Physical Education: Content Knowledge: 1.2 Core Concepts

Gluteus Maximus

The gluteus maximus provides most of the volume and shape of the buttoc...

• Hamstring muscles: Located in the posterior compartment. They enable hip extension, allowing th...

The femur is one of the longest bones in the human body.

Tendons attach muscles to bones, enabling movement, while ligaments connect bones to other bones, providing joint...

Gastrocnemius
It causes plantar flexion at the ankle.

It is a type of tissue that supports, connects, binds and protects other tissues and organs in the body.

A hard, mineralized form of calcium phosphate.

Bone tissue also contains mature bone cells called osteocytes.

• Cartilage: Provide cushioning between joints and flexible support.

• What are the two types of adipose tissue?

  • Brown adipose tissue

  • White adipose tissue

  What are the main functions of white blood cells (leukocytes)?

  • Fight infections.

  • Remove cancerous cells.

  • What are fasciae, and how are they classified?

    Fibrous connective tissues that connect muscles and organs to each other.

    • What are the three types of cartilage, their functions, and their locations?

      • Elastic cartilage:

        • Provides flexibility and support.

      What are the two types of bone tissue?

      • Spongy (cancellous) bone

      • Compact (cortical) bone

      Fill in the blank:

      Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by _______.

      Brittle and fragile bones due to loss of tissue.

      Osteoporosis can result from hormonal changes or deficiencies in calcium or vitamin D.

      What are the five types of bone shapes?

      • Long bones

      • Short bones

      • Flat ...

      What is the importance of the epiphyseal plate?

      It allows for elongation of the bone until adulthood.

      The epiphyseal (growth) plate is visible in adolescents and indicates ...

      Identify the bones of the skull.

      What is the function and structure of the vertebral column?

      • It protects the spinal cord and supports the trunk.

      • I...

      How many pairs of ribs are in the ribcage?

      Twelve pairs of ribs.

      Comprised of true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs.

      Identify the main terms of direction and position related to human body.

      These terms facilitate precise communication among healthcare professionals.

      What are the six types of synovial joints?

      • Hinge

      • Condyloid

      • Saddle

      What are the four specific structures of synovial joints?

      • Joint capsule

      • Synovial liquid

      • View all 74 terms

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      Physical Education: Content Knowledge: 1.2 Core Concepts

