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Test Bank for Psychology, 6th Edition

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    1 Of the people pictured, who is credite d with founding psychology as an experimental science when he/she opened the first psychology research laboratory in 1879?  a Incorrect  b (True Answer )Correct  c Incorrect  d Inc orrect 2 Who is this person and for what is he famous in the early history of psychology?  British - born, American psychologist Edward B. Titchener who founded structuralism, the first major school i n psychology Incorrect  Francis C. Sumner, the American psychologist who chaired Howard University's psychology department and was the first African American to receive a doctorate in psychology Incorrect  G. Stanley Hall, the American psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States and founded the American Psychological Association Incorrect  German physiologist Wilhelm Wundt, who established the first psychology research laboratory (True Answer )Corr ect 3 Which of the individuals pictured stud ied with Wilhelm Wundt in Germany and founded the early school of psychology called structuralism ?

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     a (True Answer )Correct  b Incorrect  c Incorrect  d Incorrect 4 Who is this person and for what is he famous in the early history of psychology?  John B. Watson, the American psychologist who founded behaviorism, emphasizing the study of observable behavior and rejecting the study of mental processes Incorrect  Austrian physician Sigmund Freud, founder of an early school of psychological thought called psychoanalysis Incorrect  Harvard professor William James, the author of Principles of Psychology (True Answer )Correct  English naturalist and scientist Charles Darwin, whose theory of evolution through natural selection was published in On the Origin of Species Incorrect 5 It took him over ten years to write Principles of Psychology, which had to be published in two volumes because it was over 1,400 pages long. Which of the individuals pictured was the author of Principles of Psychology ?

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     a Incorrect  b Incorrect  c (True Answer )Correct  d Incorrect 6 Which of the individuals pictured wrot e On the Origin of Species, a book that provided a compelling account of evolution through the mechanism of natural selection?  a Incorrect  b Incorrect  c (True Answer )Correct  d Incorrect 7 One of the individuals pictured studie d under William James at Harvard University and completed all the coursework requirements for a Ph.D. degree in psychology, yet was denied that degree. Who was that person?

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     a Incorrect  b Incorrect  c Incorrect  d (True Answer )Correct 8 Which of the following statements is one of the reasons that this person is famous in the early history of psychology?  She was the first African Ameri can to earn a Ph.D. in psychology. Incorrect  She was the first woman to become president of the American Psychological Association. (True Answer )Correct  She was the first woman to earn a doctorate in psychology in the United States and published an influential text in 1908 titled The Animal Mind. Incorrect  She was a key figure in establishing humanistic psychology and developed an influential theory of motivation. Incorrect 9 Which of the following statements is one of the reasons that this person is famous in the early history of psychology?

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     She is Margaret Floy Washburn, the first woman to earn a doctorate in psychology. (True Answer )Correct  She is Renee Descartes, who is famous for proposing a doctrine called interactive dualism, which stated that the mind and body were separate entities that interact to produce conscious experiences. Incorrect  She is comparative psychologist Rebecca Snyder, who is famous for her research on giant pandas. Incorrect  She is Mary Whiton Calkins, who became the first female president of the American Psychological Association. Incorrect 10 Among this person's notable achievements were establishing the first psychology research laboratory in the United States and founding the American Psychological Association. Who was this individual?  a Incorrect  b Incorrect  c Incorrect  d (True Answer )Correct 11 This individual is _____ and is he best known for _____.

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     Charles Darwin; writing On the Origin of Species and whose theory had a profound influence on the development of psychology Incorrect  Edward B. Titchener; becoming the first African Amer ican president of Cornell University Incorrect  Abraham Maslow; founding and developing humanistic psychology Incorrect  Francis C. Sumner; studying under G. Stanley Hall and being the first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology (True Ans wer )Correct 12 One of the individuals pictured wrote a textbook titled The Animal Mind and advocated the scientific study of the mental processes of different animal species. Who was that person?  a Incorrect  b Incorrect  c Incorrect  d (True Answer )Correct 13 Who is this person, and for what is he famous in the early history of psychology?

