional economies located in one country. D. Agricultural inventions such as John Deere's steel plows did little to improve farm productivity. 11. The name of Andrew Carnegie is most closely associated with A. the steel industry. B. the rubber industry. C. the meatpacking industry. D. the chemical industry. 12. Which was a decade of high inflation and high unemployment? A. the 1920s B. the 1950s C. the 1960s D. the 1970s 13. The transcontinental railroads were completed in the 25 years A. before the Civil War. B. after the Civil War. C. after 1890. D. after the 20 th century began. 14. Cyrus McCormick and Eli Whitney were important in the technology of A. steel. B. automobiles. C. agriculture. D. oil. 15. Which statement is true? A. The United States has a larger national output than any other country in the world. B. We have had recessions about every three years since World War II. C. There were no recessions while Ronald Reagan was president. D. None of the statements are true. 16. Which statement is true? A. More than any other region in the nation, the South prospered the most in the years following the Civil War. B. The transcontinental railroads that were completed in the 1860s, 1870s, and 1880s, all bypassed the South. C. Before the Civil War most of the nation's large farms were located in the North. D. None of the choices are true.

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    17. Between 1836 and 1851 travel time between New York and Chicago was cut from A. a month to two days. B. a month to a week. C. two weeks to one week. D. two weeks to two days. 18. The first automobile manufacturer to use a division of labor and to use a moving assembly line was A. Henry Ford. B. Henry Leland. C. Henry Olds. D. Andrew Carnegie. 19. The United States truly became a mass consumption society in A. the early 1900s. B. the 1920s. C. the 1940s. D. the 1960s. 20. Which statement is true? A. Few Americans blamed Herbert Hoover for the Great Depression. B. The U.S. experienced a brief depression in the early 1920s. C. Most American homes were not wired for electricity until the late 1940s. D. None of the choices are true. 21. Between 1921 and 1929 national output A. declined slightly. B. stayed about the same. C. rose slightly. D. rose by about 50%. 22. In the late 1920s, you could buy $10,000 worth of stock by putting down as little as A. $100. B. $1,000. C. $2,500. D. $5,000. 23. The Great Depression began in A. the second half of 1929. B. the middle of 1930. C. early 1932. D. March 1933. 24. The recovery from the low point of the Great Depression lasted for ____ months. A. 12 B. 25 C. 50 D. 90 25. The recession of 1937-38 could be blamed on A. both the Roosevelt Administration and the Federal Reserve Board. B. neither the Roosevelt Administration nor the Federal Reserve Board. C. the Roosevelt Administration, but not the Federal Reserve Board. D. the Federal Reserve Board, but not the Roosevelt Administration. 26. There were a huge number of bank failures between A. 1930 and 1933. B. 1933 and 1936. C. 1936 and 1939. D. 1939 and 1942.

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    27. Which statement is true? A. We have had at least one recession in the 1940s, 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. B. We have had at least two recessions in any one decade since World War II. C. We have had at least three recessions in all of the decades since World War II. D. None of the choices are true. 28. The creation of the dust bowl and the migration of the "Okies" to California took place in the A. 1920s. B. 1930s. C. 1940s. D. 1950s. 29. All of the nation's banks were closed in the first week of March, in the year A. 1930. B. 1931. C. 1932. D. 1933. 30. During the depths of the Great Depression the United States' official unemployment rate reached ________ percent. A. 15 B. 20 C. 25 D. 30 31. The economic expansion which began in 1933 was due to A. the fact that business had hit bottom and was ready to rebound. B. The efforts of the Roosevelt Administration to stimulate the economy. C. Both the efforts of the Roosevelt Administration and the readiness of business to rebound. D. Neither the efforts of the Roosevelt Administration nor the readiness of business to rebound. 32. In 1937-1938, the number of unemployed A. fell dramatically by about 5 million. B. fell slightly by about 1 million. C. rose slightly by about 1 million. D. rose dramatically by about 5 million. 33. Which statement is false? A. Most jobs in defense plants during World War II were held by white males. B. The federal government instituted wage and price controls during World War II. C. Very little new housing was built during the Great Depression and World War II. D. None of the statements are false. 34. In the years immediately after the American Revolution A. both labor and capital were scarce. B. neither labor nor capital were scarce. C. labor was scarce and capital was plentiful. D. capital was scarce and labor was plentiful. 35. An American farmer today feeds over ______ people. A. 15 B. 30 C. 50 D. 100

