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Information Technology /Core Architecture & System Concepts

Core Architecture & System Concepts

Information Technology51 CardsCreated 2 months ago

This deck covers essential concepts in system architecture, Linux operations, and cybersecurity, including access control, command-line tools, networking, and security practices.

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What is Access Control?

Mechanisms that determine who can access files, systems, or services.

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Key Terms

Term

Definition

What is Access Control?

Mechanisms that determine who can access files, systems, or services.

What does ACL stand for?

Access Control List

Define API.

A set of rules that allow software components to communicate.

What is Authentication?

Verifying the identity of a user or system.

What does Authorization involve?

Determining what an authenticated user is allowed to do.

What is an Attack Surface?

All possible points where an attacker can interact with a system.

What is Bash?

The most common Linux shell used for command execution and scripting.

Define Binary.

A compiled executable program.

What is a Bootloader?

Software that loads the OS kernel (e.g., GRUB).

Explain a Brute Force Attack.

Trying many password combinations until one succeeds.

What does CLI stand for?

Command Line Interface

What is a Configuration File?

A file that stores settings for applications or services (often in /etc).

What is Cron used for?

A scheduler for automated tasks.

What is a CVE?

Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures, a public identifier for known security vulnerabilities.

What is CWE?

Common Weakness Enumeration, a classification of software weaknesses.

Define Cyber Hygiene.

Practices that maintain system security (updates, strong passwords, backups).

What is a Daemon?

A background service (e.g., SSH, cron).

What is a Directory?

A folder in the Linux file system.

What is a Distro?

A packaged version of Linux (Ubuntu, Kali, Debian).

What does DNS stand for?

Domain Name System

Explain DoS/DDoS.

Attacks that overwhelm a system with traffic.

What is Encryption?

Transforming data into unreadable form without a key.

Define Environment Variable.

A value that affects how processes run (e.g., $PATH).

What is an Exit Code?

A number returned by a command indicating success or failure.

What is an Exploit?

A technique that takes advantage of a vulnerability.

What is a File System?

The structure that organizes files and directories.

What is a Firewall?

A system that filters network traffic.

Define Forensics in computing.

The practice of analyzing systems for evidence of compromise.

What does FQDN stand for?

Fully Qualified Domain Name

What is a GID?

Group ID, a numeric identifier for a group.

Define Group in Linux.

A collection of users sharing permissions.

What is Grep used for?

A tool for searching text using patterns or regex.

What is a Hash?

A one-way transformation of data (used for passwords).

What does Hardening involve?

Securing a system by reducing vulnerabilities.

What is a Home Directory?

A user’s personal workspace (/home/username).

What is an Inode?

Metadata structure storing file information (permissions, timestamps, size).

Define Interface in networking.

A network connection point (e.g., eth0, wlan0).

What is Integrity in cybersecurity?

Ensuring data has not been altered.

What is Journalctl?

Tool for viewing systemd logs.

Define Job in computing.

A scheduled or background process.

What is a Kernel?

The core of the OS that manages hardware, memory, and processes.

What is a Key Pair?

A public/private key used for encryption or authentication (e.g., SSH keys).

What is Least Privilege?

Users should only have the access they need.

What is a Log File?

A file that records system or application events.

What is a Loopback Interface?

A virtual network interface for internal communication (127.0.0.1).

Define Malware.

Malicious software designed to harm systems.

What does Mount mean in Linux?

Attaching a file system to a directory.

What is Monitoring in IT?

Observing system activity for anomalies.

What does NAT stand for?

Network Address Translation

What is Nmap used for?

A network scanning tool used to discover hosts and services.

What is a NIC?

Network Interface Card, hardware that connects a device to a network.

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Core Architecture & System Concepts

Term	Definition
What is Access Control?	Mechanisms that determine who can access files, systems, or services.
What does ACL stand for?	Access Control List
Define API.	A set of rules that allow software components to communicate.
What is Authentication?	Verifying the identity of a user or system.
What does Authorization involve?	Determining what an authenticated user is allowed to do.
What is an Attack Surface?	All possible points where an attacker can interact with a system.
What is Bash?	The most common Linux shell used for command execution and scripting.
Define Binary.	A compiled executable program.
What is a Bootloader?	Software that loads the OS kernel (e.g., GRUB).
Explain a Brute Force Attack.	Trying many password combinations until one succeeds.
What does CLI stand for?	Command Line Interface
What is a Configuration File?	A file that stores settings for applications or services (often in /etc).
What is Cron used for?	A scheduler for automated tasks.
What is a CVE?	Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures, a public identifier for known security vulnerabilities.
What is CWE?	Common Weakness Enumeration, a classification of software weaknesses.
Define Cyber Hygiene.	Practices that maintain system security (updates, strong passwords, backups).
What is a Daemon?	A background service (e.g., SSH, cron).
What is a Directory?	A folder in the Linux file system.
What is a Distro?	A packaged version of Linux (Ubuntu, Kali, Debian).
What does DNS stand for?	Domain Name System
Explain DoS/DDoS.	Attacks that overwhelm a system with traffic.
What is Encryption?	Transforming data into unreadable form without a key.
Define Environment Variable.	A value that affects how processes run (e.g., $PATH).
What is an Exit Code?	A number returned by a command indicating success or failure.
What is an Exploit?	A technique that takes advantage of a vulnerability.
What is a File System?	The structure that organizes files and directories.
What is a Firewall?	A system that filters network traffic.
Define Forensics in computing.	The practice of analyzing systems for evidence of compromise.
What does FQDN stand for?	Fully Qualified Domain Name
What is a GID?	Group ID, a numeric identifier for a group.
Define Group in Linux.	A collection of users sharing permissions.
What is Grep used for?	A tool for searching text using patterns or regex.
What is a Hash?	A one-way transformation of data (used for passwords).
What does Hardening involve?	Securing a system by reducing vulnerabilities.
What is a Home Directory?	A user’s personal workspace (/home/username).
What is an Inode?	Metadata structure storing file information (permissions, timestamps, size).
Define Interface in networking.	A network connection point (e.g., eth0, wlan0).
What is Integrity in cybersecurity?	Ensuring data has not been altered.
What is Journalctl?	Tool for viewing systemd logs.
Define Job in computing.	A scheduled or background process.
What is a Kernel?	The core of the OS that manages hardware, memory, and processes.
What is a Key Pair?	A public/private key used for encryption or authentication (e.g., SSH keys).
What is Least Privilege?	Users should only have the access they need.
What is a Log File?	A file that records system or application events.
What is a Loopback Interface?	A virtual network interface for internal communication (127.0.0.1).
Define Malware.	Malicious software designed to harm systems.
What does Mount mean in Linux?	Attaching a file system to a directory.
What is Monitoring in IT?	Observing system activity for anomalies.
What does NAT stand for?	Network Address Translation
What is Nmap used for?	A network scanning tool used to discover hosts and services.
What is a NIC?	Network Interface Card, hardware that connects a device to a network.