      Term	Definition
      What is the primary function of the nervous system?	To coordinate and regulate the body’s activities by transmitting signals between different parts of the body.
      What are the components of the two main parts of the nervous system?	Central Nervous System (CNS): Brain and spinal cord. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Sensitive and motor nerves, and autonomic nervous system. CNS is crucial for processing information, and PNS helps convey impulses to execute actions.
      What are the three main parts of the brain and what is their primary function?	Cerebrum: Process all complex exterior stimuli and execute decision-making and behavior. Cerebellum: Helps in muscle control, balance, coordination, and motor-related learning. Brainstem: Control important functions related to homeostasis and survival, like breathing and heart rate. Every party is connected and related to each other.
      What is the function and structure of the spinal cord?	Function: Carries sensitive motor and autonomic information between the body and the brain. Structure: It has 31 nerves and 3 layers.
      How is the autonomic nervous system structured, and what are its functions?	Function: Controls processes not under conscious control, like heart rate and digestion. Structure: It is divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
      What roles do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems play?	Sympathetic: It is activated during stress and prepares the body to respond to threats (fight or fly response). Parasympathetic: It promotes relaxation and digestion after eating (relax and digest response).
      What are the major parts of the circulatory system?	Heart Blood Blood vessels Heart: Pumps blood around the body through blood vessels. Blood: Transport of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products. Blood vessels: Transport and distribution of oxygen and blood flow.
      What are the components of blood and their functions?	Red blood cells (erythrocytes): carry oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide to lungs. White blood cells (leukocytes): primary action cells of the immune (defense) system. Platelets (thrombocytes): initiate and maintain healthy coagulation. Plasma: carry nutrients, water, and hormones to cells. Blood is a fluid tissue composed of these cells suspended in plasma.
      What are the three major types of blood vessels?	Arteries Veins Capillaries The three major types are connected to each other. Arteries: carry oxygenated blood. Veins: carry deoxygenated blood. Capillaries: facilitate exchange of nutrients and waste at microscopic level.
      What are some major functions of the circulatory system?	Delivering oxygen. Removing carbon dioxide. Transporting essential nutrients. Removing waste products. Protecting from infection. Facilitating blood clotting. Transporting hormones. Maintaining homeostasis. These functions support other organ systems to perform effectively.
      What health conditions can affect the circulatory system?	Atherosclerosis High blood pressure Angina Arrhythmia Blood clots These conditions can be life-threatening.
      What constitutes the human vascular system, and how is it structured?	A collection of organs, nodes, and vessels that function to move blood and lymph throughout the body. It has three major components: Cardiovascular system Pulmonary system Lymphatic system It is also known as the circulatory system.
      What are the functions of the lymphatic system?	Collects excess fluid. Absorbs fats in the intestines. Collaborates with the immune system. Removes waste products. The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance and immunity.
      How does blood flow through the human heart and circulate throughout the body?	Oxygen-poor blood enters the right atrium collected by veins. Flows to the right ventricle, is pumped to the lungs for oxygenation. Returns to the left atrium, flows into the left ventricle. Oxygenated blood is pumped out to the body by arteries.
      What are the two types of bone marrow and what are their primary function?	Red marrow: localized mainly in spongy (cancellous) bones or flat bones and produces blood cells. Yellow marrow: Localized mainly in the diaphyseal portion or the shaft of long bones, and stores fat.
      What is the definition of anemia?	A lower than normal number of red blood cells. It can be caused by blood loss or nutrient deficiencies, and as a consequence, oxygen cannot get to where needed.
      What is the primary function of hemoglobin in red blood cells?	To store and transport oxygen, allowing the cells to carry more oxygen from the lungs into the blood. The main function of red blood cells is dependent on hemoglobin.
      What is the primary function of the respiratory system?	To bring air into the body, oxygenate the blood, remove waste, and expel it to the outside environment.
      Identify the main parts of the respiratory system and their functions.	Mouth: Connects the pharynx to the nose. Nose: Filters the primary entrance of air to the body. Pharynx: Connects the nose to the larynx. Larynx: Produces voice through vocal cords. Trachea: Connects larynx with bronchi. Bronchi: Main airways entering the lungs. Bronchioles: Small branched airways ending in alveoli. Alveoli: Little sacs where oxygen exchange takes place. Lungs: Organ that contains bronchioles and alveoli.
      What is the role of the diaphragm in the respiratory system?	It separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. It is the main respiratory muscle, and when contracted, the thoracic cavity expands, creating a vacuum that allows air to be sucked into the lungs.
      Fill in the blank: The _______ contains vocal cords that help produce sounds.	Larynx
      What is the function of the epiglottis?	It prevents food from entering the trachea. It directs food into the esophagus during swallowing.