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    36. Between 1850 and 1950 the productivity of the average American farm worker A. declined. B. remained about the same. C. doubled. D. quadrupled. 37. Which of the following has been one of the most productive sectors of the U.S. economy through the 19 th , 20 th and 21 st centuries? A. Textiles B. Steamships C. Steel D. Agriculture 38. Since World War II, about ______ out of every ten family farms have disappeared. A. one B. three C. five D. seven 39. Of all the money spent on farm price supports, about ______ percent goes to large corporate farms. A. 25 B. 50 C. 75 D. 95 40. Henry Ford A. was the second automobile manufacturer to use a moving assembly line. B. was the first automobile manufacturer to manufacture a standardized engine with interchangeable parts. C. sold millions of cars at a small unit of profit that allowed his company to keep auto prices low and wages high. D. all of the statements are true. 41. Which statement is most accurate with respect to the federal government's land policies in the 19 th century? A. It gave away land, and rarely if ever charged even a token amount per acre. B. It gave away a lot of land and charged a token amount for the rest. C. It gave away no land, but charged only a token amount. D. It charged a fairly substantial amount for the land it sold. 42. Which statement is false? A. Before the Civil War about three quarters of the farms of over 500 acres were located in the South. B. The great abundance of land was the most influential factor in the United States' economic development during the 19 th century. C . Although the percentage of Americans living on farms has declined substantially over the last 70 years, the actual number of people living on farms has remained constant. D. None of the statements are false. 43. Each of the following was an effect of cheap or free land during the 19 th century except A. a high birth rate. B. a high rate of immigration. C. a rapid rate of technological development. D. a high rate of migration from the farms to the cities.

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    44. Basically the United States' high rate of population growth since the time of George Washington's presidency A. has been a drag on the United States' rate of economic growth. B. pushed up the United States' rate of unemployment. C. created a growing problem of not enough food to feed everyone. D. provided a market for the United States' farmers and manufacturers. 45. Southern agriculture differed markedly from agriculture in the rest of the country before the Civil War in each of these respects EXCEPT A. it had, on the average, larger farms. B. it had slavery. C. it had different major crops. D. it had more subsistence farming. 46. From 1865 to 1900, the production of wheat, corn, and cotton A. increased much more slowly than population growth. B. increased somewhat more slowly than population growth. C. increased at about the same pace as population growth. D. increased faster than population growth. 47. The mechanical reaper was invented by A. Eli Whitney. B. The Marsh brothers. C. John Deere. D. Cyrus McCormick. 48. The American economy is ________ economy in the world today. A. the largest and the fastest growing B. neither the largest nor the fastest growing C. the largest, but not the fastest growing D. the fastest growing, but not the largest 49. Inflation adjusted hourly wages for the average hourly worker is _______ today than it was in 1973. A. higher B. lower C. about the same 50. The New Deal was the economic program of A. Herbert Hoover. B. Franklin D. Roosevelt. C. Dwight D. Eisenhower. D. Lyndon B. Johnson. 51. The New Deal A. may be summarized by these words: relief, recovery, and reform. B. introduced Medicare and Medicaid. C. succeeded in quickly extending the Great Depression. D. reduced the economic role of the federal government. 52. Who said the nation was "ill-fed, ill-clothed, and ill-housed?" A. Herbert Hoover B. Franklin D. Roosevelt C. Lyndon B. Johnson D. Jimmy Carter

