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Environmental Science: Foundations and Applications 1st Edition Test Bank

Environmental Science: Foundations and Applications 1st Edition Test Bank helps you stay ahead with key concepts, problem-solving approaches, and exam success strategies.

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    Chapter 1 – Friedland Test Bank Key Idea Corresponding Questions (#) Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance. 1 – 11 Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. 12 – 33 Describe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet. 34 – 44 Define sustainability and explain how it can be measured using the ecological footprint. 45 – 52 Explain the scientific method and its application to the study of environmental problems. 53 – 73 Describe some of the unique challenges and limitations of environmental science. 74 – 78 Chapter 1: Studying the State of Our Earth Multiple Choice 1. The death of a billion fish in the Neuse River of North Carolina in 1991 was caused by A. sediment. B. bacteria. C. overfishing the food source of the fish. D. Pfiesteria . E. acid rain. ANS: D DIF: E MSC: Fact based Key Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance. 2. Pfiesteria is a A. microscopic free living organism. B. macroscopic algae. C. fungus. D. fish. E. nutrient. ANS: A DIF: E MSC: Definitional Key Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance. 3. Pfiesteria has many life stages, including a I. carnivorous stage.

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    II. free - floating amoeba stage. III. stage that allows development of a protective casing. A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I and III E. I, II, and III ANS: E DIF: E MSC: Fact based Key Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance. 4. The factor that enabled Pfiesteria to enter the life stage that caused fish kills in the Neuse River of North Carolina is that A. all Pfiesteria are dangerous to aquatic life forms. B. the development of a protective coat prevented the work of pesticides. C. overfishing caused a decrease in predators. D. nutrients were added to the water. E. drought made conditions appropriate. ANS: D DIF: M MSC: Fact based Key Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance. 5. The effect of a Pfiesteria outbreak on humans is a(n) A. decrease in tourism. B. economic loss from decreased seafood sales. C. decrease in recreational fishing. D. increase of skin sores and nausea. E. All of the above ANS: E DIF: M MSC: Fact based Key Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance. 6. When we discuss “our environment,” we are referring to A. all conditions in the world. B. only interactions that affect human life. C. only conditions that cause negative effects on our health. D. primarily interactions that harm the atmosphere. E. the sum of all the conditions surrounding us that influence life. ANS: E DIF: M MSC: Concept based Key Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance. 7. The study of environmental science is concerned with A. the interactions among human systems and those found in nature. B. biotic and abiotic interactions with human systems.

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    C. only abiotic factors. D. only biotic factors. E. Both A and B ANS: E DIF: M MSC: Concept based Key Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance. 8. The Neuse River is considered a system because it involves A. components that influence each other irreversibly. B. specifically interacting biotic components that influence each other. C. interacting abiotic components. D. components that interact and influence one another through material or energy change. E. components that influence one another only through the water. ANS: D DIF: M MSC: Definitional Key Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance. 9. An ecosystem is a location on Earth that includes I. only biotic components. II. only abiotic components. III. interacting living and non - living components. A. I only B. II only C. III only D. I and II only E. I, II, and III ANS: C DIF: M MSC: Concept based Key Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance. 10. The difference between an environmentalist and an environmental scientist is A. negligible because both care about Earth. B. that an environmentalist is involved in a social movement; whereas an environmental scientist is concerned with the methods of science. C. that an environmental scientist has a background in biology and chemistry; whereas an environmentalist studies the humanities. D. an environmentalist is generally a radical. E. an environmentalist is involved in a social movement; whereas an environmental scientist is concerned with politics. ANS: B DIF: E MSC: Concept based Key Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance. 11. Environmental Studies cover A. ethics.

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    B. policy. C. literature. D. economics. E. All of the above ANS: E DIF: M MSC: Concept based Key Idea: Define the field of environmental science and discuss its importance. 12. A good example of direct human manipulation of the natural environment is seen in A. adding emissions to the atmosphere from driving cars. B. converting land from forest to growing crops. C. growing clover and wheat in a laboratory. D. raising goldfish in a fish tank. E. Both A and B ANS: E DIF: E MSC: Critical thinking Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. 13. The extinction of mastodons and giant ground sloths in the Americas is attributed to A. climatic change. B. competition with dinosaurs. C. a meteor impact in Central America. D. overhunting by humans. E. introduction of the American bison which acted as a competitor. ANS: D DIF: M MSC: Fact based Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. 14. Native Americans on the Great Plains A. were responsible for the expansion of the tallgrass prairie. B. had hunted the passenger pigeon to extinction by the 1880s. C. had hunted the American bison to extinction by the 1880s. D. used fire to burn the tallgrass prairie. E. were completely gone by the 1600s. ANS: A DIF: M MSC: Fact based Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. 15. Which is a correct statement from the point of view of an environmental scientist? A. Human manipulation of the environment is completely acceptable in any modern society. B. Human manipulation of the environment is outpacing the rate at which natural systems can evolve. C. Natural systems will evolve at an appropriate rate to compensate for human manipulation. D. Natural systems will be undamaged by human interference because engineering discoveries will fix the problems. E. Adaptation and relocation are acceptable and reliable solutions for organisms that are affected by

