Seeing Young Children: A Guide to Observing and Recording Behavior 6th Edition Test Bank

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Chapter 1—IntroductionTRUE/FALSE1.Most people take in more information through their eyes than through any of the other senses.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Easy2.Basically, observation is important for our survival.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Easy3.Usually, two individuals perceive the same object or event in an identical manner.ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Easy4.Teachers see aspects of children’s behavior that fit into their professional interests or training.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Easy5.Observation helps teachers gather information that can be shared with parents.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Easy6.When being observed, young children often change their behavior.ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Medium7.Teachers should not take it for granted that young children do not react adversely to being observed.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Medium8.Even when they know they are being observed, young children feel less threatened or anxious thanolder children and adults.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Easy9.Piaget believed that young children are egocentric, and new evidence indicates he was right.ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Difficult10.Observations can help you understand the theories you are studying.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:EasyMULTIPLE CHOICE1.A teacher who is interested in a child’s social development may:a.see motor behavior as a means to promote social skillsb.overlook motor behaviorc.de-emphasize motor behaviord.all answers are correct

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ANS:DPTS:1DIF:Easy2.Observation:a.is required for survivalb.requires us to make sense of and give meaning to what our eyes seec.allows measuring many behaviors that otherwise may not be measurabled.all answers are correctANS:DPTS:1DIF:Medium3.Formal testing procedures:a.are developmentally appropriate for young childrenb.are fine, if the child’s age is taken under considerationc.are taken seriously by young childrend.can severely stress young childrenANS:DPTS:1DIF:Medium4.Observers:a.remain as inconspicuous as possibleb.try to see children’s behavior as it occurs without adult interferencec.take for granted that some children may react adversely to being observedd.all answers are correctANS:DPTS:1DIF:Medium5.Observation:a.neither “is simply a matter of watching children and then writing down what you saw” nor“requires noting and recording facts”b.requires noting and recording factsc.is simply a matter of watching children and then writing down what you sawd.both “is simply a matter of watching children and then writing down what you saw” and“requires noting and recording facts”ANS:BPTS:1DIF:MediumMATCHINGMatch each statement with the correct item below.a.the ability to take in information through one or more of the five physical senses and makesense of that information so that it can be used in meaningful waysb.anything an individual does that can be directly observed by one or more of the fivephysical sensesc.having to do with things that can be seen, heard, touched, smelled, and tastedd.stimuli—such as perceptions, data gotten through observation and the like—thathave notbeen interpreted or processed in any waye.classrooms, child care centers, playgrounds, and homesf.taking in information through one or more of the five physical senses and organizing it ina meaningful wayg.the cognitive inability to take other people’s points of view and to recognize their needsand interests1.behavior2.empirical

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3.observing4.perception5.egocentrism6.raw stimuli7.naturalistic settings1.ANS:BPTS:1DIF:Difficult2.ANS:CPTS:1DIF:Difficult3.ANS:APTS:1DIF:Difficult4.ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Difficult5.ANS:GPTS:1DIF:Difficult6.ANS:DPTS:1DIF:Difficult7.ANS:EPTS:1DIF:Difficult

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Chapter 2—An Introduction to Growth and DevelopmentTRUE/FALSE1.To effectively observe children, your understanding of development is essential.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Easy2.Development ends at the age of 16.ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Medium3.The words growth and development mean the same thing.ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Medium4.Piaget’s theory of human development was called a constructivist theory.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Medium5.Development only depends upon the heredity of an individual.ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Easy6.The cephalocaudal principle and the proximodistal principleare two principles that describe how achild’s motor development progresses.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Easy7.The cephalocaudal principle describes motor development as progressing from the midline of the bodyoutward to the extremities.ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Medium8.Immediate circumstances, historical reasons, adaptive reasons, and evolutionary reasons are calledlevels of explanation.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:MediumMULTIPLE CHOICE1.Which of the following are guideposts to understanding children?a.A wide range of individual differences characterizes normal developmentb.All the domains of development are interrelatedc.Development necessarily takes place within an environment of one kind or anotherd.The developing child as active rather than passivee.All answers are correctANS:EPTS:1DIF:Difficult2.Differentiation is a process in which:a.skills that a child developed at anearlier time in his development remain the same through

