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GED Reasoning Through Language Arts Study Guide: Comprehensive Review with Practice Test (2020)

GED Reasoning Through Language Arts Study Guide: Comprehensive Review with Practice Test (2020) is the perfect certification guide to refine your knowledge and test your readiness before exam day.

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    ACCEPTED: ) Language Arts A eas - 2022 2021 Study Guide: Comprehensive Review with Practice Test Questions for the GED Exam Variety of Comprehensive Tips question types review and tricks Tare (ble late mosst-)\4 vo) <=\ Xe) 1 eC=)0)Cy icelaam=).¢el-1a(-1aler-ye| re)geyag) oe) and terms (Yo [Blet-h ee)63 GED® Testing Service LLC was not involved in the creation or ——: of this product, is Leo in any way affiliated with Accepted, Inc., and does not sponsor or endorse this product. - ae —

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    Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2022 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation https://archive.org/details/gedreasoningthroO000acce

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    Free Video Free Video Essential Test Tips Video from Trivium Test Prep Dear Customer, Thank you for purchasing from Trivium Test Prep! We're honored to help you prepare for your GED exam. To show our appreciation, we're offering a FREE GED Essential Test Tips Video by Trivium Test Prep.* Our video includes 35 test preparation strategies that will make you successful on the GED. All we ask is that you email us your feedback and describe your experience with our product. Amazing, awful, or just so-so: we want to hear what you have to say! To receive your FREE GED Essential Test Tips Video, please email us at 5star@ triviumtestprep.com. Include “Free 5 Star” in the subject line and the following infor- mation in your email: 1. ‘The title of the product you purchased. 2. Your rating from 1-5 (with 5 being the best). 3. Your feedback about the product, including how our materials helped you meet your goals and ways in which we can improve our products. 4. Your full name and shipping address so we can send your FREE GED Essential Test Tips Video. If you have any questions or concerns please feel free to contact us directly at 5star@ triviumtestprep.com. Thank you! — Trivium Test Prep Team *To get access to the free video please email us at Sstar@triviumtestprep.com, and please follow the instructions above.

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    GED Reasoning Through Language Arts Study Guide Comprehensive Review with Practice Test Questions for the GED Exam

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    Copyright © 2020 by Accepted, Inc. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. By purchase of this book, you have been licensed one copy for personal use only. No part of this work may be reproduced, redistributed, or used in any form or by any means without prior written permission of the publisher and copyright owner. Accepted, Inc.; Trivium Test Prep; Cirrus Test Prep; and Ascencia Test Prep are all imprints of Trivium Test Prep, LLC. GED® Testing Service LLC was not involved in the creation or production of this product, is not in any way afhliated with Accepted, Inc., and does not sponsor or endorse this product. All test names (and their acronyms) are trademarks of their respective owners. ‘This study guide is for general information only and does not claim endorse- ment by any third party. Printed in the United States of America.

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    Table of Contents Online Resources ............... i INtrOCGUCTION ......ccsecssceneees ili ONE: Reading........sscsseeseenes i a Aer shV Evil Foley Me ee pee een 1 PU PORtinig Metals ccsscsaavdsse eeeeeates 5 NSU Neus urpOse vent etree 6 Organization and Text Structures ..... 7 Mer PNOG TENCE occas cess oiccsracwaoncGeens 8 Evaldating A retimentsr.2ctcesscs.se 9 Drawing C Oncltsions 2: cse.s-050e00--: dl pli exdincdly LOG 0 asae cartes sssocdeanenice 12 Meaning of Words and Phrases....... 14 Pi @irative dian yWay ec aisha cpaeds. sk. is Graphic Sources of Information ...... a7 Poleraeiats 0b PICO c.arecssevses<axahcos 19 PLESt YOUE WMO WEIS E>.arises Zul PRMESH ER NEN ct co cin,ara staah tava pnantvn tome 29 TWO: Grammar and Sentence Structure ......... 33 Pattsof ppeeehian awcmtaetnenuenat33 Constructing Sentences insane 42 OP raiccdba7hato) glame wae eras REP acs eae 46 Common Language Errors.............. 47 ‘Lest Your Knowledge Gac.ss ee 54 PSWEE eye tee ene ane te 5 THREE: The Essay............. 63 Writing a Thesis Statement.............. 63 DETUCHITINGethne MenGava et mt eas ame: 64 Providing Supporting Evidence....... 66 Writinio, Well case. Grane eee, 67 Test Your/Knowledoe 70 FOUR: Practice Test......... 73 ANS Wer Kem hrc eee ee91

