Test Bank for Psychology, 6th Edition

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1Of the people pictured, who is credited with founding psychology as anexperimental science when he/she opened the first psychology research laboratoryin 1879?aIncorrectb(True Answer )CorrectcIncorrectdIncorrect2Who is this person and for what is he famous in the early historyof psychology?British-born, American psychologist Edward B. Titchenerwho founded structuralism, the first major school inpsychologyIncorrectFrancis C. Sumner, the American psychologist who chairedHoward University's psychology department and was the firstAfrican American to receive a doctorate inpsychologyIncorrectG. Stanley Hall, the American psychologistwho establishedthe first psychology research laboratory in the United States andfounded the American Psychological AssociationIncorrectGerman physiologist Wilhelm Wundt, who established thefirst psychology research laboratory(True Answer )Correct3Which of the individuals pictured studied with Wilhelm Wundt in Germanyand founded the early school of psychology calledstructuralism?

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a(True Answer )CorrectbIncorrectcIncorrectdIncorrect4Who is this person and for what is hefamous in the early historyof psychology?John B. Watson, the American psychologist who foundedbehaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior andrejecting the study of mentalprocessesIncorrectAustrian physician Sigmund Freud, founder of an early schoolof psychological thought called psychoanalysisIncorrectHarvard professor William James, the author ofPrinciples ofPsychology(True Answer )CorrectEnglish naturalist and scientist Charles Darwin, whose theoryof evolution through natural selection was published inOn theOrigin of SpeciesIncorrect5It took him over ten years to writePrinciples of Psychology,which had to bepublished in two volumes because it was over 1,400 pages long. Which of theindividuals pictured was the author ofPrinciples of Psychology?

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aIncorrectbIncorrectc(True Answer )CorrectdIncorrect6Which of the individuals pictured wroteOn the Origin of Species,a book thatprovided a compelling account of evolution through the mechanism of naturalselection?aIncorrectbIncorrectc(True Answer )CorrectdIncorrect7One of the individuals pictured studied under William James at HarvardUniversity and completed all the coursework requirements for a Ph.D. degree inpsychology, yet was denied that degree. Who was that person?

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aIncorrectbIncorrectcIncorrectd(True Answer )Correct8Which of the following statements is one of the reasons that thisperson is famous in the early history of psychology?She was the first African American to earn a Ph.D. inpsychology.IncorrectShe was the first woman to become president of the AmericanPsychological Association.(True Answer )CorrectShe was the first woman to earn a doctorate in psychology inthe United States and publishedan influential text in 1908 titledThe Animal Mind.IncorrectShe was a key figure in establishing humanistic psychologyand developed an influential theory of motivation.Incorrect9Which of the following statements is one of the reasons that thisperson is famous in the early history of psychology?

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She is Margaret Floy Washburn, the first woman to earn adoctorate in psychology.(True Answer )CorrectShe is Renee Descartes, who is famous for proposing adoctrinecalled interactive dualism, which stated that the mindand body were separate entities that interact to produceconscious experiences.IncorrectShe is comparative psychologist Rebecca Snyder, who isfamous for her research on giant pandas.IncorrectShe is Mary Whiton Calkins, who became the first femalepresident of the American Psychological Association.Incorrect10Among this person's notable achievements were establishing the first psychologyresearch laboratory in the United States and founding the AmericanPsychological Association. Who wasthis individual?aIncorrectbIncorrectcIncorrectd(True Answer )Correct11This individual is _____ and is he best known for _____.

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Charles Darwin; writingOn the Origin of Speciesand whosetheory had a profound influence on the development ofpsychologyIncorrectEdward B. Titchener; becoming the first African Americanpresident of Cornell UniversityIncorrectAbraham Maslow; founding and developing humanisticpsychologyIncorrectFrancis C. Sumner; studying under G. Stanley Hall and beingthe first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology(TrueAnswer )Correct12One of the individuals pictured wrotea textbook titledThe Animal Mindandadvocated the scientific study of the mental processes of different animal species.Who was that person?aIncorrectbIncorrectcIncorrectd(True Answer )Correct13Who is this person, and for what is hefamous in the earlyhistory of psychology?

