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Financial Management : Theory and Practice, An Asia Edition 1st Edition Solution Manual

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    Chapter 1 An Overview of Financial Management and t he Financial Environment ANSWERS TO END - OF - CHAPTER QUESTIONS 1 - 1 a. A proprietorship, or sole proprietorship, is a business owned by one individual. A partnership exists when two or more persons associate to conduct a business. In contrast, a corporation is a legal entity created by a state. The corporation is separate and distinct from its owners and managers. b. In a limited partnership, limited partners’ liabilities, investment returns and control are limited, while general partners have unlimited liability and control. A limited liability partnership (LLP), sometimes called a limited liability company (LLC), combines the limited liability advantage of a corporation with the tax advantages of a partnership. A professional corporation (PC), known in some states as a professional association (PA), has most of the benefits of incorporation but the participants are not relieved of professional (malpractice) liability. c. Stockholder wealth maximization is the appropriate goal for management decisions. The risk and timing associated with expected earnings per share and cash flows are considered in order to maximize the price of the firm’s common stock. d. A money market is a financial market for debt securities with maturities of less than one year (short - term). The New York money market is the world’s largest. Capital markets are the financial markets for long - term debt and corporate stocks. The New York Stock Exchange is an example of a capital market. Primary markets are the markets in which newly issued securities are sold for the first time. Secondary markets are where securities are resold after initial issue in the primary market. The New York Stock Exchange is a secondary market.

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    e. In private markets, transactions are worked out directly between two parties and structured in any manner that appeals to them. Bank loans and private placements of debt with insurance companies are examples of private market transactions. In public markets, standardized contracts are traded on organized exchanges. Securities that are issued in public markets, such as common stock and corporate bonds, are ultimately held by a large number of individuals. Private market securities are more tailor - made but less liquid, whereas public market securities are more liquid but subject to greater standardization. Derivatives are claims whose value depends on what happens to the value of some other asset. Futures and options are two important types of derivatives, and their values depend on what happens to the prices of other assets, say IBM stock, Japanese yen, or pork bellies. Therefore, the value of a derivative security is derived from the value of an underlying real asset. f. An investment banker is a middleman between businesses and savers. Investment banking houses assist in the design of corporate securities and then sell them to savers (investors) in the primary markets. Financial service corporations offer a wide range of financial services such as brokerage operations, insurance, and commercial banking. A financial intermediary buys securities with funds that it obtains by issuing its own securities. An example is a common stock mutual fund that buys common stocks with funds obtained by issuing shares in the mutual fund. g. A mutual fund is a corporation that sells shares in the fund and uses the proceeds to buy stocks, long - term bonds, or short - term debt instruments. The resulting dividends, interest, and capital gains are distributed to the fund’s shareholders after the deduction of operating expenses. Different funds are designed to meet different objectives. Money market funds are mutual funds which invest in short - term debt instruments and offer their shareholders check writing privileges; thus, they are essentially interest - bearing checking accounts. h. Physical location exchanges, such as the New York Stock Exchange, facilitate communication between buyers and sellers of securities. Each physical location exchange is a physical entity at a particular location and is governed by an elected board of governors. A computer/telephone network, such as Nasdaq, consists of all the facilities that provide for security transactions not conducted at a physical location exchange. These facilities are, basically, the communications network that links the buyers and sellers. i. An open outcry auction is a method of matching buyers and sellers. In an auction, the buyers and sellers are face - to - face, with each stating the prices and which they will buy or sell. In a dealer market, a dealer holds an inventory of the security and makes a market by offering to buy or sell. Others who wish to buy or sell can see the offers made by the dealers, and can contact the dealer of their choice to arrange a

