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Test Bank For Environment and You, 2nd Edition

Test Bank For Environment and You, 2nd Edition simplifies complex topics with clear explanations, study strategies, and exam-focused practice.

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    Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The 1987 UN Commission on Sustainability first introduced the concept of ________ as a necessary focus for maintaining sustainability. A) cultural services B) renewable energy C) human well - being D) environmental sustainability E) human population growth 1) 2) The current total world population has just passed ________. A) 6 billion B) 5 billion C) 9 billion D) 8 billion E) 7 billion 2) 3) The law of energy and mass conservation states that ________. A) energy can be created and matter destroyed B) energy cannot be destroyed but matter can be created C) energy and matter cannot be created or destroyed D) both energy and matter can be created and destroyed 3) 4) Which of the following is not an abiotic factor? A) sunlight B) bacteria C) temperature D) rainfall E) carbon and nitrogen levels 4) 5) An ecosystem is best defined as ________. A) all the organisms and their physical and chemical environment within a specific area where energy and matter influence the distribution and abundance of organisms present B) a regional grouping of plants, animals, and abiotic factors C) the total population of a specific kind of plant, animal, or microbe and all members of which do or potentially can interbreed and produce young D) abiotic factors affecting a grouping or plants, animals, and organisms trying to survive in a given area E) a grouping of plants and animals that interacts with one another in a way that causes the grouping to die 5) 6) Which of the following is not a principle of Ecosystem function? A) Ecosystems have distinct boundaries that are influenced by the abiotic factors in the ecosystem. B) Ecosystems are always open to gains and losses of matter and energy. C) Ecosystem's processes are self - regulated by interactions among their living and nonliving components. D) Matter and energy are neither created nor destroyed. E) Ecosystem change is inevitable and essential. 6) 1

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    7) A hypothesis can best be described as ________. A) an explanation that has been tested many times B) the science of asking questions and finding concrete answers C) a proven fact D) a comparison between groups with an explanation for differences E) a proposed explanation that can be tested 7) 8) All the organisms and their physical and chemical environment within a specific area best describe ________. A) populations B) ecosystems C) ecological communities D) the biosphere E) biomes 8) 9) Sustainable use of resources requires ________. A) an understanding of rate of resource renewal and ability to manage rate of use B) knowledge of all nonrenewable resources C) a thorough understanding of the scientific method D) knowledge of all finite resource locations E) an understanding of ecosystem models 9) 10) The ecosystem boundary of a drainage basin can be defined by ________. A) mountains, hills, and valleys that determine where the water flows B) the rivers that divide the basins between counties, cities, and states C) local legislative decisions designed to clarify jurisdiction of the ecosystem D) the amount of water flowing into the basin from a mountain E) the streams that flow into the basin 10) 11) A key factor in the ability of ecosystems to provide ecosystem services is ________. A) the presence of essential abiotic factors B) the maintenance of a high level of diversity of species C) the presence of both renewable and nonrenewable resources D) a steady rate of growth of the ecosystem E) a sustainable energy cycle 11) 12) What is one barrier that makes it difficult for scientists to forecast environmental changes? A) the diversity of views based on cultural and religious differences B) simplicity of ecosystems C) unpredictable behavior of ecosystems that cause unpredicted environmental changes D) the certainties of ecosystem function that humans ignore E) environmental conflict that leads to ecosystem sustainability 12) 13) At virtually any level of use, nonrenewable resources can be ________. A) replenished once depleted B) exhausted or depleted C) recycled or reused D) converted to nonmetallic minerals E) converted to renewable ones 13) 2

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    14) In human - dominated ecosystems, which of the following features is often lacking? A) drought resistant regulation B) the presence of sufficient human infrastructure C) the presence of positive feedback systems D) homeostatic regulation E) an ecosystem's ability to grow sufficient food 14) 15) Sustainable companies such as DIRTT measure success by the triple bottom line, which includes ________, people, and profit. A) planet B) prosperity C) petroleum D) popularity E) professionalism 15) 16) Environmental science is best described as ________. A) focusing on renewable resource sustainability B) studying ecosystem sustainability and destruction C) focusing on organism relationships within an ecosystem D) studying all aspects of an environment E) studying the physical and chemical aspects of an environment 16) 17) Negative feedback processes tend to function within ecosystems to ________. A) cause further ecological destruction. B) stabilize the ecosystem C) cause ecological relationships to disintegrate D) reinforce harmful changes E) cause ecological relationships to flourish 17) 18) As human population and demands for resources have changed, our definition of sustainability has also changed. One hundred and fifty years ago, human resource use was largely determined by ________. A) the necessity to avoid human conflict B) the understanding of resource supply C) consideration of human justice D) the need for balancing multiuses/demands for a resource E) human needs or desires 18) 19) Ecosystems are connected by ________. A) the flow of energy and matter through the ecosystem B) individual species competing for space with other species in the ecosystem C) the essential flow of water through the ecosystem D) energy cycling and nutrient flow E) the movement of pollutants between ecosystems 19) 3