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G. Stanley Hall, who helped organize psychology in the UnitedStates and founded the American PsychologicalAssociationIncorrectCarl Maslow,the American psychologist who foundedhumanistic psychologyIncorrectB. F. Skinner, American psychologist and leading proponentof behaviorismIncorrectSigmund Freud, the Austrian physician who developed atheory ofpersonality called psychoanalysis(True Answer)Correct14Three of the individuals pictured played key roles in establishing the approach topsychology calledbehaviorism. Which person was NOT involved in establishingbehaviorism?aIncorrectbIncorrectcIncorrectd(True Answer )Correct15Which of the following is the correctcombination of names?

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1 = Freud, 2 = Sumner, 3 = CalkinsIncorrect1 = James, 2 = Wundt, 3 = Watson(True Answer )Correct1 = Titchener, 2 = Washburn, 3 = SumnerIncorrect1 = James, 2 = Washburn, 3 = SkinnerIncorrect16Identify the person who said: ―Behaviorism, on the contrary, holds that the subjectmatter of human psychologyis the behavior of the human being.Behaviorism claimsthat consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept. The behaviorist, whohas been trained always as an experimentalist, holds, further, that belief in theexistence of consciousness goes back to the ancient days of superstition and magic.‖a.b.c.d.a(True Answer )CorrectbIncorrectcIncorrectdIncorrect17One of the individuals pictured played a key role in establishing the approachcalled humanistic psychology, which emphasized each person's unique potential forpsychological growth and self-direction. Who was that person?

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a.b.c.d.aIncorrectbIncorrectc(True Answer )CorrectdIncorrect18Which of the following individuals wasinfluential in establishing humanisticpsychology and developing a theory of motivation that emphasized psychologicalgrowth?a.b.c.d.a(True Answer )CorrectbIncorrectcIncorrectdIncorrect19Who is this person, and what is she doing?

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comparative psychologist Rebecca Snyder studying thebehavior of giant pandas(True Answer )CorrectAmerican psychologist Mary Whiton Calkins conductingresearch on memory and personality in her laboratory atWellesley CollegeIncorrectcomparative psychologist Margaret Floy Washburn recordingthe behavior and mental processes of non-humananimalsIncorrectAmerican psychologist Francis C. Sumner conductingresearch on the negative effects of discrimination in herlaboratory at Howard UniversityIncorrect20Professor Lewis studies the history of psychology. She wouldmost likely agree with which of the following statements aboutpsychology's early history?From its inception, psychology has always focused on thestudy ofpeople who exhibit unusual behaviors or suffer frompsychological disorders.IncorrectEarly psychologists disagreed about many issues includingwhich methods psychologists should use and what kinds ofbehavior psychologists should study.(True Answer )CorrectAll the early schools of psychology shared the common viewthat psychology should be the study of immediate consciousexperience.IncorrectThe methods, definition, and scope of psychology haveremained unchanged since psychology was founded in thenineteenth century.Incorrect21Psychology is formally defined as thescientific:study of mental processes in human and nonhuman

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animals.Incorrectstudy of the cause and treatment of mental illness.Incorrectstudy of behavior and mental processes.(True Answer)Correctinvestigation of unconsciousmental processes.Incorrect22Which famous Greek philosopher wrote extensively aboutpsychological topics such as sleep and dreaming, the senses,memory, and learning?Aristotle(True Answer )CorrectDescartesIncorrectCalkinsIncorrectJamesIncorrect23In thinking about psychology and consciousness, the idea thatthe mind and the body are separate entities that interact makesa lot of sense to you. This view is most like the view of:Aristotle.IncorrectDescartes.(True Answer )CorrectWatson.IncorrectSkinner.Incorrect24French philosopher René Descartes:strongly opposed the idea of establishing psychology as aseparate science.Incorrectpromoted a doctrine called interactive dualism.(True Answer)Correctwas the first of Wundt's students to receive a doctorate inpsychology.Incorrectwas a philosopher who wrote extensively about topics such assleep, dreams, the senses, and memory more than 2,000 yearsago.Incorrect25Interactive dualism is the idea that:all living organisms must interact and perform dual functionsto survive.Incorrectmost severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, involve asplitting of the mind.Incorrectmind and body are separate entities that interact to produce

