Environmental Science: Foundations and Applications 1st Edition Test Bank

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Chapter 1–Friedland Test BankKey IdeaCorrespondingQuestions (#)Define the field of environmental science and discussits importance.1–11Identify ways in which humans have altered andcontinue to alter our environment.12–33Describe the key environmental indicators that help usevaluate the health of the planet.34–44Define sustainability and explain how it can bemeasured using the ecological footprint.45–52Explain the scientific method and its application to thestudy of environmental problems.53–73Describe some of the unique challenges andlimitations of environmental science.74–78Chapter 1: Studying the State of Our EarthMultiple Choice1. The death of a billion fish in the Neuse River of North Carolina in 1991 was caused byA. sediment.B. bacteria.C. overfishing the food source of the fish.D.Pfiesteria.E. acid rain.ANS: DDIF: EMSC: Fact basedKey Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance.2.Pfiesteriais aA. microscopic free living organism.B. macroscopic algae.C. fungus.D. fish.E. nutrient.ANS: ADIF: EMSC: DefinitionalKey Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance.3.Pfiesteriahas many life stages, including aI. carnivorous stage.

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II. free-floating amoeba stage.III. stage that allows development of a protective casing.A. I onlyB. II onlyC. III onlyD. I and IIIE. I, II, and IIIANS: EDIF: EMSC: Fact basedKey Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance.4. The factor that enabledPfiesteriato enter the life stage that caused fish kills in the Neuse River ofNorth Carolina is thatA. allPfiesteriaare dangerous to aquatic life forms.B. the development of a protective coat prevented the work of pesticides.C. overfishing caused a decrease in predators.D. nutrients were added to the water.E. drought made conditions appropriate.ANS: DDIF: MMSC: Fact basedKey Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance.5. The effect of aPfiesteriaoutbreak on humans is a(n)A. decrease in tourism.B. economic loss from decreased seafood sales.C. decrease in recreational fishing.D. increase of skin sores and nausea.E. All of the aboveANS: EDIF: MMSC: Fact basedKey Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance.6. When we discuss “our environment,” we are referring toA. all conditions in the world.B. only interactions that affect human life.C. only conditions that cause negative effects on our health.D. primarily interactions that harm the atmosphere.E. the sum of all the conditions surrounding us that influence life.ANS: EDIF: MMSC: Concept basedKey Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance.7. The study of environmental science is concerned withA. the interactions among human systems and those found in nature.B. biotic and abiotic interactions with human systems.

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C. only abiotic factors.D. only biotic factors.E. Both A and BANS: EDIF: MMSC: Concept basedKey Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance.8. The Neuse River is considered a system because it involvesA. components that influence each other irreversibly.B. specifically interacting biotic components that influence each other.C. interacting abiotic components.D. components that interact and influence one another through material or energy change.E. components that influence one another only through the water.ANS: DDIF: MMSC: DefinitionalKey Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance.9. An ecosystem is a location on Earth that includesI. only biotic components.II. only abiotic components.III. interacting living and non-living components.A. I onlyB. II onlyC. III onlyD. I and II onlyE. I, II, and IIIANS: CDIF: MMSC: Concept basedKey Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance.10. The difference between an environmentalist and an environmental scientist isA. negligible because both care about Earth.B. that an environmentalist is involved in a social movement; whereas an environmental scientist isconcerned with the methods of science.C. that an environmental scientist has a background in biology and chemistry; whereas anenvironmentalist studies the humanities.D. an environmentalist is generally a radical.E. an environmentalist is involved in a social movement; whereas an environmental scientist isconcerned with politics.ANS: BDIF: EMSC: Concept basedKey Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance.11. Environmental Studies coverA. ethics.

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B. policy.C. literature.D. economics.E. All of the aboveANS: EDIF: MMSC: Concept basedKey Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance.12. A good example of direct human manipulation of the natural environment is seen inA. adding emissions to the atmosphere from driving cars.B. converting land from forest to growing crops.C. growing clover and wheat in a laboratory.D. raising goldfish in a fish tank.E. Both A and BANS: EDIF: EMSC: Critical thinkingKey Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.13. The extinction of mastodons and giant ground sloths in the Americas is attributed toA. climatic change.B. competition with dinosaurs.C. a meteor impact in Central America.D. overhunting by humans.E. introduction of the American bison which acted as a competitor.ANS: DDIF: MMSC: Fact basedKey Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.14. Native Americans on the Great PlainsA. were responsible for the expansion of the tallgrass prairie.B. had hunted the passenger pigeon to extinction by the 1880s.C. had hunted the American bison to extinction by the 1880s.D. used fire to burn the tallgrass prairie.E. were completely gone by the 1600s.ANS: ADIF: MMSC: Fact basedKey Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.15. Which is a correct statement from the point of view of an environmental scientist?A. Human manipulation of the environment is completely acceptable in any modern society.B. Human manipulation of the environment is outpacing the rate at which natural systems can evolve.C. Natural systems will evolve at an appropriate rate to compensate for human manipulation.D. Natural systems will be undamaged by human interference because engineering discoveries will fixthe problems.E. Adaptation and relocation are acceptable and reliable solutions for organisms that are affected by