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     G. Stanley Hall, who helped organize psychology in the United States and founded the American Psychological Association Incorrect  Carl Maslow, the American psychologist who founded humanistic psychology Incorrect  B. F. Skinner, American psychologist and leading proponent of behaviorism Incorrect  Sigmund Freud, the Austrian physician who developed a theory of personality called psychoanalysis (True Answer )Correct 14 Three of the individuals pictured played key roles in establishing the approach to psychology called behaviorism . Which person was NOT involved in establishing behaviorism?  a Incorrect  b Incorrect  c Incorrect  d (True Answer )Correct 15 Which of the following is the correct combination of names?

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     1 = Freud, 2 = Sumner, 3 = Calkins Incorrect  1 = James, 2 = Wundt, 3 = Watson (True Answer )Correct  1 = Titchener, 2 = Washburn, 3 = Sumner Incorrect  1 = James, 2 = Washburn, 3 = Skinner Incorrect 1 6 Identify the person who said: ―Behavio rism, on the contrary, holds that the subject matter of human psychology is the behavior of the human being. Behaviorism claims that consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept. The behaviorist, who has been trained always as an experimentalis t, holds, further, that belief in the existence of consciousness goes back to the ancient days of superstition and magic.‖ a. b. c. d.  a (True Answer )Correct  b Incorrect  c Incorrect  d Incorrect 1 7 One of the individuals pictured played a key role in establishing the approach called humanistic psychology, which emphasized each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self - direction. Who was that person?

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    a. b. c. d.  a Incorrect  b Incorrect  c (True Answer )Correct  d Incorrect 1 8 Which of the following individuals was influential in establishing humanistic psychology and developing a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth? a. b. c. d.  a ( True Answer )Correct  b Incorrect  c Incorrect  d Incorrect 19 Who is this person, and what is she doing?

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     comparative psychologist Rebecc a Snyder studying the behavior of giant pandas (True Answer )Correct  American psychologist Mary Whiton Calkins conducting research on memory and personality in her laboratory at Wellesley College Incorrect  comparative psychologist Margaret Floy W ashburn recording the behavior and mental processes of non - human animals Incorrect  American psychologist Francis C. Sumner conducting research on the negative effects of discrimination in her laboratory at Howard University Incorrect 20 Professor Lewis studies the history of psychology. She would most likely agree with which of the following statements about psychology's early history?  From its inception, psychology has always focused on the study of people who exhibit unusual behaviors or suffer from psychological disorders. Incorrect  Early psychologists disagreed about many issues including which methods psychologists should use and what kinds of behavior psychologists should study. (True Answe r )Correct  All the early schools of psychology shared the common view that psychology should be the study of immediate conscious experience. Incorrect  The methods, definition, and scope of psychology have remained unchanged since psychology was fo unded in the nineteenth century. Incorrect 21 Psychology is formally defined as the scientific:  study of mental processes in human and nonhuman

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    animals. Incorrect  study of the cause and treatment of mental illness. Incorrect  study of behavior and mental processes. (True Answer )Correct  investigation of unconscious mental processes. Incorrect 22 Which famous Greek philosopher wrote extensively about psychological topics such as sleep and dreaming, the senses, memory, and learning?  Aristotle (True Answer )Correct  Descartes Incorrect  Calkins Incorrect  James Incorrect 23 In thinking about psychology and consciousness, the idea that the mind and the body are separate entities that interact makes a lot of sense to you. This view is most like the view of:  Aristotle. Incorrect  Descartes. (True Answer )Correct  Watson. Incorrect  Skinner. Incorrect 24 French philosopher René Descartes:  strongly opposed the idea of establishing psychology as a separate science. Incorrect  promoted a doctrine called interactive dualism. (True Answer )Correct  was the first of Wundt's students to receive a doctorate in psychology. Incorrect  was a philosopher who wrote extensively about topics such as sleep, dreams, the senses, and memory more than 2,000 years ago. Incorrect 25 Interactive dualism is the idea that:  all living organisms must interact and perform dual functions to survive. Incorrect  most severe mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, involve a splitting of the mind. Incorrect  mind and body are separate entities that interact to prod uce