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    climate change. ANS: B DIF: M MSC: Concept based Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. 16. Ecosystem services A. are the processes by which life supporting resources are produced. B. can be provided by a forest. C. can be provided by an aquifer. D. can be provided by soil. E. All of the above ANS: E DIF: E MSC: Concept based Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. 17. Environmental indicators A. enable scientists to accurately predict the future of an environment. B. describe what is causing a change in the environment. C. do not always describe what is causing a change in the environment. D. do not provide information that is considered valuable in creating public policy. E. Both A and C ANS: C DIF: M MSC: Concept based Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. 18. Living in an environmentally sustainable way necessitates A. using Earth’s resources efficiently whenever convenient. B. living without basic ecosystem services. C. living in a tent. D. living in a rural area. E. sensitivity to the needs of future generations. ANS: E DIF: E MSC: Concept based Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. 19. Evidence of biodiversity is seen in the A. genetic variation among human populations. B. number of species in a region. C. number of ecosystems and habitats in a region. D. variety of nutrients available in a region. E. All of the above ANS: E DIF: E MSC: Critical thinking Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment.

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    20. The population with the greatest ability to respond to environmental change most likely is the one with A. high genetic diversity. B. low genetic diversity. C. one type of dominant organism. D. two types of dominant organisms. E. more animals than plants. ANS: A DIF: E MSC: Critical thinking Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. 21. The number of species on Earth that have been identified is approximately A. 10 billion. B. 1 billion. C. 100 million. D. 2 million. E. 100,000. ANS: D DIF: E MSC: Fact based Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. 22. The number of species on Earth that have not yet been identified is estimated at A. 50 – 100 billion. B. 5 – 10 billion. C. 5 – 100 million. D. 1 – 2 million. E. 5,000 – 100,000. ANS: C DIF: E MSC: Fact based Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. 23. The health of frog populations is used as an indicator of environmental health because frogs A. are exposed to the water. B. are amphibious. C. eat insects which are very low on the food chain. D. live in the tropics. E. may ingest toxins on land. ANS: B DIF: E MSC: Fact based Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. 24. The comparison between the rate of speciation and background extinction rate is that A. speciation is natural and background extinction rate is human induced.

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    B. speciation and background extinction rate are very slow, natural processes. C. speciation is much faster than background extinction rate. D. environmental stress may cause species to go extinct faster than new ones can evolve. E. Both B and D ANS: E DIF: M MSC: Concept based 25. Two square km is equal to ____ square meters. A. 200,000 B. 2,000,000 C. 20,000,000 D. 200,000,000 E. 2,000,000,000 ANS: B DIF: M MSC: Analytical thinking Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. 26. Five square miles is equal to ____ acres. (1 square mile = 640 acres) A. 0.32 B. 320 C. 2500 D. 3200 E. 32,000 ANS: D DIF: E MSC: Analytical thinking Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. 27. Seventy - five square kilometers is equal to ____ square miles. (1 km = 0.6214 mile) A. 28.96 B. 2890 C. 5625 D. 39,600 E. 46.61 ANS: A DIF: M MSC: Analytical thinking Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. 28. Twenty square kilometers is equal to ____ hectares. (1 hectare = 10,000 m 2 ) A. 20,000 B. 200 C. 2000 D. 200,000 E. 40 ANS: C DIF: M

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    MSC: Analytical thinking Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. 29. Fifteen hundred acres is closest to ____ hectares. (1 hectare = 2.47 acres) A. 300 B. 6000 C. 60 D. 3000 E. 600 ANS: E DIF: E MSC: Analytical thinking Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. 30. Total world grain production has A. increased fairly steadily since 1950. B. dropped dramatically since 1950. C. leveled off recently. D. increased recently. E. gone up and down with no overall trend. ANS: A DIF: E MSC: Fact based Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. Figure 1 - 1 31. According to Figure 1 - 1 above, which of the following statements about the overall trends in per capita wheat production is correct? A. Per capita wheat production increased from 1950 through the mid - 1980s and then started to decrease.