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conscious experiences.(True Answer )Correctpeople with very diverse qualities and beliefs are most likely tobe attracted to each other.Incorrect26Which of the following statements is TRUE?The Greek philosopher Aristotle first defined psychology asthe ―scientific study of behavior and mentalprocesses.‖IncorrectIn contemporary psychology, the nature–nurture issueexplores the influence of hereditary versus environmentalfactors on behavior.(True Answer )CorrectThe mind-body issue has now been settled and psychologistsno longer explore the relationship between mental activity andthe brain.IncorrectThe principle of interactive dualism was formulated byAristotle more than 2,000 years ago.Incorrect27For centuries, philosophers debated which was more important:the inborn_____of the individual or the environmentalinfluences that_____the individual.nature; nurture(True Answer )Correctnurture; naturalizeIncorrectdualism; conditionIncorrectmonism; conditionIncorrect28Which of the following fields had the greatest impact on theemergence of psychology as a separate scientific discipline?historyIncorrectmathematicsIncorrectphysicsIncorrectphysiology(True Answer )Correct29_____ is a branch of biology that studies the functions and partsof living organisms, including humans.NeurologyIncorrectDualismIncorrectEpigeneticsIncorrectPhysiology(True Answer )Correct

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30Physiology is:a branch of biology that studies the functions and parts ofliving organisms, including humans.(True Answer )Correctthe idea that mind and body are separate entities.Incorrectthe first major school of thought in psychology.Incorrectsometimes referred to as the ―third force‖ in Americanpsychology.Incorrect31How did physiology contribute to the emergence of psychologyas a separate scientific discipline?In defining the boundaries of their science, physiologistsrejected the study of mental processes and behavior.IncorrectPhysiologists in the late nineteenth century proposed thatpsychology should be a separate subdiscipline ofphilosophy.IncorrectPhysiologists demonstrated that scientific methods could beapplied to understanding human behavior and mentalprocesses.(True Answer )CorrectPhysiologists in the late nineteenth century were unable toapply scientific methods to the study of human behavior andthinking, and consequently psychology was no longer part ofthat discipline.Incorrect32Wilhelm Wundt investigated which of the followingphenomena?nature versus nurture issue and interactive dualismIncorrectfundamental psychological processes, such as mental reactiontimes in response to visual and auditory stimuli(True Answer)Correctmental disorders and abnormal behaviorIncorrectdamaged areas of the human brainIncorrect33Wilhelm Wundt:was a German physiologist who established the firstpsychology research laboratory at the University ofLeipzig.(True Answer )Correctwas a French philosopher who proposed the idea ofinteractive dualism.Incorrectis credited with the discovery of unconscious mental

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processes.Incorrectwas an Austrian physician who founded the psychoanalyticschool of psychology.Incorrect34Wilhelm Wundt outlined the connections between physiologyand psychology in:his famous textbook titledPrinciples of PhysiologicalPsychology,published in 1874.(True Answer )Correcta series of famous lectures at Clark University in1909.Incorrecta public debate with William James at HarvardUniversity.Incorrecthis famous bookPrinciples of Psychology,published in twovolumes in 1890.Incorrect35Which of the following events do most historians consider tomark the formal beginning of psychology as a scientificdiscipline?Aristotle's landmark essay in 335 B.C., entitled ―On theSoul‖Incorrectthe 1924 publication of John Watson's book, entitledBehaviorismIncorrectthe establishment of the first psychology research laboratoryby Wilhelm Wundt in 1879(True Answer )CorrectSigmund Freud's discovery of the unconscious mind in theearly twentieth centuryIncorrect36Wilhelm Wundt defined psychology as:a new branch of physiology.Incorrectthe study of the behavior of humans and otheranimals.Incorrecta branch of philosophy, not science.Incorrectthe study of consciousness.(True Answer )Correct37_____ opened the first psychology laboratory in _____.Sigmund Freud; 1904IncorrectWilliam James; 1890IncorrectEdward B. Titchener; 1892IncorrectWilhelm Wundt; 1879(True Answer )Correct