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    conscious experiences. (True Answer )Correct  people with very diverse qualities and beliefs are most likely to be attracted to each other. Incorrect 26 Which of the following statements is TRUE?  The Greek philosopher Aristotle first defined psychology as the ―scientific study of behavior and mental processes.‖ Incorrect  In contemporary psychology, the nature – nurture issue explores the influence of hereditary versus environmental factors on behavior. (True Answer )Correct  The mind - body issue has now been settled and psychologists no longer explore the re lationship between mental activity and the brain. Incorrect  The principle of interactive dualism was formulated by Aristotle more than 2,000 years ago. Incorrect 27 For centuries, philosophers debated which was more important: the inborn _____ of the individual or the environmental influences that _____ the individual.  nature; n urture (True Answer )Correct  nurture; naturalize Incorrect  dualism; condition Incorrect  monism; condition Incorrect 28 Which of the following fields had the greatest impact on the emergence of psychology as a separate scientific discipline?  history Incorrect  mathematics Incorrect  physics Incorrect  physiology (True Answer )Correct 29 _____ is a branch of biology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms, including humans.  Neurology Incorrect  Dualism Incorrect  Epigenetics Incorrect  Physiology (True Answer )Correct

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    30 Physiology is:  a branch of bi ology that studies the functions and parts of living organisms, including humans. (True Answer )Correct  the idea that mind and body are separate entities. Incorrect  the first major school of thought in psychology. Incorrect  sometimes referred to as the ―third force‖ in American psychology. Incorrect 31 How did physiology contribute to the emergence of psychology as a separate scientific discipline?  In defining the boundaries of their science, physiologists rejected the study of mental processes and behavior. Incorrect  Physiologists in the l ate nineteenth century proposed that psychology should be a separate subdiscipline of philosophy. Incorrect  Physiologists demonstrated that scientific methods could be applied to understanding human behavior and mental processes. (True Answer )Correc t  Physiologists in the late nineteenth century were unable to apply scientific methods to the study of human behavior and thinking, and consequently psychology was no longer part of that discipline. Incorrect 32 Wilhelm Wundt investigated which of the following phenomena?  nature versus nurture issue and interactive dualism Incorrect  fundamental psychological processes, such as mental reaction times in response to visual and auditory stimuli (True Answer )Correct  mental disorders and abnormal behavior Incorrect  damaged areas of the human brain Incorrect 33 Wilhelm Wundt:  was a German p hysiologist who established the first psychology research laboratory at the University of Leipzig. (True Answer )Correct  was a French philosopher who proposed the idea of interactive dualism. Incorrect  is credited with the discovery of unconscious mental

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    processes. Incorrect  was an Austrian physician who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychology. Incorrect 34 Wilhelm Wundt outlined the connections between physiology and psychology in:  his famous textbook titled Principles of Physiological Psychology, published in 1874. (True Answer )Correct  a series of famous lectures at Clark University in 1909. Incorrect  a public debate with William James at Harvard University. Incorrect  his famous book Principles of Psychology, published in two volumes in 1890. Incorrect 35 Which of the following events do most historians consider to mark the formal beginning of psychology as a scientific discipline?  Aristotle's landmark essay in 335 B.C., entitled ―On the Soul‖ Incorrect  the 1924 publication of John Watson's book, entitled Behaviorism Incorrect  the establishment of the first psychology research laboratory by Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 (True Answ er )Correct  Sigmund Freud's discovery of the unconscious mind in the early twentieth century Incorrect 36 Wilhelm Wundt defined psychology as:  a new branch of physiology. Incorrect  the study of the behavior of humans and other animals. Incorrect  a branch of philosophy, not science. Incorrect  the study of consciousness. (True Answer )Correct 37 _____ opened the first psychology laboratory in _____.  Sigmund Freud; 1904 Incorrect  William James; 1890 Incorrect  Edward B. Titchener; 1892 Incorrect  Wilhelm Wundt; 1879 (True Answer )Correct