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climate change.ANS: BDIF: MMSC: Concept basedKey Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.16. Ecosystem servicesA. are the processes by which life supporting resources are produced.B. can be provided by a forest.C. can be provided by an aquifer.D. can be provided by soil.E. All of the aboveANS: EDIF: EMSC: Concept basedKey Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.17. Environmental indicatorsA. enable scientists to accurately predict the future of an environment.B. describe what is causing a change in the environment.C. do not always describe what is causing a change in the environment.D. do not provide information that is considered valuable in creating public policy.E. Both A and CANS: CDIF: MMSC: Concept basedKey Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.18. Living in an environmentally sustainable way necessitatesA. using Earth’s resources efficiently whenever convenient.B. living without basic ecosystem services.C. living in a tent.D. living in a rural area.E. sensitivity to the needs of future generations.ANS: EDIF: EMSC: Concept basedKey Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.19. Evidence of biodiversity is seen in theA. genetic variation among human populations.B. number of species in a region.C. number of ecosystems and habitats in a region.D. variety of nutrients available in a region.E. All of the aboveANS: EDIF: EMSC: Critical thinkingKey Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.

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20. The population with the greatest ability to respond to environmental change most likely is the onewithA. high genetic diversity.B. low genetic diversity.C. one type of dominant organism.D. two types of dominant organisms.E. more animals than plants.ANS: ADIF: EMSC: Critical thinkingKey Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.21. The number of species on Earth that have been identified is approximatelyA. 10 billion.B. 1 billion.C. 100 million.D. 2 million.E. 100,000.ANS: DDIF: EMSC: Fact basedKey Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.22. The number of species on Earth that have not yet been identified is estimated atA. 50–100 billion.B. 5–10 billion.C. 5–100 million.D. 1–2 million.E. 5,000–100,000.ANS: CDIF: EMSC: Fact basedKey Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.23. The health of frog populations is used as an indicator of environmental health because frogsA. are exposed to the water.B. are amphibious.C. eat insects which are very low on the food chain.D. live in the tropics.E. may ingest toxins on land.ANS: BDIF: EMSC: Fact basedKey Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.24. The comparison between the rate of speciation and background extinction rate is thatA. speciation is natural and background extinction rate is human induced.

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B. speciation and background extinction rate are very slow, natural processes.C. speciation is much faster than background extinction rate.D. environmental stress may cause species to go extinct faster than new ones can evolve.E. Both B and DANS: EDIF: MMSC: Concept based25. Two square km is equal to ____ square meters.A. 200,000B. 2,000,000C. 20,000,000D. 200,000,000E. 2,000,000,000ANS: BDIF: MMSC: Analytical thinkingKey Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.26. Five square miles is equal to ____ acres. (1 square mile = 640 acres)A. 0.32B. 320C. 2500D. 3200E. 32,000ANS: DDIF: EMSC: Analytical thinkingKey Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.27. Seventy-five square kilometers is equal to ____ square miles. (1 km = 0.6214 mile)A. 28.96B. 2890C. 5625D. 39,600E. 46.61ANS: ADIF: MMSC: Analytical thinkingKey Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.28. Twenty square kilometers is equal to ____ hectares.(1 hectare = 10,000 m2)A. 20,000B. 200C. 2000D. 200,000E. 40ANS: CDIF: M

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MSC: Analytical thinkingKey Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.29. Fifteen hundred acres is closest to ____ hectares.(1 hectare = 2.47 acres)A. 300B. 6000C. 60D. 3000E. 600ANS: EDIF: EMSC: Analytical thinkingKey Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.30. Total world grain production hasA. increased fairly steadily since 1950.B. dropped dramatically since 1950.C. leveled off recently.D. increased recently.E. gone up and down with no overall trend.ANS: ADIF: EMSC: Fact basedKey Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.Figure 1-131. According to Figure 1-1 above, which of the following statements about the overall trends in percapita wheat production is correct?A. Per capita wheat production increased from 1950 through the mid-1980s and then started todecrease.