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    53. Each of the following were created under the New Deal EXCEPT A. Social Security. B. the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). C. the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). D. food stamps. 54. Inflation was the nation's number-one economic worry during A. the 1920s. B. the late 1950s. C. the early 1960s. D. the 1970s. 55. Which statement is false? A . Had the stock market not crashed and the rest of the world not gone into a depression, the U.S. depression might have been avoided. B. By the end of 1930 thousands of banks had failed. C. By the first week in March 1933 every single bank in the United States had shut its doors. D. None of the statements are false. 56. The low point of the Great Depression was reached in the year A. 1929. B. 1931. C. 1933. D. 1935. 57. Who promised "two cars in every garage and a chicken in every pot?" A. Herbert Hoover B. Franklin D. Roosevelt C. Dwight D. Eisenhower D. John F. Kennedy 58. Choosing from among the following, the worst recession was in A. 1937-1938. B. 1980. C. 1990-1991. D. 2001. 59. For all intents and purposes, the Great Depression ended in A. 1933. B. 1937. C. 1941. D. 1945. 60. Of the 2.2 million working farms in the U.S., _________ of them produce more than $5,000 worth of agricultural products. A. one quarter B. half C. three quarters D. one third 61. Agricultural prices fell during each of these periods EXCEPT A. 1865-1900. B. 1900-1919. C. 1929-1933. D. There is no exception. Agricultural prices fell in all these time periods.

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    62. Which statement is true? A. There was brief depression in the early 1920s. B. Between 1921 and 1929 national output tripled. C. The automobile market was completely saturated by 1921 and sales remained low for the rest of the decade. D. None of these statements are true. 63. Which statement is false? A. The spreading use of electricity during the 1920s helped create rapid economic expansion in that decade. B. The stock market rose very rapidly in the late 1920s. C. Between 1921 and 1929 national output rose by 50 percent. D. None of the statements are false. 64. The most rapid expansion in the use of electricity was in the period from A. 1900-1910. B. 1910-1920. C. 1920-1930. D. 1930-1940. 65. In which of these years was there very high inflation and a recession? A. 1937 B. 1980 C. 1990 D. 2001 66. The heart of the supply-side economic program was to A. raise taxes. B. lower taxes. C. raise government spending. D. put people to work in government jobs. 67. The highest unemployment rate we experienced since the Great Depression was in A. 1973. B. 1982. C. 1990. D. 2001. 68. About how many Americans still live on farms today? A. 4.5 million B. 14.5 million C. 24.5 million D. 34.5 million 69. Which statement is true? A. The number of people living on family farms has been increasing in recent years. B. Most farm subsidy payments go to large corporate farms. C. The United States' huge agricultural surpluses have completely eliminated starvation in this country. D. None of the statements are true. 70. Since the government has been paying out farm subsidies A. the number of family farms has increased by about 40 percent. B. the number of family farms has increased by 10%. C. the number of family farms has decreased by 10%. D. the number of family farms has decreased by 70 percent.

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    71. Which statement is true? A. America has always had a very productive agricultural sector. B. The most influential factor in the United States' economic development during the 19 th century was a great abundance of labor. C. The central problem of economics is an oversupply of capital. D. None of the statements are true. 72. Which statement is false? A. Between 1789 and 1812 the United States' population doubled. B. Between 1812 and 1835 the United States' population doubled. C. Between 1835 and 1858 the United States' population doubled. D. None of the statements are false. 73. Which statement is true? A. All regions of the United States were primarily agricultural in 1865. B. Only the South was primarily agricultural in 1865. C. Only the North and West were primarily agricultural in 1865. D. None of the statements are true. 74. Which region's agricultural system developed very differently from that of the rest of the nation? A. the West B. the Midwest C. New England D. the South 75. The "Okies" were associated with each of these EXCEPT A. the Dust Bowl. B. John Steinbeck's The Grapes of Wrath. C. the Great Depression. D. the rust belt. 76. The second half of the 1940s was a period of A. recession. B. no economic growth. C. very slow economic growth. D. fairly high economic growth. 77. Highway and home construction had a boom from A. 1925-1940. B. 1935-1950. C. 1945-1960. D. 1965-1980. 78. When General Dwight D. Eisenhower ran for the presidency for the first time, he said he would A. end the recession and end inflation. B. end the recession and end the Korean War. C. end inflation and end the Korean War. D. end the recession, the Korean War, and inflation. 79. Which statement is false? A . Suburbanization was the migration of tens of millions of middle-class Americans—nearly all of them white—from the cities to the suburbs. B . The people who moved to the suburbs were replaced in the cities by millions of poor people, the large majority of whom were black and Hispanic. C. The inner cities today are socially isolated from the rest of the country. D. None of these statements are false.