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    38 At which university was the very first psychology research laboratory established?  Johns Hopkins University Incorrect  Harvard University Incorrect  University of Leipzig (True Answer )Correct  Cornell University Incorrect 39 Which of the following was the first ―school‖ of thought or approach in psychology?  structuralism (True Answer )Correct  functionalism Incorrect  behaviorism Incorrect  psychoanalysis Incorrect 40 Which early approach or ―school‖ of psychology is associated with Wilhelm Wundt's student Edward Titchener?  behaviorism Incorrect  humanistic psychology Incorrect  functionalism Incorrect  structuralism (True Answer )Correct 41 More so than any other male psychologi st at that time, _____ helped female students attain their psychology doctorate in his graduate program at Cornell University.  G. Stanley Hall Incorrect  Francis C. Sumner Incorrect  William James Incorrect  Edward Titchener ( True Answer )Correct 42 The early psychological school called structuralism emphasized the study of:  habits and adaptive behavior. Incorrect  physiology. Incorrect  the relative importance of nature versus nurture. Incorrect  the elemental components of sensations, feelings, and conscious experience. (True Answer )Correct 43 ―What are the most basic units or structures of consciousness?‖ This is a question that would most likely be of interest to a follower of:

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     humanism. Incorrect  behaviorism. Incorrect  functionalism. Incorrect  structuralism. ( True Answer )Correct 44 You are a subject in an experiment you are told: ―Look at this apple very carefully and tell me your exact sensations and feelings as you experience them.‖ The experimenter in this study probably believes in what school of psychology?  psychoanalysis Incorrect  functionalism Incorrect  structuralism (True Answer )Correct  behaviorism Incorrect 45 As a subject in an experiment, you are told to look at a coffee mug carefully and then report all your sensations and feelings about the coffee mug after viewing it. What psychologic al technique have you been told to use?  psychoanalysis Incorrect  introspection (True Answer )Correct  interactive dualism Incorrect  natural selection Incorrect 46 Structuralism:  promoted the use of nonhuman animals to study brain functions. Incorrect  ended when Descartes demonstrated that the brain consisted of multiple structures, not one. Incorrect  was based on the idea that even our most complex conscious experiences could be broken down into basic mental ―structures‖ of sensations and feelings. (True Answer )Correct  contended that basic human thoughts are contained in common genetic structures that are passed from generation to generation. Incorrect 47 Which early school of psychology relie d on a method called introspection?  functionalism Incorrect  humanism Incorrect  behaviorism Incorrect  structuralism (True Answer )Correct

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    48 Which of the early schools of psychology was the first to disappear?  psychoanalysis Incorrect  functionalism Incorrect  behaviori sm Incorrect  structuralism (True Answer )Correct 49 What was NOT a criticism of introspection as a technique?  It was an unreliable method since different participants often provided different reports about the same stimulus. Incorrect  There was too great an emphasis on the physiological mechan isms that made the technique work so effectively. (True Answer )Correct  Introspection could not be used to study children or animals. Incorrect  A number of topics, including learning, development, and mental disorders could not be studied using this technique. Incorrect 50 _____ is to structuralism as _____ is to functionalism.  Wilhelm Wundt; Edward Titchener Incorrect  William James; Mary Whiton Calkins Incorrect  Edward Titchener; William James (True Answer )Correct  Mary Whiton Calkins; Wilhelm Wundt Incorrect 51 One important limitation of introspection as a research method was that introspection:  could not be u sed to study behavior in children or animals. (True Answer )Correct  could be used only to study the behavior of people in groups. Incorrect  emphasized unconscious mental processes rather than conscious mental processes. Incorrect  was appropr iate only as a method to study complex topics, such as learning, development, and personality. Incorrect 52 Scientists in the nineteenth century who believed that species had not been created once and for all but had changed over time