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    B. There is no discernible trend. C. Between 1950 and 1960, per capita wheat production was stable and then decreased through 2005. D. Per capita wheat production has not changed since the 1950s. E. Per capita wheat production has steadily increased since the 1950s through today. ANS: A DIF: M MSC: Analytical thinking NAR: Figure 1 - 1 Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. 32. Factors that are responsible for grain production not keeping up with worldwide population include A. crop diseases. B. soil degradation. C. use of food crops for fuel. D. government encouragement to let land remain uncultivated. E. All of the above ANS: E DIF: E MSC: Concept based Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. 33. New innovations in food production are A. sure to find new efficient ways to produce enough food to feed the world. B. not keeping pace with food needs of the world. C. not needed to keep pace with food needs of the world. D. frequently the cause of soil degradation. E. Both B and D ANS: E DIF: M MSC: Concept based Key Ideas: Identify ways in which humans have altered and continue to alter our environment. 34. Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are A. concentrated near the equator. B. completely the product of human activity. C. responsible for constant temperatures near Earth’s surface. D. causing a decrease in atmospheric temperature. E. primarily the result of volcanic activity. ANS: C DIF: M MSC: Fact based Describe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet. 35. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere A. is increasing in part due to fossil fuel use. B. has not significantly changed in the past 200 years. C. is increasing in part due to deforestation. D. has been decreasing since the 1800s. E. Both A and C

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    ANS: E DIF: E MSC: Fact based Describe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet. 36. Human population today is closest to A. 3 billion. B. 5 billion. C. 6 billion. D. 7 billion. E. 12 billion. ANS: D DIF: E MSC: Fact based Describe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet. 37. If the worldwide number of births daily is 364,000 and the number of deaths is 152,000, then annually there are an additional ____ people. A. 7,000,000. B. 77,380. C. 100,000,000. D. 77,380,000. E. 212,000. ANS: D DIF: E MSC: Analytical thinking Describe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet. 38. Human population is expected to stabilize at ____ by the year ____. A. 68 – 105 billion; 2050 B. 68 – 105 billion; 2100 C. 6.8 – 10.5 billion; 2100 D. 6.8 – 10.5 billion; 2150 E. 6.8 – 10.5 billion; 2200. ANS: C DIF: M MSC: Fact based Describe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet. 39. The following are non - renewable resources except A. aluminum. B. oil. C. coal. D. copper. E. timber. ANS: E DIF: E MSC: Concept based Describe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet.

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    40. Economic development goes hand in hand with A. decreased use of non - renewable resources. B. increased consumption of resources. C. smaller more efficient living styles. D. better planting strategies for crops. E. sustainable use of renewable resources. ANS: B DIF: E MSC: Concept based Describe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet. 41. ____ % of the world’s most developed population consumes ____ % of the world’s energy. A. 20; 58 B. 20; 20 C. 10; 90 D. 2; 75 E. 2; 95 ANS: A DIF: M MSC: Fact based Describe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet. 42. The poorest ____ % of the world’s people consume no more than ____ % of the world’s energy, paper, fish and meat. A. 20: 20 B. 20; 5 C. 5; 20 D. 5; 35 E. 2; 45 ANS: B DIF: M MSC: Fact based Describe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet. 43. If a forest is cleared at a rate of 875 acres per day , approximately how many hectares per year are being cleared? A. 2160 B. 319,000 C. 3500 D. 129,000 E. 13,000 ANS: D DIF: M MSC: Analytical thinking Describe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet. 44. If land is cleared at a rate of 456 hectares per week , approximately how many acres per year that are being cleared?

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    A. 16,5000 B. 180 C. 9500 D. 66,400 E. 58,600 ANS: E DIF: M MSC: Analytical thinking Describe the key environmental indicators that help us evaluate the health of the planet. 45. Sustainable development A. was demonstrated on Easter Island. B. requires resources to be saved and stored for one generation. C. is achieved when food is raised by the people who are eating it. D. balances human needs and economic development. E. allows for clear - cutting of trees. ANS: D DIF: M MSC: Concept based Define sustainability and explain how it can be measured using the ecological footprint. 46. The following are examples of sustainable practices. I. Forests cut for timber are replanted. II. Steel is recycled. III. Plastic is disposed of in landfills because that it is less expensive than recycling. A. I only B. II only C. I and III only D. I and II only E. I, II, and III ANS: D DIF: E MSC: Critical thinking Define sustainability and explain how it can be measured using the ecological footprint. 47. Sustainable development would incorporate A. the development of alternative materials. B. efficient use of energy. C. replacement of nutrients in soil. D. evaluation of residential patterns. E. All of the above ANS: E DIF: E MSC: Critical thinking Define sustainability and explain how it can be measured using the ecological footprint. 48. The action that can reduce the ecological footprint of people in the highly developed world to levels that are sustainable is A. eating more fish.