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B. There is no discernible trend.C. Between 1950 and 1960, per capita wheat production was stable and then decreased through 2005.D. Per capita wheat production has not changed since the 1950s.E. Per capita wheat production has steadily increased since the 1950s through today.ANS: ADIF: MMSC: Analytical thinkingNAR: Figure 1-1Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.32. Factors that are responsible for grain production not keeping up with worldwide population includeA. crop diseases.B. soil degradation.C. use of food crops for fuel.D. government encouragement to let land remain uncultivated.E. All of the aboveANS: EDIF: EMSC: Concept basedKey Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.33. New innovations in food production areA. sure to find new efficient ways to produce enough food to feed the world.B. not keeping pace with food needs of the world.C. not needed to keep pace with food needs of the world.D. frequently the cause of soil degradation.E. Both B and DANS: EDIF: MMSC: Concept basedKey Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.34. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere areA. concentrated near the equator.B. completely the product of human activity.C. responsible for constant temperatures near Earth’s surface.D. causing a decrease in atmospheric temperature.E. primarily the result of volcanic activity.ANS: CDIF: MMSC: Fact basedDescribe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet.35. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphereA. is increasing in part due to fossil fuel use.B. has not significantly changed in the past 200 years.C. is increasing in part due to deforestation.D. has been decreasing since the 1800s.E. Both A and C

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ANS: EDIF: EMSC: Fact basedDescribe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet.36. Human population today is closest toA. 3 billion.B. 5 billion.C. 6 billion.D. 7 billion.E. 12 billion.ANS: DDIF: EMSC: Fact basedDescribe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet.37. If the worldwide number of births daily is 364,000 and the number of deaths is 152,000, thenannually there are an additional ____ people.A. 7,000,000.B. 77,380.C. 100,000,000.D. 77,380,000.E. 212,000.ANS: DDIF: EMSC: Analytical thinkingDescribe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet.38. Human population is expected to stabilize at ____ by the year ____.A. 68–105 billion; 2050B. 68–105 billion; 2100C. 6.8–10.5 billion; 2100D. 6.8–10.5 billion; 2150E. 6.8–10.5 billion; 2200.ANS: CDIF: MMSC: Fact basedDescribe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet.39. The following are non-renewable resources exceptA. aluminum.B. oil.C. coal.D. copper.E. timber.ANS: EDIF: EMSC: Concept basedDescribe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet.

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40. Economic development goes hand in hand withA. decreased use of non-renewable resources.B. increased consumption of resources.C. smaller more efficient living styles.D. better planting strategies for crops.E. sustainable use of renewable resources.ANS: BDIF: EMSC: Concept basedDescribe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet.41. ____ % of the world’s most developed population consumes ____ % of the world’s energy.A. 20; 58B. 20; 20C. 10; 90D. 2; 75E. 2; 95ANS: ADIF: MMSC: Fact basedDescribe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet.42. The poorest ____ % of the world’s people consume no more than ____ % of the world’s energy,paper, fish and meat.A. 20: 20B. 20; 5C. 5; 20D. 5; 35E. 2; 45ANS: BDIF: MMSC: Fact basedDescribe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet.43. If a forest is cleared at a rate of875 acres per day, approximately how manyhectares per yeararebeing cleared?A. 2160B. 319,000C. 3500D. 129,000E. 13,000ANS: DDIF: MMSC: Analytical thinkingDescribe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet.44. If land is cleared at a rate of456 hectares per week, approximately how manyacres per yearthatare being cleared?

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A. 16,5000B. 180C. 9500D. 66,400E. 58,600ANS: EDIF: MMSC: Analytical thinkingDescribe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet.45. Sustainable developmentA. was demonstrated on Easter Island.B. requires resources to be saved and stored for one generation.C. is achieved when food is raised by the people who are eating it.D. balances human needs and economic development.E. allows for clear-cutting of trees.ANS: DDIF: MMSC: Concept basedDefine sustainability and explain how it can be measured using the ecological footprint.46. The following are examples of sustainable practices.I. Forests cut for timber are replanted.II. Steel is recycled.III. Plastic is disposed of in landfills because that it is less expensive than recycling.A. I onlyB. II onlyC. I and III onlyD. I and II onlyE. I, II, and IIIANS: DDIF: EMSC: Critical thinkingDefine sustainability and explain how it can be measured using the ecological footprint.47. Sustainable development would incorporateA. the development of alternative materials.B. efficient use of energy.C. replacement of nutrients in soil.D. evaluation of residential patterns.E. All of the aboveANS: EDIF: EMSC: Critical thinkingDefine sustainability and explain how it can be measured using the ecological footprint.48. The action that can reduce the ecological footprint of people in the highly developed world to levelsthat are sustainable isA. eating more fish.