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    transaction. In an ECN, orders from potential buyers and sellers are automatically matched, and the transaction is automatically completed. j. Production opportunities are the returns available within an economy from investment in productive assets. The higher the production opportunities, the more producers would be willing to pay for required capital. Consumption time preferences refer to the preferred pattern of consumption. Consumer’s time preferences for consumption establish how much consumption they are willing to defer, and hence save, at different levels of interest. k . A foreign trade deficit occurs when businesses and individuals in the U. S. import more goods from foreign countries than are exported. Trade deficits must be financed, and the main source of financing is debt. Therefore, as the trade deficit increases, the debt financing increases, driving up interest rates. U. S. interest rates must be competitive with foreign interest rates; if the Federal Reserve attempts to set interest rates lower than foreign rates, foreigners will sell U.S. bonds, decreasing bond prices, resulting in higher U. S. rates. Thus, if the trade deficit is large relative to the size of the overall economy, it may hinder the Fed’s ability to combat a recession by lowering interest rates. 1 - 2 Sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation are the three principal forms of business organization. The advantages of the first two include the ease and low cost of formation. The advantages of the corporation include limited liability, indefinite life, ease of ownership transfer, and access to capital markets. The disadvantages of a sole proprietorship are (1) difficulty in obtaining large sums of capital; (2) unlimited personal liability for business debts; and (3) limited life. The disadvantages of a partnership are (1) unlimited liability, (2) limited life, (3) difficulty of transferring ownership, and (4) difficulty of raising large amounts of capital. The disadvantages of a corporation are (1) double taxation of earnings and (2) requirements to file state and federal reports for registration, which are expensive, complex and time - consuming. 1 - 3 A firm’s fundamental, or intrinsic, value is the present value of its free cash flows when discounted at the weighted average cost of capital. If the market price reflects all relevant information, then the observed price is also the intrinsic price . 1 - 4 Earnings per share in the current year will decline due to the cost of the investment made in the current year and no significant performance impact in the short run. However, the company’s stock price should increase due to the significant cost savings expected in the future.

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    1 - 5 In a well - functioning economy, capital will flow efficiently from those who supply capital to those who demand it. This transfer of capital can take place in three different ways: 1. Direct transfers of money and securities occur when a business sells its stocks or bonds directly to savers, without going through any type of financial institution. The business delivers its securities to savers, who in turn give the firm the money it needs. 2. Transfers may also go through an investment banking house which underwrites the issue. An underwriter serves as a middleman and facilitates the issuance of securities. The company sells its stocks or bonds to the investment bank, which in turn sells these same securities to savers. The businesses’ securities and the savers’ money merely “pass through” the investment banking house. 3. Transfers can also be made through a financial intermediary. Here the intermediary obtains funds from savers in exchange for its own securities. The intermediary uses this money to buy and hold businesses’ securities. Intermediaries literally create new forms of capital. The existence of intermediaries greatly increases the efficiency of money and capital markets. 1 - 6 Financial intermediaries are business organizations that receive funds in one form and repackage them for the use of those who need funds. Through financial intermediation, resources are allocated more effectively, and the real output of the economy is thereby increased. 1 - 7 A primary market is the market in which corporations raise capital by issuing new securities. An initial public offering is a stock issue in which privately held firms go public. Therefore, an IPO would be an example of a primary market transaction. 1 - 8 The physical location exchanges are tangible physical entities. Each of the larger ones occupies its own building, has a limited number of members, and has an elected governing body. A dealer market is defined to include all facilities that are needed to conduct security transactions not made on the physical location exchanges. These facilities include (1) the relatively few dealers who hold inventories of these securities and who are said to “make a market” in these securities; (2) the thousands of brokers who act as agents in bringing the dealers together with investors; and (3) the computers, terminals, and electronic networks that provide a communication link between dealers and brokers. 1 - 9 The two leading stock markets today are the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and the Nasdaq stock market. The NYSE is a physical location exchange, while the Nasdaq is an electronic dealer - based market.

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    Chapter 2 Financial Statements, Cash Flow, and Taxes ANSWERS TO END - OF - CHAPTER QUESTIONS 2 - 1 a. The annual report is a report issued annually by a corporation to its stockholders. It contains basic financial statements, as well as management’s opinion of the past year’s operations and the firm’s future prospects. A firm’s balance sheet is a statement of the firm’s financial position at a specific point in time. It specifically lists the firm’s assets on the left - hand side of the balance sheet, while the right - hand side shows its liabilities and equity, or the claims against these assets. An income statement is a statement summarizing the firm’s revenues and expenses over an accounting period. Net sales are shown at the top of each statement, after which various costs, including income taxes, are subtracted to obtain the net income available to common stockholders. The bottom of the statement reports earnings and dividends per share. b. Common Stockholders’ Equity (Net Worth) is the capital supplied by common stockholders -- capital stock, paid - in capital, retained earnings, and, occasionally, certain reserves. Paid - in capital is the difference between the stock’s par value and what stockholders paid when they bought newly issued shares. Retained earnings is the portion of the firm’s earnings that have been saved rather than paid out as dividends. c. The statement of stockholders’ equity shows how much of the firm’s earnings were retained in the business rather than paid out in dividends. It also shows the resulting balance of the retained earnings account and the stockholders’ equity account. Note that retained earnings represents a claim against assets, not assets per se. Firms retain earnings primarily to expand the business, not to accumulate cash in a bank account. The statement of cash flows reports the impact of a firm’s operating, investing, and financing activities on cash flows over an accounting period. d. Depreciation is a non - cash charge against tangible assets, such as buildings or machines. It is taken for the purpose of showing an asset’s estimated dollar cost of the capital equipment used up in the production process. Amortization is a non - cash charge against intangible assets, such as goodwill. EBITDA is earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization.

