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Seeing Young Children: A Guide to Observing and Recording Behavior 6th Edition Test Bank

Seeing Young Children: A Guide to Observing and Recording Behavior 6th Edition Test Bank ensures you�re well-prepared with detailed content, expert insights, and practice exercises.

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    Chapter 1 — Introduction TRUE/FALSE 1. Most people take in more information through their eyes than through any of the other senses. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 2. Basically, observation is important for our survival. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 3. Usually, two individuals perceive the same object or event in an identical manner. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 4. Teachers see aspects of children’s behavior that fit into their professional interests or training. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 5. Observation helps teachers gather information that can be shared with parents. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 6. When being observed, young children often change their behavior. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 7. Teachers should not take it for granted that young children do not react adversely to being observed. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 8. Even when they know they are being observed, young children feel less threatened or anxious than older children and adults. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 9. Piaget b elieved that young children are egocentric, and new evidence indicates he was right. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 10. Observations can help you understand the theories you are studying. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A teacher who is interested in a child’s social development may: a. see motor behavior as a means to promote social skills b. overlook motor behavior c. de - emphasize motor behavior d. all answers are correct

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    ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 2. Observation: a. is required for survival b. requires us to make sense of and give meaning to what our eyes see c. allows measuring many behaviors that otherwise may not be measurable d. all answers are correct ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 3. Formal testing procedures: a. are developmentally appropriate for young children b. are fine, if the child’s age is taken under consideration c. are taken seriously by young children d. can severely stress young children ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 4. Observers: a. remain as inconspicuous as possible b. try to see children’s behavior as it occurs without adult interference c. take for granted that some children may react adversely to being observed d. all answers are correct ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 5. Observation: a. neither “ is simply a matter of watching children and then writing down what you saw” nor “requires noting and recording facts” b. requires noting and recording facts c. is simply a matter of watching children and then writing down what you saw d. both “is simply a matter of watching children and then writing down what you saw” and “requires noting and recording facts” ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium MATCHING Match each statement with the correct item below. a. the ability to take in information through one or more of the five physical senses and make sense of that information so that it can be used in meaningful ways b. anything an individual does that can be directly observed by one or more of the five physical senses c. having to do with things that can be seen, heard, touched, smelled, and tasted d. stimuli — such as perceptions, data gotten through observation and the like — that have not been interpreted or processed in any way e. classrooms, child care centers, playgrounds, and homes f. taking in information through one or more of the five physical senses and organizing it in a meaningful way g. the cognitive inability to take other people’s points of view and to recognize their needs and interests 1. behavior 2. empirical

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    3. observing 4. perception 5. egocentrism 6. raw stimuli 7. naturalistic settings 1. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 2. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 3. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 4. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 5. ANS: G PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 6. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 7. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

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    Chapter 2 — An Introduction to Growth and Development TRUE/FALSE 1. To effectively observe children, your understanding of development is essential. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 2. Development ends at the age of 16. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 3. The words growth and development mean the same thing. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 4. Piaget’s theory of human development was called a constructivist theory. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 5. Development only depends upon the heredity of an individual. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 6. The cephalocaudal principle and the proximodistal principle are two principles that describe how a child’s motor development progresses. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 7. The cephalocaudal principle describes motor development as progressing from the midline of the body outward to the extremities. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 8. Immediate circumstances, historical reasons, adaptive reasons, and evolutionary reasons are called levels of explanation. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following are guideposts to understanding children? a. A wide range of individual differences characterizes normal development b. All the domains of development are interrelated c. Development necessarily takes place within an environment of one kind or another d. The developing child as active rather than passive e. All answers are correct ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 2. Differentiation is a process in which: a. skills that a child developed at an earlier time in his development remain the same through

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    adulthood b. behaviors that are initially expressed in a diffuse, nonspecific way, eventually separate out and become more skilled, specific, and independent of one another c. skills and behaviors that are initially separate and independent of one another are combined and can work together as a harmonious unit d. none of these answers is correct ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 3. Hierarchic integration is a process in which: a. behaviors that are initially expressed in a diffuse, nonspecific way, eventually separate out and become more skilled, specific, and independent of one another b. skills and behaviors that are initially separate and independent of one another are combined and can work together as a harmonious unit c. skills that a child developed at an earlier time in his development remain the same through adulthood d. none of these answers is correct ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 4. Walking, running, and the use of complete sentences are examples of: a. emergent properties b. growth c. quantitative change d. none of these answers is correct ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 5. Those who believe in the mechanistic model of development agree that: a. development is discontinuous b. development occurs in stages c. development does not occur in stages d. none of these answers is correct ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 6. Those who believe in the organismic model of development agree that: a. development does not occur in stages b. development occurs in stages c. development is continuous d. none of these answers is correct ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 7. According to Stage Theory: a. individuals can differ in speed with which they progress through stages b. certain principles by which change can be described, explained, and predicted are recognized c. both “individuals can differ in speed with which they progress through stages” and “certain principles by which change can be described, explained, and predicted are recognized” d. children move from the sensorimotor stage to the concrete operational stage e. all answers are correct ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