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38At which university was the very firstpsychology researchlaboratory established?Johns Hopkins UniversityIncorrectHarvard UniversityIncorrectUniversity of Leipzig(True Answer )CorrectCornell UniversityIncorrect39Which of the following was the first ―school‖ of thought orapproach in psychology?structuralism(True Answer )CorrectfunctionalismIncorrectbehaviorismIncorrectpsychoanalysisIncorrect40Which early approach or ―school‖ of psychology is associatedwith Wilhelm Wundt's student Edward Titchener?behaviorismIncorrecthumanistic psychologyIncorrectfunctionalismIncorrectstructuralism(True Answer )Correct41More so than any other male psychologist at that time, _____helped female students attain their psychology doctorate in hisgraduate program at Cornell University.G. Stanley HallIncorrectFrancis C. SumnerIncorrectWilliam JamesIncorrectEdward Titchener(True Answer )Correct42The early psychological school called structuralism emphasizedthe study of:habits and adaptive behavior.Incorrectphysiology.Incorrectthe relative importance of nature versus nurture.Incorrectthe elemental components of sensations, feelings, andconscious experience.(True Answer )Correct43―What are the most basic units or structures of consciousness?‖This is a question that would most likely be of interest to afollower of:

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humanism.Incorrectbehaviorism.Incorrectfunctionalism.Incorrectstructuralism.(True Answer )Correct44You are a subject in an experiment youare told: ―Look at thisapple very carefully and tell me your exact sensations andfeelings as you experience them.‖ The experimenter in this studyprobably believes in what school of psychology?psychoanalysisIncorrectfunctionalismIncorrectstructuralism(True Answer )CorrectbehaviorismIncorrect45As a subject in an experiment, you are told to look at a coffeemug carefully and then report all your sensations and feelingsabout the coffee mug after viewing it. What psychologicaltechnique have you been told to use?psychoanalysisIncorrectintrospection(True Answer )Correctinteractive dualismIncorrectnatural selectionIncorrect46Structuralism:promoted the use of nonhuman animals to study brainfunctions.Incorrectended when Descartes demonstrated that the brain consistedof multiple structures, not one.Incorrectwas based on the idea that even our most complex consciousexperiences could be broken down into basic mental―structures‖ of sensations and feelings.(True Answer )Correctcontended that basic human thoughts are contained incommon genetic structures that are passed from generation togeneration.Incorrect47Which early school of psychology relied on a method calledintrospection?functionalismIncorrecthumanismIncorrectbehaviorismIncorrectstructuralism(True Answer )Correct

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48Which of the early schools of psychology was the first todisappear?psychoanalysisIncorrectfunctionalismIncorrectbehaviorismIncorrectstructuralism(True Answer )Correct49What was NOT a criticism of introspection as a technique?It was an unreliable method since different participants oftenprovided different reports about the same stimulus.IncorrectThere was too great an emphasis on the physiologicalmechanisms that made the technique work so effectively.(TrueAnswer )CorrectIntrospection could not be used to study children oranimals.IncorrectA number of topics, including learning, development, andmentaldisorders could not be studied using thistechnique.Incorrect50_____ is to structuralism as _____ isto functionalism.Wilhelm Wundt; Edward TitchenerIncorrectWilliam James; Mary Whiton CalkinsIncorrectEdward Titchener; William James(True Answer )CorrectMary Whiton Calkins; Wilhelm WundtIncorrect51One important limitation of introspection as a research methodwas that introspection:could not be used to study behavior in children oranimals.(True Answer )Correctcould be used only to study the behavior of people ingroups.Incorrectemphasized unconscious mental processes rather thanconscious mental processes.Incorrectwas appropriate only as a method to study complex topics,such as learning, development, and personality.Incorrect52Scientists in the nineteenth century who believed that specieshad not been created once and for all but had changed over time