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    80. The suburbanization of America _______________ the United States' dependence on oil imports. A. increased substantially B. had no effect C. decreased substantially 81. Which statement is true? A. Mass production can take place without mass consumption. B. Mass consumption can take place without mass production. C. Mass production can take place without mass consumption and mass consumption can take place without mass production. D.Mass production cannot take place without mass consumption, nor can mass consumption take place without mass production. 82. As a manufacturer becomes a mass producer, generally productivity ____ and wage rates _____. A. falls; fall B. rises; rise C. rises; fall D. falls; rise 83. Which statement is true? A. The recessions of 1973-1975 and 1981-1982 were both mild. B. The recessions of 1973-1975 and 1981-1982 were both severe. C. The recession of 1973-1975 was mild; the recession of 1981-1982 was severe. D. The recession of 1973-1975 was severe; the recession of 1981-1982 was mild. 84. Among the key ingredients that propelled the American economy to emerge as the leading industrial power by the beginning of World War I were A. the world's first universal public education system. B. a large agricultural surplus. C. entrepreneurial abilities of great industrialists. D. all of the choices are true. 85. In the decades leading to the Civil War __________ supported high protective tariffs. A. both the North and the South B. neither the North nor the South C. only the North D. only the South 86. Economic conflict(s) leading to the Civil War ___________________________. A. were over tariffs and the extension of slavery into the new territories B. was the growing free trade with England C. was Abraham Lincoln freeing the slaves D. None of the choices are true 87. In the decades before the Civil War, the South __________________________. A. opposed the extension of slavery into the territories B. supported the extension of slavery into the territories C. cooperated with the North to establish both free and slavery territories D. None of the choices are true 88. What caused the major economic conflict between the North and the South immediately before the outbreak of the Civil War? A. Agricultural development. B. Industrialization in the North. C. Trade barriers with England. D. All of the choices are true.

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    89. The Southern economy ________________ from the damages of the Civil War. A. quickly recovered B. experienced no lingering effects C. suffered decades of economic transition 90. During World War II the United States' economy grew by about ________ percent a year. A. 5 B. 10 C. 15 D. 20 91. The prototype of suburban tract development was in A. San Luis Obispo, California. B. Camden, New Jersey. C. Butte, Montana. D. Levittown, New York. 92. _______________ sold low-priced, prefabricated homes to people who wanted to move to the suburbs after World War II. A. Andrew Carnegie B. William Levitt C. Henry Ford D. Cyrus McCormick 93. There are _______ family farms today than at any previous time in the United States' history. A. more B. fewer C. about the same number of 94. The United States' economy was most depressed in A. 1923. B. 1933. C. 1943. D. 1953. 95. The world's number one economic power, in terms of total output, is A. the United States. B. Germany. C. China. D. Japan. 96. Which statement is false? A. The 1990s was one of the most prosperous decades in the United States' history. B. The United States' economy reached its tenth year of steady expansion in the spring of 2001. C. Compared to other decades, the 1990s was a decade was unique in that it had strong economic growth with no recessions. D. At the end of the 1990s, the government was running budget surpluses. 97. Which statement is true? A. The United States' economy is larger than Japan's and the United States' population is larger than Japan's. B. The United States' economy is smaller than Japan's and The United States' population is smaller than Japan's. C. The United States' economy is larger than Japan's and The United States' population is smaller than Japan's. D. The United States' economy is smaller than Japan's and The United States' population is larger than Japan's.