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adulthoodb.behaviors that are initially expressed in a diffuse, nonspecific way, eventually separate outand become more skilled, specific, and independent of one anotherc.skills and behaviors that are initially separate and independent of one another arecombined and can work together as a harmonious unitd.none of these answers is correctANS:BPTS:1DIF:Difficult3.Hierarchic integration is a process in which:a.behaviors that are initially expressed in a diffuse, nonspecific way, eventually separate outand become more skilled, specific, and independent of one anotherb.skills and behaviors that are initially separate and independent of one another arecombined and can work together as a harmonious unitc.skills that a child developed at an earlier time in his development remain the same throughadulthoodd.none of these answers is correctANS:BPTS:1DIF:Difficult4.Walking, running, and the use of complete sentences are examples of:a.emergent propertiesb.growthc.quantitative changed.none of these answers is correctANS:APTS:1DIF:Difficult5.Those who believe in the mechanistic model of development agree that:a.development is discontinuousb.development occurs in stagesc.development does not occur in stagesd.none of these answers is correctANS:CPTS:1DIF:Difficult6.Those who believe in the organismic model of development agree that:a.development does not occur in stagesb.development occurs in stagesc.development is continuousd.none of these answers is correctANS:BPTS:1DIF:Difficult7.According to Stage Theory:a.individuals can differ in speed with which they progress through stagesb.certain principles by which change can be described, explained, and predicted arerecognizedc.both “individuals can differ in speed with which they progress through stages” and“certain principles by which change can be described, explained, and predicted arerecognized”d.children move from the sensorimotor stage to the concrete operational stagee.all answers are correctANS:CPTS:1DIF:Difficult

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8.The id, ego, and superego belong to the psychoanalytic perspective of which man?a.Jean Piagetb.Sigmund Freudc.Erik Eriksond.Lev VygotskyANS:BPTS:1DIF:Easy9.Psychosocial crisis belongs to the theory of personality development of which man?a.Jean Piagetb.Sigmund Freudc.Lev Vygotskyd.Erik EriksonANS:DPTS:1DIF:Medium10.The sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational periods belong to thecognitive perspective of which man?a.Jean Piagetb.Erik Eriksonc.Sigmund Freudd.Lev VygotskyANS:APTS:1DIF:Medium11.The sociocultural theory is attributed to which man?a.Sigmund Freudb.Lev Vygotzkyc.Jean Piagetd.Erik EriksonANS:BPTS:1DIF:MediumCOMPLETION1.The ability for children to overcome traumatic experiences in their lives is called____________________.ANS:resiliencyPTS:1DIF:Medium2.The statement thatdevelopment change contributes to the essentially forward direction of thedevelopment process means that development is ____________________.ANS:directionalPTS:1DIF:Difficult3.The process in which behaviors that are initially expressed in a diffuse, nonspecific way eventuallyseparate out and become more skilled, specific, and independent of one another is called____________________.ANS:differentiation

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PTS:1DIF:Difficult4.The process in which skills and behaviors that are initially separate and independent of one another arecombined and can work together as a harmonious unit is called ________________________________________.ANS:hierarchic integrationPTS:1DIF:Difficult5.Development results in increasing ____________________ in organization and functioning.ANS:complexityPTS:1DIF:Difficult6.____________________ means to increase in size, function, or complexity to some point of optimalmaturity.ANS:GrowthPTS:1DIF:Medium7.The theoretical perspective that conceptualizes human beings as being like machines that areessentially passive and act primarily as responders to environmental stimuli is called the____________________ view.ANS:mechanisticPTS:1DIF:Difficult8.A theoretical perspective that conceptualizes human beings as active participants in their owndevelopment rather than as passive reactors to the world around them is called the____________________ view.ANS:organismicPTS:1DIF:Difficult9.The view that all developmental change has to be seen as part of, or as taking place within, a largersocial/cultural environment is called ____________________.ANS:contextualismPTS:1DIF:Difficult10.A theory that holds that development occurs in a steplike fashion, with each step or level qualitativelydistinct from, and more complex than, previous levels is called the ____________________ theory.ANS:stagePTS:1DIF:Medium