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were called:introspectionists.Incorrectstructuralists.Incorrectevolutionists.(True Answer )Correctbehaviorists.Incorrect53_____ wroteOn the Origin of Species,which was published in_____.Charles Darwin; 1859(True Answer )CorrectMargaret Floy Washburn; 1908IncorrectWilliam James; 1890IncorrectSigmund Freud; 1909Incorrect54Which of the following people played akey role in establishingpsychology as a scientific discipline in the United States?William James(True Answer )CorrectSigmund FreudIncorrectB. F. SkinnerIncorrectAbraham MaslowIncorrect55It took more than ten years to write and was 1,400 pages longwhen it was published. Who wrote the landmark textbookPrinciples of Psychology?John B. WatsonIncorrectMargaret Floy WashburnIncorrectB. F. SkinnerIncorrectWilliam James(True Answer )Correct56―I believe that consciousness should be studied to help usunderstand the adaptive and practical functions of humanbehavior.‖ Such a statement is most likely to have been madeby:William James.(True Answer )CorrectSigmund Freud.IncorrectB. F. SkinnerIncorrectJohn B. Watson.Incorrect57Which early school of psychology examined how psychologycould be applied to education, child rearing, and the workenvironment?

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structuralismIncorrectbehaviorismIncorrectpsychoanalysisIncorrectfunctionalism(True Answer )Correct58Which school of psychology would agree that ―psychologyshould stress the study of how behavior and mental processesallow people and animals to adapt to their environments‖?structuralismIncorrectbehaviorismIncorrectfunctionalism(True Answer )CorrectpsychoanalysisIncorrect59Bothstructuralists and functionalistsagreed that:psychology should focus not on the study of consciousexperience but rather on the investigation of observablebehaviors.Incorrectpsychologists should directly observe the behaviors of animalsin natural settings.Incorrectpsychology should study conscious experience.(True Answer)Correctpsychological findings should be applied to areas likeeducation, mental illness, health, and child rearing.Incorrect60Who made this statement: ―Now theimmediatefact whichpsychology, the science of mind, has to study is also the mostgeneral fact. It is the fact that in each of us, when awake (andoften when asleep),some kindof consciousness is always goingon.‖John B. WatsonIncorrectWilliam James(True Answer )CorrectB. F. SkinnerIncorrectMary Whiton CalkinsIncorrect61Who was the first person to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology inthe United States?B. F. SkinnerIncorrectJohn B. WatsonIncorrectFrancis C. SumnerIncorrectG. Stanley Hall(True Answer )Correct

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62Which of the following psychologists founded the AmericanPsychological Association and established the first journaldevoted to psychology in the United States?William JamesIncorrectG. Stanley Hall(True Answer )CorrectJohn B. WatsonIncorrectMary Whiton CalkinsIncorrect63Which of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkinsis FALSE?Calkins was the first woman president of the AmericanPsychological Association.IncorrectCalkins conducted research on dreams, memory, andpersonality.IncorrectCalkins established one of the first psychology laboratories inthe United States.IncorrectCalkins founded behaviorism as one of the early schools ofpsychology.(True Answer )Correct64Which of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkinsis TRUE?She was the first woman to study with Wilhelm Wundt andreceive a Ph.D. in psychology from LeipzigUniversity.IncorrectShe was the first woman president of the AmericanPsychological Association and conducted research on dreams,memory, and personality.(True Answer )CorrectIn 1908 she published an influential textbook titledTheAnimal Mind.IncorrectShe was a comparative psychologist who conductedgroundbreaking research on the giant panda.Incorrect65Who was the first woman to be electedpresident of theAmerican Psychological Association?Margaret Floy WashburnIncorrectFrancis C. SumnerIncorrectMary Whiton Calkins(True Answer )CorrectRebecca SnyderIncorrect66Why was Mary Whiton Calkins denied thePh.D. degree she hadearned in her graduate studies of psychology at Harvard

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University?Her research was in an area called comparative psychologythat was not recognized as a legitimate part of scientificpsychology at Harvard University at thetime.IncorrectAt the time, Harvard University forbade the use of nonhumananimals in psychology research.IncorrectWilliam James was opposed to opening the field of psychologyto women and refused to support her application despite the factthat she was his most brilliant student.IncorrectShe was a woman, and at the time Harvard was not acoeducational institution.(True Answer )Correct67Both Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn:studied psychology at Wellesley College and HarvardUniversity.Incorrectwere students of G. Stanley Hall.Incorrectwere elected president of the American PsychologicalAssociation.(True Answer )Correctwere students of Francis C. Sumner.Incorrect68The first U.S. woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology was:Mary Whiton Calkins.IncorrectMargaret Floy Washburn.(True Answer )CorrectRenee Descartes.IncorrectFrancis C. Sumner.Incorrect69Which of the following early psychologists wroteThe AnimalMindand strongly advocated the scientific study of the mentalprocesses of different animal species?Margaret Floy Washburn(True Answer )CorrectJohn B. WatsonIncorrectMary Whiton CalkinsIncorrectEdward B. TitchenerIncorrect70The first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology inthe United States was:Francis C. Sumner.(True Answer )CorrectAbraham Maslow.Incorrect