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    8. The id, ego, and superego belong to the psychoanalytic perspective of which man? a. Jean Piaget b. Sigmund Freud c. Erik Erikson d. Lev Vygotsky ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 9. Psychosocial crisis belongs to the theory of personality development of which man? a. Jean Piaget b. Sigmund Freud c. Lev Vygotsky d. Erik Erikson ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 10. The sensorimot or, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational periods belong to the cognitive perspective of which man? a. Jean Piaget b. Erik Erikson c. Sigmund Freud d. Lev Vygotsky ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 11. The sociocultural theory is attributed to which man? a. Sigmund Freud b. Lev Vygotzky c. Jean Piaget d. Erik Erikson ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium COMPLETION 1. The ability for children to overcome traumatic experiences in their lives is called ____________________. ANS: resiliency PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 2. The statement that development change contributes to the essentially forward direction of the development process means that development is ____________________. ANS: directional PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 3. The process in which behaviors that are initially expressed in a diffuse, nonspecific way eventually separate out and become more skilled, specific, and independent of one another is called ____________________. ANS: differentiation

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    PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 4. The process in which skills and behaviors that are initially separate and independent of one another are combined and can work together as a harmonious unit is called ____________________ ____________________. ANS: hierarchic integration PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 5. Development results in increasing ____________________ in organization and functioning. ANS: complexity PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 6. ____________________ means to increase in size, function, or complexity to some point of optimal maturity. ANS: Growth PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 7. The theoretical perspective that conceptualizes human beings as being like machines that are essentially passive and act primarily as responders to environmental stimuli is called the ____________________ view. ANS: mechanistic PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 8. A theoretical perspective that conceptualizes human beings as active participant s in their own development rather than as passive reactors to the world around them is called the ____________________ view. ANS: organismic PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 9. The view that all developmental change has to be seen as part of, or as taking place within, a larger social/cultural environment is called ____________________. ANS: contextualism PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 10. A theory that holds that development occurs in a steplike fashion, with each step or level qualitatively distinct from, and more complex than, previous levels is called the ____________________ theory. ANS: stage PTS: 1 DIF: Medium

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    11. ____________________ sciences rely on the physical senses to take in relevant data and measure that data in some way. ANS: Empirical PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult MATCHING Match each statement with the correct item below. a. Change over time in the structure, thoughts, and behaviors of an individual due to biological and environmental influences. b. The principle that describes motor development as progressing from the midline of the body outward to the extremities; thus, chest, shoulders, and upper arms come under control before the hands and feet. c. The name given to Vygotsky’s theory of mental development in which the emphasis is shifted away from the child in explaining development and to the influence of the individual’s social or cultural environment. d. A theory that holds that development occurs in a steplike fashion, with each step or level qualitatively distinct from, and more complex than, previous levels. e. A condition in which an individual’s response to a stimulus has rewarding or satisfying consequences. f. Assumes that the developing child participates in the developmental process and literally constructs his or her own reality. g. The first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; in this stage, the infant learns about his environment by active manipulation of the objects in it. h. Increase in size, function, or complexity to some point of optimal maturity; associated with quantitative change. 1. sensorimotor period 2. proximodistal principle 3. reinforcement 4. sociocultural theory 5. stage theory 6. constructivist theory 7. development 8. growth 1. ANS: G PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 2. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 3. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 4. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 5. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 6. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 7. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 8. ANS: H PTS: 1 DIF: Medium

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    Chapter 3 — General Guidelines for Observing Children TRUE/FALSE 1. Preparation for observation involves several organizational steps. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 2. Defining objectives makes the observational activity manageable. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 3. No matter what the objective of an observation is, the site can be the same. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 4. You may need a signed permission slip to be allowed to observe in some facilities. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 5. Teachers are participant observers. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 6. The general environment is not an objective environment. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 7. The developmental environment is dynamic and constantly changing. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 8. It is extremely easy for observers to be inconspicuous. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 9. A copy of ethical guidelines can be obtained from NAEYC. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 10. To demonstrate care and sensitivity when conducting observations, it is best to be subjective. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 11. Interpretation always occurs at the end of an observation. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 12. It is important not to label young children. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy

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    13. There are different approaches to group observation. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 14. When in a group, children behave the same, regardless of the group or situation. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. When planning an observation, your objectives have to be matched with: a. both “resources” and “settings” b. settings c. recording methods d. resources e. all answers are correct ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 2. Questions you should ask when preparing for observations include: a. Whom will I observe? b. What is my purpose? c. How will I record my observation? d. What developmental area is the focus of my observation? e. All answers are correct f. None of these answers is correct ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 3. To be inconspicuous when observing: a. tell the children that you are watching them and writing down what they are doing b. remain as detached as possible or necessary from the children c. be cold and aloof d. always stay far away from the children ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 4. Some factors that affect observation include: a. both “sensitivity and awareness” and “fatigue, illness, and discomfort” b. personal biases c. fatigue, illness, and discomfort d. sensitivity and awareness e. all answers are correct ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 5. Categories of errors in recording observations include: a. commission and transmission b. omission and commission c. omission, commission, and transmission d. omission and transmission ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium