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    Ge a on choosing to take the GED exam! By purchasing this book, you've taken an important step on your path to earning your high school- equivalency credential. This guide will provide you with a detailed overview of the GED exam so that you know exactly what to expect on test day. We'll take you through all the concepts covered on the exam and give you the opportunity to test your knowledge with practice questions. Even if it’s been a while since you last took a major test, don’t worry; we'll make sure you're more than ready! What is the GED? The General Educational Development, or GED, test is a high school-equivalency test—composed of four subtests—that certifies that the test-taker has high school- level academic skills. Forty states currently offer the GED test. The four subtests can be taken together or separately, but you must pass all four subtests in order to pass the test overall. Once a test-taker in one of those states passes the exam, then that person becomes eligible to receive a high school-equivalency diploma, which can be used in job applications or in applying to colleges or universities. The test is specifically designed for individuals who did not complete a high school diploma, no matter the reason. What's on the GED? The GED test gauges high school-level content knowledge and skills in four areas: Reasoning through Language Arts (RLA), Mathematical Reasoning, Science, and Social Studies. Candidates are expected to be able to read closely, write clearly, edit and understand standard written English as it is used in context, and solve quantitative and algebraic problems. You also must show strong content knowledge in life science,

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    physical science, and Earth and space science as well as civics and government, United States history, geography and the world, and economics. The test includes a variety of question types, including multiple-choice, drag-and- drop, hot spot, and fill-in-the-blank. The multiple-choice questions are a standard style in which the test-taker selects the best answer among a series of choices. In drag-and- drop questions, the test-taker must select the best answer, click on it, and drag it to the appropriate location. This usually involves sorting items into categories or making asso- ciations between different concepts. Hot spot questions require the test-taker to click on a specific area of an image. For fill-in-the-blank questions, the test-taker must type in the word or phrase missing from the statement or question. The Reasoning through Language Arts section also includes some questions in which the test-taker must select the best grammatical or punctuation change from a drop-down list of options as well as extended response questions that require the test-taker to type the answer. Each subtest is taken separately. You must complete one subtest before moving on to the next. You will have 115 minutes for the math test, ninety minutes for the science test, seventy minutes for the social studies test, and 150 minutes for the Reasoning through Language Arts test. What's on the GED Exam? SkxiL_s AssEsseD Topics BEN oF Exam Reasoning Through Language Arts > Read closely Informational texts 75% Write clearly > Edit and understand the use of standard Literature texts 25% written English in context Mathematical Reasoning > Understand key mathematical concepts Quantitative ASY. > Demonstrate skill and fluency with key math problem-solving procedures Algebraic problem- 55% > Apply concepts to realistic situations solving ‘ Science Life science 40% > Use scientific reasoning (textually and quantitatively) Physical science 40% > Apply scientific reasoning to a variety of eee eS : Earth and space realistic situations P ; 20% science li =Accepted, Inc. |GED Reasoning Through Language Arts Study Guide