      Heart Rate	The number of beats the heart makes per minute, measured in beats per minute (bpm). The normal resting range is between 60 to 100 bpm.
      What are the three types of muscle tissue?	Cardiac muscle Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle: Found in heart and responsible for pumping blood through the body. Skeletal muscle: Voluntary movement of the body and heat generation. Smooth muscle: Primarily found in hollow organs and system like digestive, urinary and vascular systems.
      Which two proteins are essential for muscle cell contraction?	Actin Myosin These proteins are arranged in tubules called myofibrils.
      Fill in the blank: The distinct red color of many skeletal muscles is due to the presence of _______.	myoglobin Myoglobin binds to oxygen, storing it for local use during high muscle activity.
      What are the three layers of connective tissue in a muscle?	Endomysium Perimysium Epimysium
      How is the strength of a muscle contraction measured?	Using a force transducer that translates output force into voltage. This measurement helps researchers analyze individual muscle force.
      What are the two main types of muscle contractions and provide an example of each one?	Isotonic contraction The muscle actively changes length and maintains tone. Example: Biceps curl Isometric contraction The muscle maintains length, but tone (tension) increase. Example: Holding an object out from the body.
      What are the two types of isotonic contractions?	Eccentric contractions Concentric contractions Eccentric contractions: Muscles lengthen but maintain the same tension. Concentric contractions: Muscles shorten while maintaining tension.
      Fill in the blank: Muscle cells use ______ _______ to produce ATP quickly on demand.	Creatine Phosphate | (CP) CP is a stable storage form of inorganic phosphate.
      What happens to muscle fibers after exercise?	Satellite cells repair and increase the size of muscle fibers. This process contributes to muscle growth.
      What are the main types of muscle fibers and their characteristics?	Type I (slow oxidative) fibers: slow aerobic metabolism and sustained contraction with low tension Type IIa (fast oxidative) fibers: fast aerobic metabolism and sustained contraction with high tension. Type IIx (fast glycolytic) fibers: fast anaerobic metabolism and capable of fast and high-tension contractions.
      What is the primary function of a lever system in the human body and how is it composed?	Function: To produce a mechanical advantage. It is composed of: Lever (bone) Pivot/Fulcrum (joint) Effort (muscle contraction) Load (weight or body part moved) Mechanical advantage refers to turning a small force into a larger force or movement.
      What are the three types of lever systems, and how are their parts arranged?	1st class: Effort, Fulcrum, Load (EFL) 2nd class: Effort, Load, Fulcrum (ELF) 3rd class: Fulcrum, Effort, Load (FEL)
      What is the medical definition of articulation?	The site of close approximation of two or more bones; a joint.
      What are the three main types of joints?	Synarthroses Amphiarthroses Diarthroses Synarthroses: Joints that don’t move at all. These joints provide structural support. Amphiarthroses: Joints with limited movement that give a mix of stability and some motion. Diarthroses: Joints that can move freely in most directions. These joints allow the most movement.
      Provide an example for each functional type of joint: synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis.	Synarthroses: The joints in the skull. Amphiarthroses: Junction between ribs and sternum, symphysis pubis, and vertebrae of the spine Diarthroses: Shoulder, knee, elbow, and wrist.
      What is the anatomic position?	A person stands with arms at their side and palms facing forward. This position is used as a baseline for describing movements and relations between body parts.
      Identify the main primary movements of the body parts and joints.	Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Circumduction Eversion Inversion Flexion: decrease in the angle of the joint Extension: increase in the angle of the joint Abduction: movement of limb away from midline Adduction: movement of limb towards the midline Circumduction: circular movement of a joint using a combination of other angular movements such that the distal limb describes a circle Eversion: movement of the sole of the foot away from the median plane Inversion: movement of the sole of the foot towards the median plane
      How are the origin and insertion of a muscle defined?	Origin: The site where bone and muscle are attached, but do not move during contraction, usually the proximal attachment. Example: clavicle for sternocleidomastoids. Insertion: The site where bone and muscle are attached and move during contraction, usually the distal attachment. Example: Humerus for pectoralis major.
      What are the two main groups of human bones in the body?	Axial skeleton Appendicular skeleton Axial skeleton: bones found along the central axis traveling down the center of the body. Appendicular skeleton: bones that attach (append) to the axial skeleton, limb bones.
      What is the primary function of the erector spinae muscles?	Extension of the vertebral column and maintenance of good posture. The erector spinae muscles are innervated by spinal nerves.
      What muscles make up the spinal erector muscles? | (SEM)	Superficial SEM: Spinalis, longissimus and Iliocostalis muscles Deep SEM: Quadratus lumborum and multifidus These muscles help extend the neck and vertebral column.
      What causes lower back pain related to the erector spinae muscles?	Weakness, injury, or inflammation of these muscles. Many of these muscles are small and susceptible to injury.
      What are the main muscles of the trunk and their primary functions?	Pectoral muscles: serratus, major and minor pectoralis Intercostal muscles: internal, external, and innermost Abdominal muscles: external and internal oblique and rectus abdominis