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G. Stanley Hall.IncorrectMargaret Floy Washburn.Incorrect71Which of the following statements about Francis C. Sumner isTRUE?He was the first African American president of the AmericanPsychological Association.IncorrectHe was the first person to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology intheUnited States.IncorrectHe was denied the Ph.D. degree he had earned in his graduatestudies at Harvard University because he was AfricanAmerican.IncorrectHe chaired the Psychology Department at Howard Universityand was the first African American to receive a Ph.D. inpsychology in the United States.(True Answer )Correct72The founder of psychoanalysis was:American psychologist B. F. Skinner.IncorrectAmerican psychologist Carl Rogers.IncorrectGerman psychologist Wilhelm Wundt.IncorrectAustrian physician Sigmund Freud.(True Answer )Correct73Psychoanalysis emphasized:unconscious causes of behavior.(True Answer )Correctovert behavior and principles of learning.Incorrectpsychological growth and conscious experience.Incorrectthe perception of whole figures.Incorrect74Who would have been most likely to say: ―You behave the wayyou do because of unconscious reasons, not reasons in yourconsciousness‖?William JamesIncorrectJohn B. WatsonIncorrectSigmund Freud(True Answer )CorrectG. Stanley HallIncorrect75Sigmund Freud:believed thatexperiences in early childhood were critical in

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the formation of adult personality.(True Answer )Correctpromoted functionalism during his lecture series at ClarkUniversity in 1909.Incorrectstated that psychology should be the study of overtmeasurable behavior, especially as it pertains tolearning.Incorrectfounded humanistic psychology.Incorrect76Your therapist is very interested in your dreams, blockedmemories, and slips of the tongue. On which approach topsychology is your therapist probably basing hispsychotherapy?structuralismIncorrectpsychoanalysis(True Answer )CorrectbehaviorismIncorrectfunctionalismIncorrect77After attending a series of lectures by Freud at Clark Universityin 1909, _____ described Freud as ―a man obsessed with fixedideas.‖Francis C. SumnerIncorrectG. Stanley HallIncorrectMary Whiton CalkinsIncorrectWilliam James(True Answer )Correct78Sigmund Freud:refused to visit the United States but lectured extensively atuniversities throughout Europe and theMediterranean.Incorrecttrained Carl Rogers in the use of scientific methods to studythe unconscious mind.Incorrectpromoted the importance of the nature versus nurture issueand interactive dualism in understanding humanbehavior.Incorrectdelivered a series of lectures on psychoanalysis at ClarkUniversity in Massachusetts in the early 1900s.(True Answer)Correct79_____ is to psychoanalysis as _____ is to humanistic psychology.Freud; JamesIncorrect

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Skinner; CalkinsIncorrectFreud; Rogers(True Answer )CorrectMaslow; PavlovIncorrect80Conscious experiences are to unconscious experiences as _____is to _____.B. F. Skinner; Abraham MaslowIncorrectCarl Rogers; Sigmund Freud(True Answer )CorrectWilhelm Wundt; John B. WatsonIncorrectWilliam James; Wilhelm WundtIncorrect81The early school of psychology calledbehaviorism:grew out of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov's pioneeringresearch in which he conditioned dogs to salivate to thesound ofa bell.(True Answer )Correctwas the first of the early schools to disappear.Incorrectwas flatly rejected by John Watson and B. F. Skinner in theearly 1900s.Incorrectwas rejected as a pseudoscience in the early 1930s by theAmerican Psychological Association (APA) and the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).Incorrect82Behaviorism was characterized by:the rejection of consciousness as a topic in psychology and afocus upon observable behavior.(True Answer )Correcta narrow focus upon consciousness and consciousexperience.Incorrecta focus upon the importance of free will, self-determination,and psychological growth.Incorrectan emphasis upon the unconscious determinants ofpersonality.Incorrect83The founder of behaviorism was:G. Stanley Hall.IncorrectWilliam James.IncorrectJohn Watson.(True Answer )CorrectCarl Rogers.Incorrect