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    e. Operating current assets are the current assets used to support operations, such as cash, accounts receivable, and inventory. It does not include short - term investments. Operating current liabilities are the current liabilities that are a natural consequence of the firm’s operations, such as accounts payable and accruals. It does not include notes payable or any other short - term debt that charges interest. Net operating working capital is operating current assets minus operating current liabilities. Total net operating capital is sum of net operating working capital and operating long - term assets, such as net plant and equipment. Operating capital also is equal to the net amount of capital raised from investors. This is the amount of interest - bearing debt plus preferred stock plus common equity minus short - term investments. f. Accounting profit is a firm’s net income as reported on its income statement. Net cash flow, as opposed to accounting net income, is the sum of net income plus non - cash adjustments. NOPAT, net operating profit after taxes, is the amount of profit a company would generate if it had no debt and no financial assets. Free cash flow is the cash flow actually available for distribution to investors after the company has made all investments in fixed assets and working capital necessary to sustain ongoing operations. g. Market value added is the difference between the market value of the firm (i.e., the sum of the market value of common equity, the market value of debt, and the market value of preferred stock) and the book value of the firm’s common equity, debt, and preferred stock. If the book values of debt and preferred stock are equal to their market values, then MVA is also equal to the difference between the market value of equity and the amount of equity capital that investors supplied. Economic value added represents the residual income that remains after the cost of all capital, including equity capital, has been deducted. h. A progressive tax means the higher one’s income, the larger the percentage paid in taxes. Taxable income is defined as gross income less a set of exemptions and deductions which are spelled out in the instructions to the tax forms individuals must file. Marginal tax rate is defined as the tax rate on the last unit of income. Average tax rate is calculated by taking the total amount of tax paid divided by taxable income. i. Capital gain (loss) is the profit (loss) from the sale of a capital asset for more (less) than its purchase price. Ordinary corporate operating losses can be carried backward for 2 years or forward for 20 years to offset taxable income in a given year.

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    j. Improper accumulation is the retention of earnings by a business for the purpose of enabling stockholders to avoid personal income taxes on dividends. An S corporation is a small corporation which, under Subchapter S of the Internal Revenue Code, elects to be taxed as a proprietorship or a partnership yet retains limited liability and other benefits of the corporate form of organization. 2 - 2 The four financial statements contained in most annual reports are the balance sheet, income statement, statement of stockholders’ equity, and statement of cash flows. 2 - 3 No, because the $20 million of retained earnings doesn’t mean the company has $20 million in cash. The retained earnings figure represents cumulative amount of net income that the firm has not paid out as dividends during its entire history. Thus, most of the reinvested earnings were probably spent on the firm’s operating assets, such as buildings and equipment. 2 - 5 Operating capital is the amount of interest bearing debt, preferred stock, and common equity used to acquire the company’s net operating assets. Without this capital a firm cannot exist, as there is no source of funds with which to finance operations. 2 - 6 NOPAT is the amount of net income a company would generate if it had no debt and held no financial assets. NOPAT is a better measure of the performance of a company’s operations because debt lowers income. In order to get a true reflection of a company’s operating performance, one would want to take out debt to get a clearer picture of the situation. 2 - 7 Free cash flow is the cash flow actually available for distribution to investors after the company has made all the investments in fixed assets and working capital necessary to sustain ongoing operations. It is the most important measure of cash flows because it shows the exact amount available to all investors. 2 - 8 If the business were organized as a partnership or a proprietorship, its income could be taken out by the owners without being subject to double taxation. Also, if you expected to have losses for a few years while the company was getting started, if you were not incorporated, and if you had outside income, the business losses could be used to offset your other income and reduce your total tax bill. These factors would lead you to not incorporate the business. An alternative would be to organize as an S Corporation, if requirements are met.