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    were called:  introspectionists. Incorrect  structuralists. Incorrect  evolutionists. (True Answer )Correct  behaviorists. Incorrect 53 _____ wrote On the Origin of Species , which was published in _____.  Charles Darwin; 1859 (True Answer )Correct  Margaret Floy Washburn; 1908 Incorrect  William James; 1890 Incorrect  Sigmund Freud; 1909 Incorrect 54 Which of the following people played a key role in establishing psychology as a scientific discipline in the United States?  William James (True Answer )Correct  Sigmund Freud Incorrect  B. F. Skinner Incorrect  Abraham Maslow Incorrect 55 It took more than ten years to write and was 1,400 pages long when it was published. Who wrote the landmark textbook Principles of Psychology ?  John B. Watson Incorrect  Margaret Floy Washburn Incorrect  B. F. Skinner Incorrect  Wi lliam James (True Answer )Correct 56 ―I believe that consciousness should b e studied to help us understand the adaptive and practical functions of human behavior.‖ Such a statement is most likely to have been made by:  William James. (True Answer )Correct  Sigmund Freud. Incorrect  B. F. Skinner Incorrect  John B. Watson. Incorrect 57 Which early school of psychology exami ned how psychology could be applied to education, child rearing, and the work environment?

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     structuralism Incorrect  behaviorism Incorrect  psychoanalysis Incorrect  functionalism (True Answer )Correct 58 Which school of psychology would agree that ―psychology should stress the study of how behavior and mental processes allow people and animals to adapt to their environments‖?  structuralism Incorrect  behaviorism Incorrect  functionalism ( True Answer )Correct  psychoanalysis Incorrect 59 Both structuralists and functionalists agreed that:  psychology should focus not on the study of conscious experience but rather on the investigation of observable behaviors. Incorrect  psychologists should directly observe the behaviors of animals in natural settings. Incorrect  psychology should study conscious experience. (True Answer )Correct  psychological findings should be applied to areas like education, mental illness, health, and child rearing. Incorrect 60 Who made this statement: ―Now the imme diate fact which psychology, the science of mind, has to study is also the most general fact. It is the fact that in each of us, when awake (and often when asleep), some kind of consciousness is always going on.‖  John B. Watson Incorrect  Will iam James (True Answer )Correct  B. F. Skinner Incorrect  Mary Whiton Calkins Incorrect 61 Who was the first person to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States?  B. F. Skinner Incorrect  John B. Watson Incorrect  Francis C. Sumner Incorrect  G. Stanley Hall (True Answer )Correct

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    62 Which of the following psychologists founded the American Psychological Association and established the first journal devoted to psychology in the United States?  William James Incorrect  G. Stanley Hall (True Answer )Correct  John B. Watson Incorrect  Mary Whiton Calkins Incorrect 63 Which of the following statements abou t Mary Whiton Calkins is FALSE?  Calkins was the first woman president of the American Psychological Association. Incorrect  Calkins conducted research on dreams, memory, and personality. Incorrect  Calkins established one of the first psyc hology laboratories in the United States. Incorrect  Calkins founded behaviorism as one of the early schools of psychology. (True Answer )Correct 64 Which of the following statements about Mary Whiton Calkins is TRUE?  She was the first woman to study with Wilhelm Wundt and receive a Ph.D. in psychology from Leipzig University. Incorrect  She was the first woman president of the American Ps ychological Association and conducted research on dreams, memory, and personality. (True Answer )Correct  In 1908 she published an influential textbook titled The Animal Mind . Incorrect  She was a comparative psychologist who conducted groundbreaki ng research on the giant panda. Incorrect 65 Who was the first woman to be elected president of the American Psychological Association?  Margaret Floy Washburn Incorrect  Francis C. Sumner Incorrect  Mary Whiton Calkins (True Answer )Correct  Rebecca Snyder Incorrect 66 Why was Mary Whiton Calkins denied the Ph.D. degree she had earned in her graduate studies of psychology at Harvard

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    University?  Her research was in an area called comparative psychology that was not recognized as a legitimate part of scientific psychology at Harvard University at the time. Incorrect  At the time, Harvard University forbade the use of nonhuman animals in psychology research. Incorrect  William James was opposed to opening the field of psychology to women and refused to support her application despite the fact th at she was his most brilliant student. Incorrect  She was a woman, and at the time Harvard was not a coeducational institution. (True Answer )Correct 67 Both Mary Whiton Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn:  studied psychology at Wellesley College and Harvard University. Incorrect  were students of G. Stanley Hall. Incorrect  were elected president of the American Psychological Association. (True Answer )Correct  were students of Francis C. Sumner. Incorrect 68 The first U.S. woman to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology was:  Mary Whiton Calkins. Incorrect  Margaret Floy Washburn. (True Answer )Correct  Renee Descartes. Incorrect  Francis C. Sumner. Incorrect 69 Which of the following early psycholog ists wrote The Animal Mind and strongly advocated the scientific study of the mental processes of different animal species?  Margaret Floy Washburn (True Answer )Correct  John B. Watson Incorrect  Mary Whiton Calkins Incorrect  Edward B . Titchener Incorrect 70 The first African American to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States was:  Francis C. Sumner. (True Answer )Correct  Abraham Maslow. Incorrect