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84Which of the following statements about behaviorism is TRUE?B. F. Skinner borrowed the introspection technique fromstructuralism for use in his methods for behaviorism.IncorrectBehaviorism was based on Margaret Washburn's animalresearch showing the importance of animalconsciousness.IncorrectBehaviorism emphasized the importance of unconsciousinfluenceson human behavior.IncorrectJohn B. Watson argued that consciousness was not a usableconcept and considered consciousness to be a concept related tosuperstition and magic.(True Answer )Correct85Which of the following people strongly objected tostructuralism's use of introspection and its emphasis onconscious mental processes?John B. Watson(True Answer )CorrectEdward B. TitchenerIncorrectMargaret Floy WashburnIncorrectSigmund FreudIncorrect86Who made the statement ―Behaviorism, on the contrary, holdsthat the subject matter of human psychologyis the behavior ofthe human being. Behaviorism claims that consciousness isneither a definite nor a usable concept. The behaviorist, who hasbeen trained always as an experimentalist, holds, further, thatbelief in the existence of consciousness goes back to the ancientdays of superstition and magic.‖Abraham MaslowIncorrectEdward B. TitchenerIncorrectFrancis C. SumnerIncorrectJohn B. Watson(True Answer)Correct87―My goal is to discover how behavior is acquired and modifiedin response to environmental influences.‖ Such a statement ismost likely to have been made by:John B. Watson.(True Answer )CorrectWilliam James.IncorrectSigmund Freud.IncorrectCarl Rogers.Incorrect

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88Who conditioned dogs to reflexively salivate to the sound of abell rather than food?American psychologist Margaret WashburnIncorrectRussian physiologist Ivan Pavlov(True Answer )CorrectAustrian physician Sigmund FreudIncorrectAmerican psychologist B. F. SkinnerIncorrect89Key figures in the development of behaviorism include:Wundt, Titchener, and James.IncorrectJames, Watson, and Calkins.IncorrectMaslow, Freud, and Rogers.IncorrectWatson, Pavlov, and Skinner.(True Answer )Correct90With which behaviorist would you associate the procedures ofreinforcement and punishment and operant conditioning?Ivan PavlovIncorrectAbraham MaslowIncorrectB. F. Skinner(True Answer )CorrectWilliam JamesIncorrect91Which of the following approaches dominated Americanpsychology for the first half of the twentieth century?structuralismIncorrectfunctionalismIncorrectbehaviorism(True Answer )CorrectpsychoanalysisIncorrect92Two key figures in the development ofhumanistic psychologyinclude:Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.(True Answer )CorrectSigmund Freud and B. F. Skinner.IncorrectMary Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn.IncorrectJohn Watson and B. F. Skinner.Incorrect93Which of the following people developed a theory of motivationthat emphasized psychological growth?John B. WatsonIncorrectAbraham Maslow(True Answer )Correct

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G. Stanley HallIncorrectIvan PavlovIncorrect94Which of the following people emphasized conscious experiencesand each person's unique potential for psychological growth andself-direction?Carl Rogers(True Answer )CorrectB. F. SkinnerIncorrectSigmund FreudIncorrectJohn B. WatsonIncorrect95Which of the following approaches wasreferred to as the ―thirdforce‖ in American psychology?psychoanalysisIncorrectfunctionalismIncorrecthumanistic psychology(True Answer )Correctcognitive psychologyIncorrect96Humanistic psychology emphasized:the active role played by mental processes in organizingsensations into meaningful perceptions.Incorrectthe experimental study of overt, observablebehaviors.Incorrectunconscious determinants of personality andbehavior.Incorrectfree will, self-determination, psychological growth, andhuman potential.(True Answer )Correct97Humanistic psychology was called the ―third force‖ because it:provided an alternative viewpoint to the two approaches thatwere dominant at the time, behaviorism andpsychoanalysis.(True Answer )Correctwas based upon the belief that therewere three forces thatmotivated all human behavior.Incorrectproposed that there were three methods that could be used toscientifically study human behavior.Incorrectwas composed of three separate branches, orschools.Incorrect