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    PERCENTAGE SKILLs ASSESSED Topics oe Wa Social Studies Civics and 50% > Textual analysis government > Data representation United States history 20% > Inference skills Eeemnenice 15% > Problem-solving using social studies content Geography and the 15% world *Percentages are approximate. The Reasoning through Language Arts test assesses your ability to understand a range of texts which can be found in both academic and workplace settings. The test includes literary and informational texts as well as important US founding documents. ‘The texts vary in length from 450 to 900 words. You will be asked to identify details and make logical inferences from—as well as valid claims about—the texts. You also will be asked to define key vocabulary and use textual evidence to analyze the texts in your own words in the form of a written response. The Mathematical Reasoning test assesses mastery of key fundamental math concepts. Rather than focusing on specific content, the test focuses on reasoning skills and modes of thinking that can be used in a variety of mathematical content areas, specifically algebra, data analysis, and number sense. Questions will assess your ability to make sense of complex problems, use logical thinking to find solutions, recognize structure, and look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning. You also will be evaluated on the precision of your mathematics. The Science test assesses your mastery of scientific content in life science, physical science, and Earth and space science, as well as your ability to apply scientific reasoning. Each question on the test will focus on one science practice and one content topic. Specifically, questions will relate to two primary themes: Human Health and Living Systems—all concepts related to the health and safety of all living things on the planet—and Energy and Related Systems—all concepts related to sources and uses of energy. The Social Studies test assesses your mastery of both social studies content and skills. Each question addresses one element of social studies practice and one specific content topic. The primary focus of the test is on American civics and government, with the other three content areas as supplements. The questions address two core themes: Development of Modern Liberties and Democracy—which traces the current ideas Introduction iii

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    of democracy from ancient times to present—and Dynamic Responses in Societal Systems, which addresses how society’s systems, structures, and policies have developed and responded to each other. Unique Question Types While the majority of the GED exam is made up of multiple-choice questions, it also contains several other types of questions that might be unfamiliar to you. Collectively, these are called “technology-enhanced items” because they require you to interact with a computer. There are four types of these questions: drag-and-drop, hot spot, drop-down or cloze, and fill-in-the-blank. Each type of question is structured a little differently and requires different actions from the test-taker. Each type of question also assesses different skills. While they may seem a little intimidating, once you understand what these questions are testing and how to answer them, you will see they are quite manageable. DRAG-and-DROP A drag-and-drop question has three parts: the question or prompt, drop target, and tiles or “draggers.” Each tile contains a small image, word, or numerical expression. You will read the question or prompt, and then click the tile you think has the correct answer, drag it to the target area, and then let it go. In some cases, you may be able to put more than one tile in a single target area, or you may be able to put the same tile in multiple target areas. If this is the case, a note included with the question will tell you that. For example, imagine a question says, Classify the following fruits by color. There is a response area for yellow, blue, green, and red, and tiles that say apple, strawberry, blueberry, banana, and pear. You would drag both the apple and strawberry tiles to the red target area. You would also put the apple tile in the green area. Drag-and-drop questions will differ both in structure and in skills assessed, depending on the subtest. On the Mathematics subtest, drag-and-drop questions are primarily used for constructing expressions, equations, and inequalities. For example, the prompt will include a scenario and an incomplete equation. ‘The tiles will contain various numerical and/or alphabetical variables and operators that could complete the equation. You must then drag the appropriate mathematical element to its spot in the equation. You also could be asked to order the steps in a mathematical process or solution or match items from two different sets. On the Reasoning Through Language Arts (RLA) subtest, drag-and-drop questions will typically focus on sequencing and classifying to assess comprehension and analysis of areading passage. Some questions may ask you to order events in a passage based on chronology or to illustrate cause and effect. Or you might be asked to classify evidence IV. Accepted, Inc. |GED Reasoning Through Language Arts Study Guide

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    based on how it relates to the argument of a passage. Drag-and-drop questions on this subtest will usually incorporate graphic organizers, such as Venn diagrams, timelines, or charts. On the Social Studies subtest, drag-and-drop questions are primarily used for mapping, classifying, and sequencing. For example, you might be asked to put the steps in a political process in the correct order, or you may be asked to sort actions based on the related constitutional freedom. Alternatively, you could be asked to place correct labels on the continents or use information from a brief text to place data points on a graph or chart. On the Science subtest, drop-and-drag questions are used primarily for sequencing questions: placing the steps of a biological or chemical process in the correct order. These questions can also be used for classification, like sorting animals into mammals and non-mammals. Like on the RLA subtest, science drag-and-drop questions often utilize graphic organizers, like Venn diagrams. EXAMPLE 1. The owner of a taco truck decides to use data to determine how many tacos he can make during a two-hour lunch rush. He has determined that the average time it takes to make five tacos is eight minutes. Complete the equation to show how the taco truck owner determined that he can make seventy-five tacos in two hours. answer clare =6=©6 6-75 tacos area area 2 hours HOP sro In a hot spot question, you will be presented with a graphic image. ‘The image is embedded with virtual “sensors” placed at various points. The question will ask you to identify something specific within the image or to select an answer from several listed within the image. You will indicate your selection by clicking on a virtual sensor. For example, the image could be a diagram ofthe human body. If the question asks where the lungs are located, you would click the chest, activating the sensor there. While hot spot questions are different from a traditional multiple-choice question, they might be easier for you to do. Clicking on part ofanimage—rather than selecting a choice from A to D—might feel similar to how you express knowledge in the real world. Introduction Vv