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    SOLUTIONS TO END - OF - CHAPTER PROBLEMS 2 - 1 Corporate yield = 9%; T = 35.5% AT yield = 9%(1 - T) = 9%(0.645) = 5.76%. 2 - 2 Corporate bond yields 8%. Municipal bond yields 6%. %. 25 T 02 . 0 T 08 . 0 06 . 0 T 08 . 0 08 . 0 ) T 1 ( % 6 % 8 ) T 1 ( muni on Yield bond on taxable yield pretax Equivalent           2 - 3 NI = $3,000,000; EBIT = $6,000,000; T = 40%; Interest = ? Need to set up an income statement and work from the bottom up. EBIT $6,000,000 Interest 1,000,000 EBT $5,000,000 EBT = Taxes (40%) 2,000,000 NI $3,000,000 Interest = EBIT – EBT = $6,000,000 – $5,000,000 = $1,000,000. 2 - 4 EBITDA = $7,500,000; NI = $1,800,000; Int = $2,000,000; T = 40%; DA = ? EBITDA $7,500,000 DA 2,500,000 EBITDA – DA = EBIT; DA = EBITDA – EBIT EBIT $5,000,000 EBIT = EBT + Int = $3,000,000 + $2,000,000 Int 2,000,000 (Given) EBT $3,000,000 Taxes (40%) 1,200,000 NI $1,800,000 (Given) 6 . 0 $3,000,000 T) (1 $3,000,000   6 . 0 000 , 800 , 1 $ ) T 1 ( 000 , 800 , 1 $  

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    2 - 5 NI = $3,100,000; DEP = $500,000; AMORT = 0; NCF = ? NCF = NI + DEP and AMORT = $3,100,000 + $500,000 = $3,600,000. 2 - 6 NI = $50,000,000; R/E Y/E = $810,000,000; R/E B/Y = $780,000,000; Dividends = ? R/E B/Y + NI – Div = R/E Y/E $780,000,000 + $50,000,000 – Div = $810,000,000 $830,000,000 – Div = $810,000,000 $20,000,000 = Div. 2 - 7 Income $365,000 Less Interest deduction (50,000) Plus: Dividends received a 4,500 Taxable income $319,500 a For a corporation, 70% of dividends received are excluded from taxes; therefore, taxable dividends are calculated as $15,000(1 - 0.70) = $4,500. Tax = $22,250 + ($319,500 - $100,000)(0.39) = $22,250 + $85,605 = $107,855. After - tax income: Taxable income $319,500 Taxes (107,855) Plus Non - taxable dividends received b 10,500 Net income $222,145 b Non - taxable dividends are calculated as $15,000 x 0.7 = $10,500. The company’s marginal tax rate is 39 percent. The company’s average tax rate is $107,855/$319,500 = 33.76%. 2 - 8 a. Tax = $3,400,000 + ($10,500,000 - $10,000,000)(0.35) = $3,575,000. b. Tax = $1,000,000(0.35) = $350,000. c. Tax = ($1,000,000)0.30(0.35) = $105,000.

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    2 - 9 A - T yield on FLA bond = 5%. A - T yield on AT&T bond = 7.5% - Taxes = 7.5% - 7.5%(0.35) = 4.875%. Check: Invest $10,000 @ 7.5% = $750 interest. Pay 35% tax, so A - T income = $750(1 - T) = $750(0.65) = $487.50. A - T rate of return = $487.50/$10,000 = 4.875%. A - T yield on AT&T preferred stock: A - T yield = 6% - Taxes = 6% - 0.3(6%)(0.35) = 6% - 0.63% = 5.37%. Therefore, invest in AT&T preferred stock. We could make this a harder problem by asking for the tax rate that would cause the company to prefer the Florida bond or the AT&T bond. 2 - 10 EBIT = $750,000; DEP = $200,000; 100% Equity; T = 40% NI = ?; NCF = ?; OCF = ? First, determine net income by setting up an income statement: EBIT $750,000 Interest 0 EBT $750,000 Taxes (40%) 300,000 NI $450,000 NCF = NI + DEP = $450,000 + $200,000 = $650,000.