      Which muscle is located on top of the shoulder joint?	Deltoid The deltoid is a large, triangular-shaped muscle that gives the shoulder most of its shape.
      What are the four rotator cuff muscles?	Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis These muscles also stabilize the shoulder joint by holding the head of the humerus in place. Supraspinatus: initiation of abduction of arm to 15°. Infraspinatus: external rotation of arm. Teres minor: external rotation and adduction of arm. Subscapularis: internal rotation of arm.
      Identify the main bones and joints of the upper limb.	Anterior: biceps brachii, coracobrachialis and brachialis muscles
      What are the main muscles of the upper arm?	Anterior: biceps brachii, coracobrachialis and brachialis muscles Posterior: triceps brachii muscle The anterior muscles are arm flexors while the posterior muscle is arm extensor.
      What condition is most frequently associated with overuse of the forearm, wrist, and hand region?	Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
      Which muscle is the largest and most superficial of the gluteal muscles?	Gluteus Maximus The gluteus maximus provides most of the volume and shape of the buttocks.
      What are the three main groups of thigh muscles?	Hamstring muscles: Located in the posterior compartment. They enable hip extension, allowing the leg to move backward. Quadriceps muscles: Located in the anterior compartment. They facilitate hip flexion and knee extension. Adductor muscles:Located in the medial compartment. They enable the thighs to move towards each other.
      Identify the main segments, joints and bones of the lower extremity?	The femur is one of the longest bones in the human body.
      What distinguishes tendons from ligaments, and what are their functions?	Tendons attach muscles to bones, enabling movement, while ligaments connect bones to other bones, providing joint stability.
      Which muscle is primarily responsible for the function of the calf?	Gastrocnemius It causes plantar flexion at the ankle.
      How is connective tissue defined, and what is its primary function?	It is a type of tissue that supports, connects, binds and protects other tissues and organs in the body.
      What is bone tissue primarily composed of?	A hard, mineralized form of calcium phosphate. Bone tissue also contains mature bone cells called osteocytes.
      What are the main types of connective tissue and their functions?	Cartilage: Provide cushioning between joints and flexible support. Bone: Provide rigid support and protection. Loose connective tissue: To provide cushioning and filling in areas between organs. Adipose tissue: Store energy, regulate temperature, and endocrine regulation. Dense connective tissue: Provide strong connections between other organs. Fluid tissue (blood): Provide oxygen, nutrients, and immune function.
      What are the two types of adipose tissue?	Brown adipose tissue White adipose tissue Brown adipose tissue: helps maintain body temperature. White adipose tissue: acts as an insulator and energy source.
      What are the main functions of white blood cells (leukocytes)?	Fight infections. Remove cancerous cells. Remove dead cells. White blood cells play a critical role in the immune response.
      What are fasciae, and how are they classified?	Fibrous connective tissues that connect muscles and organs to each other. Superficial and deep fasciae: Surrounds muscles, blood vessels, bones, and nerves. Parietal and visceral fasciae: Anchor internal organs in body cavities.
      What are the three types of cartilage, their functions, and their locations?	Elastic cartilage: Provides flexibility and support. Found in: ear (external ear) and epiglottis. Hyaline cartilage: Reduces friction and absorbs shock. Found in: joints (articular cartilage), nose. Fibrocartilage: Offers strength, rigidity and withstands compression. Found in: intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, meniscus.
      What are the two types of bone tissue?	Spongy (cancellous) bone Compact (cortical) bone Spongy (cancellous) bone: light, porous bone enclosing numerous large spaces of bone marrow; found at the end of long bones and plane bones. Compact (cortical) bone: Dense, strong, and heavy; found in the shafts of long bones.
      Fill in the blank: Osteoporosis is a condition characterized by _______.	Brittle and fragile bones due to loss of tissue. Osteoporosis can result from hormonal changes or deficiencies in calcium or vitamin D.
      What are the five types of bone shapes?	Long bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones Sesamoid bones Long bones: Support weight and facilitate movement. Short bones: Provide stability and movement. Flat bones: Protect internal organs. Irregular bones: Complex shape, not fitting the others. Sesamoid bones: Bones embedded in tendons, prevent stress and wear.
      What is the importance of the epiphyseal plate?	It allows for elongation of the bone until adulthood. The epiphyseal (growth) plate is visible in adolescents and indicates ongoing bone growth.
      Identify the bones of the skull.
      What is the function and structure of the vertebral column?	It protects the spinal cord and supports the trunk. It is made up of 33 vertebrae: Cervical spine: 7 vertebrae Thoracic spine: 12 vertebrae Lumbar spine: 5 vertebrae Sacrum: 5 fused vertebrae Coccyx: 4 fused vertebrae
      How many pairs of ribs are in the ribcage?	Twelve pairs of ribs. Comprised of true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs.
      Identify the main terms of direction and position related to human body.	These terms facilitate precise communication among healthcare professionals.
      What are the six types of synovial joints?	Hinge Condyloid Saddle Planar Pivot Ball and Socket
      What are the four specific structures of synovial joints?	Joint capsule Synovial liquid Synovial membrane Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)