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     G. Stanley Hall. Incorrect  Margaret Floy Washburn. Incorrect 71 Which of the following statements about Francis C. Sumner is TRUE?  He was the first African American president of the American Psychological Association. Incorrect  He was the first person to be awarded a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States. Incorrect  He was denied the Ph.D. degree he had earned in his graduate studies at Harvard University because he was African American. Incorrect  He chaired the Psychology Department at Howard University and was the first African Ame rican to receive a Ph.D. in psychology in the United States. (True Answer )Correct 72 The founder of psychoanalysis was:  American psychologist B. F. Skinner. Incorrect  American psychologist Carl Rogers. Incorrect  German psychologist Wilhelm Wundt. Incorrect  Austrian physician Sigmund Freud. (True Answer )Correct 73 Psychoanalysis emphasized:  unconscious causes of behavior. (True Answer )Correct  overt behavior and principles of learning. Incorrect  psychological growth and conscious experience. Incorrect  the perception of whole figures. Incorrect 74 Who would have been most likely to say: ―You behave the way you do because of unconscious reasons, not reasons in your consciousness‖?  William James Incorrect  John B. Watson Incorrect  Sigmund Freud (True Answer )Correct  G. Stanley Hall Incorrect 75 Sigmund Freud:  believed that experiences in early childhood were critical in

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    the formation of adult personality. (True Answer )Correct  promoted functionalism during his lecture series at Clark University in 1909. Incorrect  stated that psychology should be the study of overt measurable behavior, especially as it pertains to learning. Incorrect  founded humanistic psychology. Incorrect 76 Your therapist is very interested in your dreams, blocked memories, and slips of the tongue. On which approach to psychology is your therapist probably basing his psychotherapy?  structuralism Incorrect  psychoanalysis (True Answer )Correct  behaviorism Incorrect  functionalism Incorrect 77 After attending a series of lectures by Freud at Clark University in 1909, _____ described Freud as ―a man obsessed with fixed ideas.‖  Francis C. Sumner Incorrect  G. Stanley Hall Incorrect  Mary Whiton Calkins Incorrect  William James (True Answer )Correct 78 Sigmund Freud:  refused to visit the United States but lectured extensively at universities throughout Europe and the Mediterranean. Incorrect  trained Carl Roger s in the use of scientific methods to study the unconscious mind. Incorrect  promoted the importance of the nature versus nurture issue and interactive dualism in understanding human behavior. Incorrect  delivered a series of lectures on psychoanalysis at Clark University in Massachusetts in the early 1900s. (True Answer )Correct 79 _____ is to psychoanalysis as _____ is to humanistic psychology.  Freud; James Incorrect

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     Skinner; Calkins Incorrect  Freud; Rogers (True Answer )Correct  Maslow; Pavlov Incorrect 80 Conscious experiences are to unconscious experiences as _____ is to _____.  B. F. Skinner; Abraham Maslow Incorrect  Carl Rogers; Sigmund Freud (True Answer )Correct  Wilhelm Wundt; John B. Watson Incorrect  William James; Wilhelm Wundt Incorrect 81 The early school of psychology called behaviorism :  grew out of Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov's pioneering research in which he conditioned dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell. (True Answer )Correct  was the first of the early schools to disappear. Incorrect  was flatly rejected by John Watson and B. F. Skinner in the early 1900s. Incorrect  was rejected as a pseudoscience in the early 1930s by the American Psychological Association (APA) and the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). Incorrect 82 Behaviorism was characterized by:  the rejection of consciousness as a topic in psychology and a focus upon observable behavior. (True Answer )Correct  a narrow focus upon consciousness and conscious experience. Incorrect  a focus upon the importance of free will, self - determin ation, and psychological growth. Incorrect  an emphasis upon the unconscious determinants of personality. Incorrect 83 The founder of behaviorism was:  G. Stanley Hall. Incorrect  William James. Incorrect  John Watson. (True Answer )Correct  Carl Rogers. Incorrect