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    98. Which presidential candidate made this pledge: "Read my lips: no new taxes"? A. Gerald Ford (1974) B. Jimmy Carter (1976) C. Ronald Reagan (1980) D. George H.W. Bush (1988) 99. In the 1970s, the main economic problem was A. stagflation. B. huge budget surpluses. C. a slow growing money supply. D. an economy that was expanding too rapidly. 100.Which president had to cope with both rising deficits and a rising rate of inflation? A. John Kennedy B. Dwight Eisenhower C. Jimmy Carter D. Ronald Reagan 101.What was the most important consequence of suburbanization? A. It made people less dependent on their cars. B. It was very bad for the construction industry. C. It left the cities with large concentrations of poor people. D. It raised the tax bases of most cities. 102.What revived the United States' economy out of the Depression in the early 1940s? A. the New Deal B. a tax cut C. spending on the war D. suburbanization 103.Which statement is true? A. There were no recessions during the 1980s. B. The 1920s was not a prosperous decade. C. The federal government played a significant role during Dwight Eisenhower's presidency. D. The longest recession since World War II began in 1990. 104.In early 2010 there were __________ Americans working than there were 10 years earlier. A. more B. fewer C. the same number of 105.Which statement is true? A. In 1900 most Americans lived on farms. B. The United States' industrial base was largely destroyed by World War I. C. John D. Rockefeller controlled the U.S. automobile industry during the first two decades of the 20 th century. D. Andrew Carnegie was the leading steel producer in the U.S. in 1900. 106.The New Deal was carried out during the administration of President A. Herbert Hoover. B. Franklin Roosevelt. C. Harry Truman. D. Dwight Eisenhower. 107.In the first week in March 1933, ______ banks had shut their doors. A. a few B. nearly half C. most D. all

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    108.The most important factor in reversing the economic decline of 1929-1933 was that A. the federal government finally balanced its budget. B. the stock market began to rise. C. people became more optimistic. D. the federal government began to spend a huge amount of money. 109.Which statement is false? A. During the 19 th century the main cash crops grown in the South were cotton, rice, sugar, and tobacco. B. The only real economic conflict between the North and the South before the Civil War was over slavery. C. It took most parts of the South about a century to recover economically from the effects of the Civil War. D. Southern agriculture developed very differently from agriculture in other regions of the nation. 110.Which one of the following was the strategy followed by Japanese industrialists after World War II? A. They sold low-priced goods to the low end of the American market while they rebuilt their industrial base. B . They charged Japanese consumers much lower prices than they charged American consumers, since Americans could afford to pay more for these goods. C. They sold high-priced goods to the high end of the American market, leaving the low end to Korea and Taiwan. D. They received tens of billions of dollars in aid from the U.S. government and have still not paid back a penny. 111.Which one of the following was a basic economic conflict between the North and the South in the years preceding the Civil War? A. The North opposed the high protective tariffs the South supported to protect its manufactured goods. B. The South opposed the high protective tariffs the North supported to protect its manufactured goods. C. The North demanded the abolition of slavery. D. The North opposed the building of a transcontinental railroad. 112.In 1860 four-fifths of the farms with over 500 acres were in the A. North. B. East. C. South. D. West. 113.For most of the 19 th century in the American West, there was A. an abundance of labor relative to land. B. abundance of land relative to labor. C. an abundance of both labor and land. D. a scarcity of both labor and land. 114.The Age of the great industrial capitalist was A. the first quarter of the 19 th century. B. the second quarter of the 19 th century. C. the third quarter of the 19 th century. D. the fourth quarter of the 19 th century. 115.The U.S. did not lapse back into a depression after World War II ended for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A. a larger role taken on by the federal government. B. pent up demand for housing and automobiles. C. government programs that aided the trend toward suburbanization. D. a return to laissez-faire economic policies.