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    Hot spot questions appear on every subtest except RLA. On the Mathematics subtest, hot spots are most often used to assess your ability to plot points on coordinate grids, number lines, or scatter plots. For example, the graphic image could be a coor- dinate grid, and the question would ask you to plot a specific point, like (5, -2). You would then click the spot on the graph associated with (5, -2). Other math questions include identifying specific parts of a scale model, selecting numerical or algebraic expressions that identify parallel equations, or identifying different representations of the same numeric value. On the Science subtest, hot spot questions may use a graphic image or a block of text. In addition to allowing you to identify information on a model or diagram, they assess your understanding of the relationship between data points or your ability to use data points to support or refute a particular conclusion. On the Social Studies subtest, hot spots questions often ask you to indicate evidence that supports a particular statement or idea. Like on the Science subtest, you might be asked to demonstrate the relationship between different data points from a short block of text or an image. ‘They are also often used with mapping. EXAMPLE 2. The square below is based on the eye color of two parents: one with brown eyes and one with green. According to this square, this couple's biological children have a 50 percent chance of having green eyes. Click the sections of the square that support this conclusion. DROP DOV TereZz) A drop-down question is an open-stem question, or incomplete statement. This type of question occurs in multiple-choice questions as well. However, in a drop-down question, rather than selecting an answer from the A — D options that appear after the statement, a drop-down box with multiple response options is embedded in the statement. You will select the appropriate word or phrase, which will fill in the blank. You can then read the complete statement to check the accuracy of your response. For example, a question might read, Bananas are, followed by a drop-down box with several colors listed—blue, red, yellow, green. You would click yellow, and the statement would then read, Bananas are yellow. On the Mathematics subtest, drop-down questions are most often used to assess math vocabulary or to compare two quantities, in which case the drop-down box will vi Accepted, Inc. |GED Reasoning Through Language Arts Study Guide

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    contain less than, greater than, and equal signs. For other drop-down questions, you will be asked to select the correct number to complete a statement. On the RLA subtest, drop-down questions are used to assess mastery of language skills, such as American English conventions, standard usage, and punctuation. Drop-down questions on this subtest mimic the editing process. So multiple varia- tions of the same phrase will appear in the drop-down box within the text, and you will select the one that is grammatically correct. It is important to read the complete sentence after your selection to ensure your choice makes sense. On the Science and Social Studies subtests, these questions are also most often used with text. You may be asked to draw a logical conclusion from provided text-based evidence or to make a generalization based on an author’s argument. EXAMPLE SELECT cleaned the whole kitchen and the upstairs bathrooms : before going to bed. FILL-IN-THE-BLANK (FIB) A fill-in-the-blank (FIB) question is a combination of a standard item and a con- structed response. It is similar to a drop-down question in that it contains an incomplete statement. However, rather than selecting an answer from several options, you type in the answer. Unlike a constructed response, the answer you type will be only one to two words long. Using the example in the drop-down section, if the statement read, Bananas are, rather than selecting from several colors, you would simply type yellow. FIB can only be used for questions in which the answers have very little variability (so this particular example would not actually appear on the test). Sometimes a question may have more than one blank, requiring you to type two separate responses. FIB questions assess your knowledge without the distraction of incorrect choices. FIB questions are included in all subtests except the RLA subtest. On the Mathe- matics subtest, FIB questions may ask you to type a numerical answer to a math problem or to write an equation using the numbers and characters on the keyboard. On the Science subtest, an FIB question may ask you to fill in the specific quantity of something from a graphic representation of data or for a response to a specific calculation. Introduction vii

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