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    20) Throughout any introductory examination of ecosystems and environmental sustainability, the importance of human population numbers is cited. Currently, the world and U.S. populations are closest to ________. A) 9 billion; 400 million B) 7 billion; 500 million C) 7 billion; 200 million D) 3.5 billion; 300 million E) 7 billion; 300 million 20) 21) What ecosystem services from U.S. national forests had the greatest demands placed on them following World War II and the country's rapid population growth? A) grazing and agriculture B) soil formation and agriculture C) soil formation and wilderness protection D) food, fiber, and plant growth E) grazing, recreation, and timber resources 21) 22) What makes up an ecosystem? A) living and nonliving parts and the processes that disconnect them B) energy and matter and the organisms functioning apart C) living and nonliving parts and energy movement created by the sun D) living and nonliving parts and the processes that connect them E) energy and matter and the organisms competing for resources in the ecosystem 22) 23) Which of the following is not considered biota? A) plants B) fungi C) bacteria D) water E) animals 23) 24) Resources are ________. A) finite B) infinite C) available in sufficient quantities to sustain all of our futures D) available in ample quantities E) used at a slow rate so that they will last forever 24) 25) What is required to be considered sustainable use of resources? A) understanding that resources are infinite B) understanding the rate of exhaustion and the ability to manage the rate of the use C) understanding ecosystem function in relation to resource use D) understanding the rate of renewal and the ability to manage the rate of the use E) understanding that resources are finite 25) 4

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    26) What are examples of provisioning ecosystem services? A) food, water, and fiber B) pollination and chlorophyll C) aesthetic beauty and recreation D) climate, water flow, and disease E) soil formation and nutrient cycles 26) 27) Regulating ecosystem services are ways that ecosystems control important conditions and/or processes such as ________. A) climate, water flow, and disease B) pollination and chlorophyll C) food, water, and fiber D) aesthetic beauty and recreation E) soil formation and nutrient cycles 27) 28) A cultural ecosystem service might be ________. A) the beauty or inspiration provided by a forest B) good health access for populations in a community C) constructing a "green" building D) ensuring flow of traffic in and out of a city E) providing food to the malnourished 28) 5

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    29) What is the end product of the scientific method for a particular question? A) hypothesis construction B) drawing conclusions C) peer review and publication D) hypothesis testing E) scientific observations 29) 6

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    SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 30) Match each term with the correct description. I. Ecosystem services II. Provisioning services III. Regulating services IV. Cultural services V. Supporting services A. Basic ecosystem processes that are needed to maintain other services B. The multitude of resources that ecosystems supply to human s C. Food, water, and air we breathe D. Spiritual and recreational benefits that an ecosystem provides E. Ecosystem control of climate, flows of water, and absorption of pollutants 30) MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. Read the scenario and answer the accompanying question(s). Sustainable management requires us to examine the "big picture" of an ecosystem's context, even though we may not understand every piece and process in that ecosystem. Systems thinking recognizes and addresses the essential connections between the pieces of any system to be analyzed. 31) Which of the following environmental examples represents systems thinking? A) undertaking a long - term study of Lake Michigan ecology B) studying the behavior of a global invasive species C) emission control devices on California automobiles D) planting grass for cattle to feed on in desert regions E) examining the beetle life cycle that is posing a threat to local forests 31) 32) Ecosystem services are often classified into four different categories that include provisioning services (supplying us with food, air, and water), as well as ________. A) aesthetic, cultural, and sustainable services B) aesthetic, spiritual, and recreational services. C) regulating, sustainable, and homeostatic services D) regulating, cultural, and supporting services E) aesthetic, ecological, and regulating services 32) ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 33) Assuming that a city wishes to manage its water supply in a sustainable manner, describe/explain two specific factors that must be considered in order to accomplish this. 34) In the course of one day, a human experiences several dozen ecosystem services other than the essential provisioning services supplying us with food, water, and the air we breathe. Explain three additional ecosystem services that are essential to maintaining life on Earth. 7