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    116.The United States experienced depressions in all of the following decades except A. the 1890s. B. the 1920s. C. the 1930s. D. the 1950s. 117.Which of the following would not be considered a boom period as measured by the percentage growth rate of U.S. output of goods and services? A. the Roaring 20s B. the conversion from a wartime to a peacetime economy following World War II C. World War II D. the late 1990s 118.What was the most influential factor in the United States' economic development during the 19 th century? A. the abundance of capital B. the abundance of labor C. mass production D. the abundance of land 119.The South's economy was based on production of A. iron, steel and textiles. B. corn, wheat and soybeans. C. tobacco, cotton and rice. D. iron, wheat and cotton. 120.Which of the following is false? A . The completion of the national railroad network by 1890 led to the development of a national American market rather than just a series of smaller regional markets. B . Before the Civil War the North and the South were in agreement on the issue of protective tariffs, but were in conflict over the spread of slavery into the new Western territories. C. The U.S. was the first mass-consumption society. D. From 1900 to the end of World War I, U.S. farmers prospered. 121.Economic growth was stimulated by suburbanization A. in the first five years after World War II. B. in the 15 years following World War II. C. from the mid 1960s to the mid 1970s. D. after the Persian Gulf War. 122.In which of the following decades did the American government take a more "hands off" or "let it alone" approach in its role in the economy? A. 1970s B. 1940s C. 1930s D. 1920s 123.The United States experienced _______________ from 1930 to 1933. A. stagflation B. inflation C. deflation D. budget surpluses 124.Today farms with sales of more than $250,000 a year account for about _____ percent of all agriculture sales. A. 5 B. 25 C. 50 D. 75

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    125.In which year did the United States account for half the world's manufacturing output? A. 1925 B. 1945 C. 1965 D. 1985 126.Each of the following took place in the latter half of the 1990s except A. a declining federal budget deficit. B. a declining unemployment rate. C. the spread of computerization. D. a rising rate of inflation. 127.Each of the following took place in the latter half of the 1990s except A. a falling rate of inflation. B. a rising stock market. C. an economic boom. D. a rising unemployment rate. 128.The symbiotic relationship between mass production and mass consumption was best personified by A. John D. Rockefeller. B. Andrew Carnegie. C. Henry Ford. D. John Deere. 129.Which of the following statements is true? A. The average farm has gone from 500 acres in the 19 th century to 100 acres today. B. The Freedom to Farm Act of 1996 ended government payments to farmers. C. Despite hundreds of billions of dollars on farm price-support payments since World War II, the family farm is vanishing. D. About 20 million people live on farms today. 130.Which of the following is true? A. Twenty-five percent of Americans were officially unemployed in 1933. B. The United States' economy expanded steadily from 1933 to 1937. C. Once the Great Depression began in 1929, the United States' economy moved steadily downhill until 1933. D. All of the choices are true. 131.Which statement is false? A. The rate of inflation rose during the Eisenhower Administration. B. The United States' economy has not had an unemployment rate below 5 percent since the early 1940s. C. President Reagan believed the federal government should "tax, tax, tax, spend, spend, spend", its way to prosperity. D. All of the statements are false. 132.Which statement is false? A. President Eisenhower presided over three recessions. B. At the close of the 20 th century the unemployment rate was below 5 percent. C. The United States' longest economic expansion was for six years during the Reagan Administration. D. None of the choices are false. 133.Which statement is true? A. There was a great deal of stagflation in the 1960s. B. We had full employment for most of the 1980s. C. We have had twelve recessions since the beginning of 1945. D. None of the choices are true.

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