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    84 Which of the following statements about behaviorism is TRUE?  B. F. Skinner borrowed the introspection technique from structuralism for use in his methods for behaviorism. Incorrect  Behaviorism was based on Margaret Washburn's animal research showing the importance of animal consciousness. Incorrect  Behaviorism emphasized the importance of unconscious influences on human behavior. Incorrect  John B. Watson argued that consciousness was not a usable concept and considered consciousness to be a concept related to superstition and magic. (True Answer )Correct 85 Which of the following people strongly objected to structuralism's use of introspection and its emphasis on conscious mental processes?  John B. Watson (True Answer )Correct  Edward B. Titchener Incorrect  Margaret Floy Washburn Incorrect  Sigmund Freud Incorrect 86 Who made the statement ―Behaviorism, o n the contrary, holds that the subject matter of human psychology is the behavior of the human being . Behaviorism claims that consciousness is neither a definite nor a usable concept. The behaviorist, who has been trained always as an experimentalist, hold s, further, that belief in the existence of consciousness goes back to the ancient days of superstition and magic.‖  Abraham Maslow Incorrect  Edward B. Titchener Incorrect  Francis C. Sumner Incorrect  John B. Watson (True Answer )Correct 87 ―My goal is to discover how behavior is acquired and modified in response to environmental influences.‖ Such a statement is most likely to have been made by:  John B. Watson. (True Answer )Correct  William James. Incorrect  Sigmund Freud. Incorrect  Carl Rogers. Incorrect

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    88 Who conditioned dogs to reflexively salivate to the sound of a bell rather than food?  American psychologist Margaret Washburn Incorrect  Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov (True Answer )Correct  Austrian physician Sigmund Freud Incorrect  American psychologist B. F. Skinner Incorrect 89 Key figures in the development of beha viorism include:  Wundt, Titchener, and James. Incorrect  James, Watson, and Calkins. Incorrect  Maslow, Freud, and Rogers. Incorrect  Watson, Pavlov, and Skinner. (True Answer )Correct 90 With which behaviorist would you associate the procedures of reinforcement and punishment and operant conditioning?  Ivan Pavlov Incorrect  Abraham Maslow Incorrect  B. F. Skinner (True Answer )Correct  William James Incorrect 91 Which of the following approaches dominated American psychology for the first half of the twentieth century?  structuralism Incorrect  functionalism Incorrect  behaviorism (True Answer )Correct  psychoanalysis Incorrect 92 Two key figures in the development of humanistic psychology include:  Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers. (True Answer )Correct  Sigmund Freud and B. F. Skinner. Incorrect  Mary Calkins and Margaret Floy Washburn. Incorrect  John Watson and B. F. Skinner. Incorrect 93 Which of the following people developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth?  John B. Watson Incorrect  Abraham Maslow (True Answer )Correct

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     G. Stanley Hall Incorrect  Ivan Pavlov Incorrect 94 Which of the following people emphasized conscious experiences and each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self - direction?  Carl Rogers (True Answer )Correct  B. F. Skinner Incorrect  Sigmund Freud Incorrect  John B. Watson Incorrect 95 Which of the following approaches was referred to as the ―third force‖ in American psychology?  psychoanalysis Incorrect  functionalism Incorrect  humanistic psychology (True Answer )Correct  cognitive psychology Incorrect 96 Humanistic psychology emphasized:  the active role played by mental processes in organizing sensations into meaningful perceptions. Incorrect  the experimental study of overt, observable behaviors. Incorre ct  unconscious determinants of personality and behavior. Incorrect  free will, self - determination, psychological growth, and human potential. (True Answer )Correct 97 Humanistic psychology was called the ―third force‖ because it:  provided an alternative viewpoint to the two approaches that were dominant at the time, behaviorism and psychoanalysis. (True Answer )Correct  was based upon the belief that there were three forces that motivated all human behavior. Incorrect  proposed that there were three methods that could be used to scientifically study human behavior. Incorrect  was composed of three separate branches, or schools. Incorrect