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11.____________________ sciences rely on the physical senses to take in relevant data and measure thatdata in some way.ANS:EmpiricalPTS:1DIF:DifficultMATCHINGMatch each statement with the correct item below.a.Change over time in the structure, thoughts, and behaviors of an individual due tobiological and environmental influences.b.The principle that describes motor development as progressing from the midline of thebody outward to the extremities; thus, chest, shoulders, and upper arms come undercontrol before the hands and feet.c.The name given to Vygotsky’s theory of mental development in which the emphasis isshifted away from the child in explaining development and to the influence of theindividual’s social or cultural environment.d.A theory that holds that development occurs in a steplike fashion, with each step or levelqualitatively distinct from, and more complex than, previous levels.e.A condition in which an individual’s response to a stimulus has rewarding or satisfyingconsequences.f.Assumes that the developing child participates in the developmental process and literallyconstructs his or her own reality.g.The first stage in Piaget’s theory of cognitive development; in this stage, the infant learnsabout his environment by active manipulation of the objects in it.h.Increase in size, function, or complexity to some point of optimal maturity; associatedwith quantitative change.1.sensorimotor period2.proximodistal principle3.reinforcement4.sociocultural theory5.stage theory6.constructivist theory7.development8.growth1.ANS:GPTS:1DIF:Medium2.ANS:BPTS:1DIF:Medium3.ANS:EPTS:1DIF:Medium4.ANS:CPTS:1DIF:Medium5.ANS:DPTS:1DIF:Medium6.ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Medium7.ANS:APTS:1DIF:Medium8.ANS:HPTS:1DIF:Medium

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Chapter 3—General Guidelines for Observing ChildrenTRUE/FALSE1.Preparation for observation involves several organizational steps.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Easy2.Defining objectives makes the observational activity manageable.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Easy3.No matter what the objective of an observation is, the site can be the same.ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Medium4.You may need a signed permission slip to be allowed to observe in some facilities.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Easy5.Teachers are participant observers.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Easy6.The general environment is not an objective environment.ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Medium7.The developmental environment is dynamic and constantly changing.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Easy8.It is extremely easy for observers to be inconspicuous.ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Easy9.A copy of ethical guidelines can be obtained from NAEYC.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Easy10.To demonstrate care and sensitivity when conducting observations, it is best to be subjective.ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Medium11.Interpretation always occurs at the end of an observation.ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Medium12.It is important not to label young children.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Easy

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13.There are different approaches to group observation.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Easy14.When in a group, children behave the same, regardless of the group or situation.ANS:FPTS:1DIF:EasyMULTIPLE CHOICE1.When planning an observation, your objectives have to be matched with:a.both “resources” and “settings”b.settingsc.recording methodsd.resourcese.all answers are correctANS:EPTS:1DIF:Easy2.Questions you should ask when preparing for observations include:a.Whom will I observe?b.What is my purpose?c.How will I record my observation?d.What developmental area is the focus of my observation?e.All answers are correctf.None of these answers is correctANS:EPTS:1DIF:Easy3.To be inconspicuous when observing:a.tell the children that you are watching them and writing down what they are doingb.remain as detached as possible or necessary from the childrenc.be cold and aloofd.always stay far away from the childrenANS:BPTS:1DIF:Medium4.Some factors that affect observation include:a.both “sensitivity and awareness” and “fatigue, illness, and discomfort”b.personal biasesc.fatigue, illness, and discomfortd.sensitivity and awarenesse.all answers are correctANS:EPTS:1DIF:Easy5.Categories of errors in recording observations include:a.commission and transmissionb.omission and commissionc.omission, commission, and transmissiond.omission and transmissionANS:CPTS:1DIF:Medium

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6.John sat in the block corner stacking blocks on top of each other for 10 minutes. Each time the blocksfell over he clapped his hands and started building again. This is an example of:a.error of transmissionb.objective descriptionc.subjective descriptiond.error of omissionANS:BPTS:1DIF:Medium7.Interpretation can occur:a.at the time of recording the behaviorb.after the behavior has been recordedc.prior to recording the behaviord.all answersare correcte.none of these answers is correctANS:DPTS:1DIF:Medium8.Reasons for observing groups might include:a.group pattern behaviorsb.both “group pattern behaviors” and “to gain specific information about individualchildren”c.to gain specific information about individual childrend.none of these answers is correctANS:APTS:1DIF:MediumCOMPLETION1.A behavior that can be placed into a particular category is called an ____________________.ANS:eventPTS:1DIF:Medium2.A ____________________ ____________________ is when an observer becomes part of the groupshe is observing and participates in as many of its activities as is appropriate.ANS:participant observationPTS:1DIF:Medium3.When conducting an observation, you should try to be as ____________________ as possible.ANS:inconspicuousPTS:1DIF:Medium4.The ____________________ environment is one that exists before anyone steps into it.ANS:generalPTS:1DIF:Medium