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    B. shopping only in stores that use organic cotton. C. traveling to the developing world. D. using more fertilizer. E. None of these actions alone will result in a sustainable level of consumption. ANS: E DIF: M MSC: Critical thinking Define sustainability and explain how it can be measured using the ecological footprint. 49. The concept of ecological footprint is measured in terms of the amount of A. resource an individual consumes daily. B. land area. C. resources an individual consumes over the course of a lifetime. D. resources an entire nation consumes yearly. E. resources an individual consumes yearly. ANS: B DIF: M MSC: Definitional Define sustainability and explain how it can be measured using the ecological footprint. 50. Calculating ecological footprint involves consideration of A. the impact of activities on the resources of Earth. B. lifestyle. C. water usage for crops and direct consumption. D. food calories required for continuing normal activity. E. All of the above ANS: E DIF: E MSC: Concept based Define sustainability and explain how it can be measured using the ecological footprint. 51. The world’s calculated human ecological footprint is ____ % of the Earth’s total usable land area. A. 40 B. 75 C. 100 D. 125 E. 200 ANS: D DIF: M MSC: Fact based Define sustainability and explain how it can be measured using the ecological footprint. 52. If every person on Earth today lived with the average lifestyle of people in the United States, the land of ____ Earths would be required. A. 2 B. 5 C. 8 D. 10 E. 20

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    ANS: B DIF: M MSC: Fact based Define sustainability and explain how it can be measured using the ecological footprint. Passage 1 - 1 An experiment is set up to determine if wheat grows better when it is planted by itself or together with clover. The setup involves three pans of each treatment. Set - ups A, B, and C contain wheat alone. Set - ups D, E, and F contain clover and wheat planted together, in rows alternating one seed of each type. One hundred seeds are planted in each pan. All treatments contain the same type of soil, are planted in the same size of pan, are exposed to the same amount of sunlight, and are maintained at the same temperature throughout the course of the experiment. 53. Use Passage 1 - 1. The treatments planted with wheat alone are the A. constant. B. controls. C. independent variable. D. dependent variable. E. replication. ANS: B DIF: E MSC: Critical thinking NAR: Passage 1 - 1 Explain the scienti fic method and its application to the study of environmental problems. 54. Use Passage 1 - 1. Which of the following statements provides a hypothesis for this experiment? A. Wheat grows taller when planted by itself than when it is alternated with clover. B. Clover grows better when planted by itself C. Wheat grows better when planted together with clover. D. Clover grows better when planted together with wheat. E. Both A and C ANS: E DIF: M MSC: Critical thinking NAR: Passage 1 - 1 Explain the scient ific method and its application to the study of environmental problems. 55. Use Passage 1 - 1. Several setups of each treatment are prepared to fulfill a very important requirement of scientific experimentation, specifically the need for A. replication. B. constants. C. a control. D. an independent variable. E. a dependent variable. ANS: A DIF: M MSC: Critical thinking NAR: Passage 1 - 1

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    Explain the scient ific method and its application to the study of environmental problems. 56. Use Passage 1 - 1. Constants in this experiment are A. the pan of wheat, temperature, and soil type. B. temperature, number of seeds in each pan, and sunlight. C. number of seeds in each pan, sunlight, and one pan of wheat and clover. D. the pans of wheat alternated with clover. E. the same as the independent variable. ANS: B DIF: E MSC: Critical thinking NAR: Passage 1 - 1 Explain the scient ific method and its application to the study of environmental problems. 57. Use Passage 1 - 1. The dependent variable in this experiment could be the A. height of the clover. B. number of leaves on the clover. C. height of the wheat. D. presence of nodules on the roots of the clover. E. number of clover seeds that germinate. ANS: C DIF: E MSC: Critical thinking NAR: Passage 1 - 1 Explain the scient ific method and its application to the study of environmental problems. 58. A hypothesis is different from a belief because it is A. testable. B. proven. C. the same as a theory. D. sensible. E. false. ANS: A DIF: E MSC: Concept based Explain the scient ific method and its application to the study of environmental problems. 59. Accuracy is A. how close a measured value is to the actual value. B. how close a measured value is to repeated measurements of the same sample. C. a measurement. D. an estimation. E. only measured in the metric system. ANS: A DIF: M MSC: Definitional Explain the scient ific method and its application to the study of environmental problems. 60. Precision is

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