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    98 In recent decades, increased interest in the _____ perspective has occurred due to the development of new drugs for psychological disorders and the development of new techniques to study the human brain.  psychodynamic Incorrect  behavioral Incorrect  cognitive Incorrect  biological (True Answer )Correct 99 The _____ perspective emphasizes studying the physical bases of human and animal behavior, including the nervous system, endocrine system, immune system, and genetics.  psych odynamic Incorrect  humanistic Incorrect  behavioral Incorrect  biological (True Answer )Correct 100 Dr. Professor has used a relatively new technique called the fMRI scan to examine changes in the brain that occur with age. Dr. Professor most likely subscribes to the _____ perspective of psychology.  biological (True Answer )Correct  psychody namic Incorrect  behavioral Incorrect  humanistic Incorrect 101 Neuroscience refers to the study of th e:  endocrine system. Incorrect  immune system. Incorrect  nervous system. (True Answer )Correct  the genome. Incorrect 102 The development of techniques such as PET, MRI, and fMRI scans to study the structure and function of the brain has enhanced the work of psycholog ists in the _____ perspective of psychology.  behavioral Incorrect  biological (True Answer )Correct  psychodynamic Incorrect  humanistic Incorrect

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    103 Dr. Jackson is interested in how stress affects the brain and examines PET scans of individuals before and after stressful situations. Dr. Jackson's approach is part of the _____ perspective.  behavioral Incorrect  cross - cultural Incorrect  biological (True Answer )Correct  psychodynamic Incorrect 104 The _____ perspective of psychology em phasizes the importance of unconscious influences and early life experiences in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior.  cognitive Incorrect  positive psychology Incorrect  humanistic Incorrect  psychodynamic (True Answer )Correct 105 Dr. Ramen believes that, in order to effectively treat his clients' psychological disorders, it is essential t o understand his clients' early life experiences. Dr. Ramen takes the _____ perspective in psychological treatment.  behavioral Incorrect  biological Incorrect  psychodynamic (True Answer )Correct  humanistic Incorrect 106 Even though Dr. Castro does not agree with Freud's psychoanalytic approach, she still thinks that unconscious processes and interpersonal relationships are critical to explaining human behavior. Thus, Dr. Castro follows the _____ perspective in psychology.  behavioral Incorrect  biological Incorrect  psychodynamic (True Answer )Correct  humanistic Incorrect 107 Freud's landmark theory of psychoanaly sis became the basis of which perspective in contemporary psychology?  cognitive Incorrect  psychodynamic (True Answer )Correct  humanistic Incorrect  cross - cultural Incorrect

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    108 In contemporary psychology, the psycho dynamic perspective, the behavioral perspective, and the humanistic perspective:  are often emphasized among psychologists working in the mental health field. (True Answer )Correct  are considered pseudosciences. Incorrect  have been combin ed to form a new major perspective in modern psychology called comparative psychology. Incorrect  focus on how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think. Incorrect 109 Watson and Skinner's contentions that psychology should focus on observable behaviors to discover the fundamental laws of learning form the basis of which major perspective in contemporary psychology?  cognitive Incorrect  biological Incorrect  humanistic Incorrect  behavioral (True Answer )Correct 110 According to the _____ perspective, ps ychologists should investigate only overt, observable behavior and should not concern themselves with internal mental processes that cannot be precisely observed and measured.  behavioral (True Answer )Correct  biological Incorrect  evolutionary Incorrect  cross - cultural Incorrect 111 Discovering the fundamental laws of le arning through studying observable behavior is a focus of the _____ perspective of psychology.  cognitive Incorrect  humanistic Incorrect  behavioral (True Answer )Correct  cross - cultural Incorrect 112 Dr. Barongon is a psychotherapist who emphasizes the importance of choices and self - direction to his clients so that they can strive to reach their fullest potential. Dr. Barongon subscribes to the _____ perspective of psychology.  cross - cultural Incorrect  psychodynamic Incorrect

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