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    2 - 11 a. Income Statement Sales revenues $12,000,000 Costs except depreciation 9,000,000 Depreciation 1,500,000 EBT $ 1,500,000 Taxes (40%) 600,000 Net income $ 900,000 Add back depreciation 1,500,000 Net cash flow $ 2,400,000 b. If depreciation doubled, taxable income would fall to zero and taxes would be zero. Thus, net income would decrease to zero, but net cash flow would rise to $3,000,000. Menendez would save $600,000 in taxes, thus increasing its cash flow: ∆CF = T(∆Depreciation) = 0.4($1,500,000) = $600,000. c. If depreciation were halved, taxable income would rise to $2,250,000 and taxes to $900,000. Therefore, net income would rise to $1,350,000, but net cash flow would fall to $2,100,000. d. You should prefer to have higher depreciation charges and higher cash flows. Net cash flows are the funds that are available to the owners to withdraw from the firm and, therefore, cash flows should be more important to them than net income. 2 - 12 a. EBIT $1,260 x (1 - Tax rate) 60.0% Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) $756

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    b. 2010 2009 Cash $550 $500 + Accounts receivable 2,750 2,500 + Inventories 1,650 1,500 Operating current assets $4,950 $4,500 Accounts payable $1,100 $1,000 + Accruals 550 500 Operating current liabilities $1,650 $1,500 Operating current assets $4,950 $4,500 - Operating current liabilities 1,650 1,500 Net operating working capital (NOWC) $3,300 $3,000 c. 2010 2009 Net operating working capital (NOWC) $3,300 $3,000 + Net plant and equipment 3,850 3,500 Total net operating capital $7,150 $6,500 d. 2010 NOPAT $756 - Investment in total net operating capital 650 Free cash flow $106 e. 2010 NOPAT $756 ÷ Total net operating capital 7,150 Return on invested capital (ROIC) 10.57%

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    f. Uses of FCF 2010 After - tax interest payment = $72 Reduction (increase) in debt = - $284 Payment of dividends = $220 Repurchase (Issue) stock = $88 Purchase (Sale) of short - term investments = $10 Total uses of FCF = $106

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    2 - 13 Prior Years 2008 2009 Profit earned $150,000 $150,000 Carry - back credit 150,000 150,000 Adjusted profit $ 0 $ 0 Tax previously paid (40%) 60,000 60,000 Tax refund: Taxes previously paid $ 60,000 $ 60,000 Total check from U.S. Treasury = $60,000 + $60,000 = $120,000. Future Years 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Estimated profit $150,000 $150,000 $150,000 $150,000 $150,000 Carry - forward credit 150,000 150,000 50,000 0 0 Adjusted profit $ 0 $ 0 $100,000 $150,000 $150,000 Tax (at 40%) 0 $ 0 $ 40,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000

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    Chapter 3 Analysis of Financial Statements ANSWERS TO END - OF - CHAPTER QUESTIONS 3 - 1 a. A liquidity ratio is a ratio that shows the relationship of a firm’s cash and other current assets to its current liabilities. The current ratio is found by dividing current assets by current liabilities. It indicates the extent to which current liabilities are covered by those assets expected to be converted to cash in the near future. The quick, or acid test, ratio is found by taking current assets less inventories and then dividing by current liabilities. b. Asset management ratios are a set of ratios that measure how effectively a firm is managing its assets. The inventory turnover ratio is sales divided by inventories. Days sales outstanding is used to appraise accounts receivable and indicates the length of time the firm must wait after making a sale before receiving cash. It is found by dividing receivables by average sales per day. The fixed assets turnover ratio measures how effectively the firm uses its plant and equipment. It is the ratio of sales to net fixed assets. Total assets turnover ratio measures the turnover of all the firm’s assets; it is calculated by dividing sales by total assets. c. Financial leverage ratios measure the use of debt financing. The debt ratio is the ratio of total liabilities to total assets, it measures the percentage of funds provided by non - equity holders. The times - interest - earned ratio is determined by dividing earnings before interest and taxes by the interest charges. This ratio measures the extent to which operating income can decline before the firm is unable to meet its annual interest costs. The EBITDA coverage ratio is similar to the times - interest - earned ratio, but it recognizes that many firms lease assets and also must make sinking fund payments. It is found by adding EBITDA and lease payments then dividing this total by interest charges, lease payments, and sinking fund payments over one minus the tax rate. d. Profitability ratios are a group of ratios, which show the combined effects of liquidity, asset management, and debt on operations. The profit margin on sales, calculated by dividing net income by sales, gives the profit per dollar of sales. Basic earning power is calculated by dividing EBIT by total assets. This ratio shows the raw earning power of the firm’s assets, before the influence of taxes and leverage. Return on total assets is the ratio of net income to total assets. Return on common equity is found by

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