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    Answer Key Testname: UNTITLED1 1) C 2) E 3) C 4) B 5) A 6) A 7) E 8) B 9) A 10) A 11) B 12) C 13) B 14) D 15) A 16) D 17) B 18) E 19) A 20) E 21) E 22) D 23) D 24) A 25) D 26) A 27) A 28) A 29) C 30) I. B, II. C, III. E, IV. A, V. D 31) A 32) D 33) To be sustainable, actions must conform to the laws of mass and energy conservation. This is, something cannot be created from nothing, and everything goes somewhere. In order to manage a municipal water supply sustainably, one must understand the rate of renewal of the water source (is the source a mountain snowfield, constantly renewed, or is the source a more finite groundwater aquifer?). Secondly, one must have the ability and take the initiative to manage the rate of use of this water supply, based on changes in the area's population growth, also factoring in any new demands for this water supply with time (new land uses evolving, such as increased levels of agriculture). 34) One might begin with a focus on the ecosystem services that regulate climate (solar energy budget), the flow of water through ecosystems (water cycle), or the absorption of pollutants (microbial decomposition and the essential recycling of matter). One could also describe the basic ecosystem processes such as any of the nutrient cycles (N cycle, which provides the critical N - compounds to plants that humans consume in order to build their essential N - containing compounds of DNA/RNA, enzymes, and proteins). The carbon cycle, moving O2 and CO2 through the ecosystem via the processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration could also be described. 8

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    Exam Name___________________________________ MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) Hetch Hetchy provides the residents of San Francisco with ________. A) forest for recreation B) miles of biking and hiking paths C) water for drinking D) wilderness habitats E) lakes for fishing 1) 2) The Modern Era's views on the relationship of humans and the environment can be described as ________. A) human impacts on ecosystems differ significantly from natural disturbances B) the obsession with material goods that broke the connection between humans and nature C) reconciliation of our activities with the inescapable laws of the natural world D) evolutionary change that described the connections between organisms and their environment E) opportunities for fewer connections between humans and nature 2) 3) Which of the ethical traditions best describes the building of the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir as right because it benefited a large number of people? A) consequence - based ethics B) virtue ethics C) utilitarianism D) environmental ethics E) duty - based ethics 3) 4) The domestication of plants and animals allowed humans to alter ecosystems for their benefits. Which of the following is an example of a human benefit that resulted from ecosystem change? A) Crop production decreased as natural habitats were replaced. B) Crop production increased as a result of more plants competing for the same land space. C) Grasslands were destroyed and predator insects were destroyed. D) Crop production increased and more people had food to eat. E) Grasslands were destroyed and replaced with forests. 4) 5) During the 19th century, as populations grew and urban environments expanded, humans had less exposure to ________. A) chemicals B) animals C) water D) natural environments E) air pollutants 5) 1

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    6) Gifford Pinchot, first head of the U.S. Forest Service, advocated the conservationist view of nature. This view promoted ________. A) a deep ecology approach to public resource use B) resource use in a sustainable manner to provide the greatest benefit for the greatest number of people C) resource use in a sustainable manner with an ecocentric focus D) a wilderness and ecocentric approach to public resource use E) a biocentric approach to public resources 6) 7) Natural wilderness should be protected regardless of the needs of humans is an example of the ________ point of view. A) conservationist B) economist C) ecologist D) environmentalist E) preservationist 7) 8) The animal rights movements in society evolved from ________. A) virtue ethics B) anthropocentric ethics C) ecocentric ethics D) environmental ethics E) biocentric ethics 8) 9) Rachel Carson's book, ________, pointed out the dangers posed to the natural environments and humans by pesticides. A) Nature B) Silent Spring C) Man and Nature D) Walden E) The Population Bomb 9) 10) DDT was originally intended to kill ________. A) birds B) mosquitoes C) aphids D) plants E) corn insects 10) 11) Environmental ethics is best defined as ________. A) studying the economic value of all living things in their environment B) the extrinsic value placed on people, organisms, and objects in the environment C) studying the moral relationships of humans to the environment and the environment's living organisms D) actions taken by humans in the environment in which they live that have impact E) studying the rightness and wrongness of human actions 11) 2