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    6. John sat in the block corner stacking blocks on top of each other for 10 minutes. Each time the blocks fell over he clapped his hands and started building again. This is an example of: a. error of transmission b. objective description c. subjective description d. error of omission ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 7. Interpretation can occur: a. at the time of recording the behavior b. after the behavior has been recorded c. prior to recording the behavior d. all answers are correct e. none of these answers is correct ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 8. Reasons for observing groups might include: a. group pattern behaviors b. both “group pattern behaviors” and “ to gain specific information about individual children” c. to gain specific information about individual children d. none of these answers is correct ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Medium COMPLETION 1. A behavior that can be placed into a particular category is called an ____________________. ANS: event PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 2. A ____________________ ____________________ is when an observer becomes part of the group she is observing and participates in as many of its activities as is appropriate. ANS: participant observation PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 3. When conducting an observation, you should try to be as ____________________ as possible. ANS: inconspicuous PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 4. The ____________________ environment is one that exists before anyone steps into it. ANS: general PTS: 1 DIF: Medium

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    5. The ____________________ environment exists within the general environment and is an environment in action. ANS: developmental PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 6. _____ _______________ observation tries to prevent or minimize unwanted influence on behavior. ANS: Inconspicuous PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 7. ____________________ occurs when the professional practices the behavior expected of the children. ANS: Modeling PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 8. ____________________ is a process of reviewing, insisting, maintaining standards, and following up. ANS: Supervision PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 9. Professiona l ethics and ____________________ are concerns that cannot be separated from all observation activities. ANS: confidentiality PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 10. ____________________ is possibly the most dangerous part of the observation process. ANS: Evaluation PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 11. Any ____________________ concerning a child’s general characteristics or traits should be based on frequent, representative, and objectively described samples of behavior. ANS: conclusions PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 12. A distinction exists between the data obtained through group observation and data obtained through ____________________ observation. ANS: individual PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 13. When observing groups, ____________________ vary depending upon what you want to learn.

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    ANS: goals PTS: 1 DIF: Medium MATCHING Match each statement with the correct item below. a. observer becomes part of the group she is observing and participates in as many of its activities as is appropriate b. member characteristics, member behaviors, group contextual characteristics, group episodes c. leaving out information that is helpful or necessary to understanding a child’s behavior d. group norms, group climate, group’s normal round of procedures e. including more information than is actually present in the situation f. behaviors that can be placed into particular categories g. recording what you see as precisely and completely as possible h. applying your values and attitudes to the child’s behavior, characteristics, and personality i. going beyond your objective descriptions and trying to explain or give them some meaning j. recording the behaviors you observe in improper sequence 1. interpretation 2. evaluation 3. error of commission 4. error of omission 5. error of transmission 6. contextual characteristics of small groups 7. objective description 8. participant observation 9. group components 10. event 1. ANS: I PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 2. ANS: H PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 3. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 4. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 5. ANS: J PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 6. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 7. ANS: G PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 8. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 9. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult 10. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult

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    Chapter 4 — Methods, Behavior, Plans, and Contexts TRUE/FALSE 1. Being able to effectively use any observation method requires careful prior preparation. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 2. The textbook considers an observation method set of instructions. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 3. Behavior occurs in a stop - and - start manner. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 4. Sleeping is a behavior. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 5. Formal observation can be accomplished on the spur of the moment. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 6. Planning for observation does not require the observer to make a decision about how much of the behavior stream will be observed on a given occasion. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 7. Choosing a method of observation is part of the observation process. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 8. Identical situations can occur in different settings. ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Medium MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Prior preparation for using an observation method includes: a. knowing where you are going to observe b. having some understanding of how children develop c. being familiar with the method and knowing how to use it properly and effectively d. all answers are correct ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 2. The major characteristic(s) of an observation method: a. It may describe how to do what one needs to do to achieve the objective b. It must specify what one has to do to achieve some objective c. It gives the skill, understanding, and knowledge necessary to achieve some end d. All answers are correct

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    ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 3. Observation: a. is not important to effectively understand children b. should be planned for success c. requires deciding what behaviors to observe and where to find those behaviors d. all answers are correct e. both “should be planned for success” and “requires deciding what behaviors to observe and where to find those behaviors” ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 4. Situation addresses which of the following? a. nature of the children’s play b. both “kinds of activities being encouraged” and “ nature of the children’s play” c. unexpected events that change ongoing behavior d. kinds of activities being encouraged e. all answers are correct ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 5. Settings: a. do not generate feelings in us b. do not cause variations in responses c. have physical and social - psychological characteristics d. all answers are correct ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 6. Context involves: a. other people b. circumstances c. place and time d. all answers are correct e. both “other people” and “circumstances” ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Medium COMPLETION 1. ____________________ is a central element of observation and recording. ANS: Behavior PTS: 1 DIF: Easy 2. Observation requires ____________________. ANS: planning PTS: 1 DIF: Medium 3. Observation situations are mainly concerned with the ____________________ and ____________________ conditions in the setting.

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