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5.The ____________________ environment exists within the general environment and is anenvironment in action.ANS:developmentalPTS:1DIF:Medium6.____________________ observation tries to prevent or minimize unwanted influence on behavior.ANS:InconspicuousPTS:1DIF:Medium7.____________________ occurs when the professional practices the behavior expected of the children.ANS:ModelingPTS:1DIF:Easy8.____________________ is a process of reviewing, insisting, maintaining standards, and following up.ANS:SupervisionPTS:1DIF:Medium9.Professional ethics and ____________________ are concerns that cannot be separated from allobservation activities.ANS:confidentialityPTS:1DIF:Medium10.____________________ is possibly the most dangerous part of the observation process.ANS:EvaluationPTS:1DIF:Medium11.Any ____________________ concerning a child’s general characteristics or traits should be based onfrequent, representative, and objectively described samples of behavior.ANS:conclusionsPTS:1DIF:Medium12.A distinction exists between the data obtained through group observation and data obtained through____________________ observation.ANS:individualPTS:1DIF:Difficult13.When observing groups, ____________________ vary depending upon what you want to learn.

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ANS:goalsPTS:1DIF:MediumMATCHINGMatch each statement with the correct item below.a.observer becomes part of the group she is observing and participates in as many of itsactivities as is appropriateb.member characteristics, member behaviors, group contextual characteristics, groupepisodesc.leaving out information that is helpful or necessary to understanding a child’s behaviord.group norms, group climate, group’s normal round of procedurese.including more information than is actually present in the situationf.behaviors that can be placed into particular categoriesg.recording what you see as precisely and completely as possibleh.applying your values and attitudes to the child’s behavior, characteristics, and personalityi.going beyond your objective descriptions and trying to explain or give them somemeaningj.recording the behaviors you observe in improper sequence1.interpretation2.evaluation3.error of commission4.error of omission5.error of transmission6.contextual characteristics of small groups7.objective description8.participant observation9.group components10.event1.ANS:IPTS:1DIF:Difficult2.ANS:HPTS:1DIF:Difficult3.ANS:EPTS:1DIF:Difficult4.ANS:CPTS:1DIF:Difficult5.ANS:JPTS:1DIF:Difficult6.ANS:DPTS:1DIF:Difficult7.ANS:GPTS:1DIF:Difficult8.ANS:APTS:1DIF:Difficult9.ANS:BPTS:1DIF:Difficult10.ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Difficult

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Chapter 4—Methods, Behavior, Plans, and ContextsTRUE/FALSE1.Being able to effectively use any observation method requires careful prior preparation.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Easy2.The textbook considers an observation method set of instructions.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Easy3.Behavior occurs in a stop-and-start manner.ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Easy4.Sleeping is a behavior.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Easy5.Formal observation can be accomplished on the spur of the moment.ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Medium6.Planning for observation does not require the observer to make a decision about how much of thebehavior stream will be observed on a given occasion.ANS:FPTS:1DIF:Medium7.Choosing a method of observation is part of the observation process.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:Easy8.Identical situations can occur in different settings.ANS:TPTS:1DIF:MediumMULTIPLE CHOICE1.Prior preparation for using an observation method includes:a.knowing where you are going to observeb.having some understanding of how children developc.being familiar with the method and knowing how to use it properly and effectivelyd.all answers are correctANS:DPTS:1DIF:Easy2.The major characteristic(s) of an observation method:a.It may describe how to do what one needs to do to achieve the objectiveb.It must specify what one has to do to achieve some objectivec.It gives the skill, understanding, and knowledge necessary to achieve some endd.All answers are correct

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ANS:DPTS:1DIF:Medium3.Observation:a.is notimportant to effectively understand childrenb.should be planned for successc.requires deciding what behaviors to observe and where to find those behaviorsd.all answers are correcte.both “should be planned for success” and “requires deciding what behaviors to observeand where to find those behaviors”ANS:EPTS:1DIF:Medium4.Situation addresses which of the following?a.nature of the children’s playb.both “kinds of activities being encouraged” and “nature of the children’s play”c.unexpected events that change ongoing behaviord.kinds of activities being encouragede.all answers are correctANS:EPTS:1DIF:Easy5.Settings:a.do not generate feelings in usb.do not cause variations in responsesc.have physical and social-psychological characteristicsd.all answers are correctANS:CPTS:1DIF:Medium6.Context involves:a.other peopleb.circumstancesc.place and timed.all answers are correcte.both “other people” and “circumstances”ANS:DPTS:1DIF:MediumCOMPLETION1.____________________ is a central element of observation and recording.ANS:BehaviorPTS:1DIF:Easy2.Observation requires ____________________.ANS:planningPTS:1DIF:Medium3.Observation situations are mainly concerned with the ____________________ and____________________ conditions in the setting.

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