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    12) Environmental justice seeks to ________. A) ensure that legal boundaries are adhered to when environmental disputes arise B) ensure the sound management of the environment C) ensure that people are treated fairly regardless of race, gender, or economic status in the management of natural resources D) ensure that anthropocentric ethics are applied to the environment E) ensure that ecocentric ethics are applied to the environment 12) 13) A subsistence economy is one that ________. A) meets its environmental needs without accumulating wealth B) meets its environmental need by over fishing lakes and rivers C) purchases goods and services from others D) meets is environmental needs while causing ecosystem destruction E) purchases resources for immediate use 13) 14) A subsistence farmer might ________. A) buy commodities from others B) barter or trade goods they grow C) allow production and consumption of goods and services to take place in a market system D) sell goods they catch and grow E) accumulate a surplus of goods to sell for financial gain 14) 15) The price consumers are willing to pay for a resource that may be limited depends on ________. A) their perceived need for the resource B) their ability to pay more than someone else C) how much they can afford at a time the resource is limited D) their access to the resource in their community E) how much of the resource is remaining to purchase 15) 16) When a commodity is in short supply, the cost ________. A) decreases B) is lower in areas with better access C) goes up D) remains the same E) is near the cost of production 16) 17) The difference between the cost to produce a commodity and its price in the marketplace is ________. A) economy of scale B) discount rate C) opportunity cost D) profit E) economic value 17) 18) Cost per unit of a good or services decline as the level of production increases. This is described as ________. A) profit B) economy of scale C) economic value D) opportunity cost E) discount rate 18) 3

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    19) The economic value of an ecosystem service can be measured by accessing the willingness to pay for the action to ________ them. A) monitor B) recirculate C) preserve D) value E) conserve 19) 20) Which of the following issues would be addressed by a county's land use development office when making important environmental decisions? A) building of a landfill B) building of a new gas station in the county C) managing a national park D) controlling air pollution from automobiles E) storage of nuclear wastes 20) 21) Gross domestic product is ________. A) all the resources necessary to produce the ecosystem services B) cost of services minus the economic value of enhancements or degradation to the environment C) the total economic value of goods and services produced by a country D) a measure of a country's economic standing E) the willingness of consumers to pay for ecosystem services 21) 22) Most environmental policy is set by ________. A) Congress B) the President C) Supreme Court rulings D) federal legislation E) state and local governments 22) 23) Individuals in Africa often share crop and livestock land with other families in their community. What happens to the land as a result of each family using an individual's approach to managing it? A) It is preserved from family to family and generation to generation. B) It is protected by laws. C) It is preserved as a result of the importance of cultural heritage. D) It is managed sustainably for future farming. E) It is often overexploited. 23) 24) The constitutional basis for environmental justice is rooted in ________. A) environmental laws and legislative regulations B) public policy and governmental ethics C) ecological valuation of the ecosystem D) equal protection for all citizens E) compensation to a land owner by the government when their property is needed for public use 24) 25) Which of the following agencies has significant influence on international environmental policy but no government representation or participation? A) The Global Environmental Facility B) The European Environment Agency C) The United Nations D) The World Trade Organization E) The World Wildlife Fund 25) 4

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    26) U.S. environmental law and policy are influenced by the actions of ________. A) the executive branch B) the legislative branch C) the judicial branch D) all three branches of government E) only the executive and legislative branches 26) 27) Natural capital is defined as all of Earth's resources that are necessary to produce ________. A) a safe habitat for endangered species B) a profit C) a sustainable market D) environmental justice for all E) the ecosystem services that we depend on 27) 28) A grass root organization is attempting to preserve a stretch of forest that is being considered for purchase by a manufacturing plant. The organization's main strategy is to inform the nearby housing developments of the effect on their home values if the manufacturing plant goes versus the preserved forest. This approach is using ________. A) scare tactic valuation B) market valuation C) travel - cost valuation D) hedonic valuation E) contingent valuation 28) 5

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    29) Some groups state that the primate shown in this photograph has economic value for humans via ecotourism. This primate would be referred to as having ________. A) instrumental value B) intrinsic value C) individual value D) ecological value E) theological value 29) 6

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    30) What part of the policy - cycle determines who will deal with a particular issue and when? A) Problem Definition B) Setting the Agenda C) Assessment D) Implementation E) Formulating Policy 30) 31) What part of the policy - cycle allows individuals or agencies to carry out the new activities and enforce the laws? A) Problem Definition B) Assessment C) Setting the Agenda D) Implementation E) Formulating Policy 31) SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question. 32) Match each term with the correct description. I. Virtue ethics II. Anthropocentric ethics III. Biocentric ethics IV. Ecocentric ethics V. Duty - based ethics A. Rightness or wrongness of actions should be determined by a set of rules or laws. B. An action is right if it is motivated by virtues that include kindness, honesty, loyalty, and justice. C. Defines right actions in terms of outcomes for human beings D. Argues that the value of other living things is equal to the value of humans E. Places value on communities of organisms and ecosystems 32) 7

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