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98In recent decades, increased interestin the _____ perspectivehas occurred due to the development of new drugs forpsychological disorders and the development of new techniquesto study the human brain.psychodynamicIncorrectbehavioralIncorrectcognitiveIncorrectbiological(True Answer )Correct99The _____ perspective emphasizes studying the physical bases ofhuman and animal behavior, including the nervous system,endocrine system, immune system, and genetics.psychodynamicIncorrecthumanisticIncorrectbehavioralIncorrectbiological(True Answer )Correct100Dr. Professor has used a relatively new technique called thefMRI scan to examine changes in the brain that occur with age.Dr. Professor most likely subscribes to the _____ perspective ofpsychology.biological(True Answer )CorrectpsychodynamicIncorrectbehavioralIncorrecthumanisticIncorrect101Neuroscience refers to the study of the:endocrine system.Incorrectimmune system.Incorrectnervous system.(True Answer )Correctthe genome.Incorrect102The development of techniques such as PET, MRI, and fMRIscans to study the structure and function of the brain hasenhanced the work of psychologists in the _____ perspective ofpsychology.behavioralIncorrectbiological(True Answer )CorrectpsychodynamicIncorrecthumanisticIncorrect

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Test Bank for Psychology, 6th Edition - Page 30 preview image

103Dr. Jackson is interested in how stress affects the brain andexamines PET scans of individuals before and after stressfulsituations. Dr. Jackson's approach is part of the _____perspective.behavioralIncorrectcross-culturalIncorrectbiological(True Answer )CorrectpsychodynamicIncorrect104The _____ perspective of psychology emphasizes theimportance of unconscious influences and early life experiencesin explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior.cognitiveIncorrectpositive psychologyIncorrecthumanisticIncorrectpsychodynamic(True Answer)Correct105Dr. Ramen believes that, in order to effectively treat his clients'psychological disorders, it is essential to understand his clients'early life experiences. Dr. Ramen takes the _____ perspective inpsychological treatment.behavioralIncorrectbiologicalIncorrectpsychodynamic(True Answer )CorrecthumanisticIncorrect106Even though Dr. Castro does not agree with Freud'spsychoanalytic approach, she still thinks that unconsciousprocesses and interpersonal relationships are critical toexplaining human behavior. Thus, Dr. Castro follows the _____perspective in psychology.behavioralIncorrectbiologicalIncorrectpsychodynamic(True Answer )CorrecthumanisticIncorrect107Freud's landmark theory of psychoanalysis became the basis ofwhich perspective in contemporary psychology?cognitiveIncorrectpsychodynamic(True Answer )CorrecthumanisticIncorrectcross-culturalIncorrect

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Test Bank for Psychology, 6th Edition - Page 31 preview image

108In contemporary psychology, the psychodynamic perspective,the behavioral perspective, and the humanistic perspective:are often emphasized among psychologists working in themental health field.(True Answer )Correctare considered pseudosciences.Incorrecthave been combined to form a new major perspective inmodern psychology called comparative psychology.Incorrectfocus on how people process and remember information,develop language, solve problems, and think.Incorrect109Watson and Skinner's contentions that psychology should focuson observable behaviors to discover the fundamental laws oflearning form the basis of which major perspective incontemporary psychology?cognitiveIncorrectbiologicalIncorrecthumanisticIncorrectbehavioral(True Answer )Correct110According to the _____ perspective, psychologists shouldinvestigate only overt, observable behavior and should notconcern themselves with internal mental processes that cannotbe precisely observed and measured.behavioral(True Answer )CorrectbiologicalIncorrectevolutionaryIncorrectcross-culturalIncorrect111Discovering the fundamental laws of learning through studyingobservable behavior is a focus of the _____ perspective ofpsychology.cognitiveIncorrecthumanisticIncorrectbehavioral(True Answer )Correctcross-culturalIncorrect112Dr. Barongon is a psychotherapist who emphasizes theimportance of choices and self-direction to his clients so thatthey can strive to reach their fullest potential. Dr. Barongonsubscribes to the _____ perspective of psychology.cross-culturalIncorrectpsychodynamicIncorrect

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