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B. shopping only in stores that use organic cotton.C. traveling to the developing world.D. using more fertilizer.E. None of these actions alone will result in a sustainable level of consumption.ANS: EDIF: MMSC: Critical thinkingDefine sustainability and explain how it can be measured using the ecological footprint.49. The concept of ecological footprint is measured in terms of the amount ofA. resource an individual consumes daily.B. land area.C. resources an individual consumes over the course of a lifetime.D. resources an entire nation consumes yearly.E. resources an individual consumes yearly.ANS: BDIF: MMSC: DefinitionalDefine sustainability and explain how it can be measured using the ecological footprint.50. Calculating ecological footprint involves consideration ofA. the impact of activities on the resources of Earth.B. lifestyle.C. water usage for crops and direct consumption.D. food calories required for continuing normal activity.E. All of the aboveANS: EDIF: EMSC: Concept basedDefine sustainability and explain how it can be measured using the ecological footprint.51. The world’s calculated human ecological footprint is ____ % of the Earth’s total usable land area.A. 40B. 75C. 100D. 125E. 200ANS: DDIF: MMSC: Fact basedDefine sustainability and explain how it can be measured using the ecological footprint.52. If every person on Earth today lived with the average lifestyle of people in the United States, theland of ____ Earths would be required.A. 2B. 5C. 8D. 10E. 20

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ANS: BDIF: MMSC: Fact basedDefine sustainability and explain how it can be measured using the ecological footprint.Passage 1-1An experiment is set up to determine if wheat grows better when it is planted by itself or together withclover. The setup involves three pans of each treatment. Set-ups A, B, and C contain wheat alone. Set-ups D, E, and F contain clover and wheat planted together, in rows alternating one seed of each type.One hundred seeds are planted in each pan. All treatments contain the same type of soil, are planted inthe same size of pan, are exposed to the same amount of sunlight, and are maintained at the sametemperature throughout the course of the experiment.53. Use Passage 1-1. The treatments planted with wheat alone are theA. constant.B. controls.C. independent variable.D. dependent variable.E. replication.ANS: BDIF: EMSC: Critical thinkingNAR: Passage 1-1Explain the scientific method and its application to the studyof environmental problems.54. Use Passage 1-1. Which of the following statements provides a hypothesis for this experiment?A. Wheat grows taller when planted by itself than when it is alternated with clover.B. Clover grows better when planted by itselfC. Wheat grows better when planted together with clover.D. Clover grows better when planted together with wheat.E. Both A and CANS: EDIF: MMSC: Critical thinkingNAR: Passage 1-1Explain the scientific method and its applicationto the study of environmental problems.55. Use Passage 1-1. Several setups of each treatment are prepared to fulfill a very importantrequirement of scientific experimentation, specifically the need forA. replication.B. constants.C. a control.D. an independent variable.E. a dependent variable.ANS: ADIF: MMSC: Critical thinkingNAR: Passage 1-1

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Explain the scientific method and its applicationto the study of environmental problems.56. Use Passage 1-1. Constants in this experiment areA. the pan of wheat, temperature, and soil type.B. temperature, number of seeds in each pan, and sunlight.C. number of seeds in each pan, sunlight, and one pan of wheat and clover.D. the pans of wheat alternated with clover.E. the same as the independent variable.ANS: BDIF: EMSC: Critical thinkingNAR: Passage 1-1Explain the scientific method and its application to the studyof environmental problems.57. Use Passage 1-1. The dependent variable in this experiment could be theA. height of the clover.B. number of leaves on the clover.C. height of the wheat.D. presence of nodules on the roots of the clover.E. number of clover seeds that germinate.ANS: CDIF: EMSC: Critical thinkingNAR: Passage 1-1Explain the scientific method and its application to the studyof environmental problems.58. A hypothesis is different from a belief because it isA. testable.B. proven.C. the same as a theory.D. sensible.E. false.ANS: ADIF: EMSC: Concept basedExplain the scientific method and its application to the studyof environmental problems.59. Accuracy isA. how close a measured value is to the actual value.B. how close a measured value is to repeated measurements of the same sample.C. a measurement.D. an estimation.E. only measured in the metric system.ANS: ADIF: MMSC: DefinitionalExplain the scientific method and its application to the studyof environmental problems.60. Precision is

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