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prior restraint
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
prior restraint
Government actions preventing material from being published. Prior restraint is usually prohibited by the First Amendment, as confirmed in Near v. Min...
privileges and immunities
The provision of the Constitution according citizens of each state the privileges of citizens of other states.
probable cause
The situation in which the police have reasonable grounds to believe that a person should be arrested.
progressive tax
A tax by which the government takes a greater share of the income of the rich than of the poor-for example, when a rich family pays 50 percent of its ...
project grants
Federal categorical grant given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications.
proportional representation
An electoral system used throughout most of Europe that awards legislative seats to political parties in proportion to the number of votes won in an e...
Related Flashcard Decks
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
prior restraint | Government actions preventing material from being published. Prior restraint is usually prohibited by the First Amendment, as confirmed in Near v. Minnesota. |
privileges and immunities | The provision of the Constitution according citizens of each state the privileges of citizens of other states. |
probable cause | The situation in which the police have reasonable grounds to believe that a person should be arrested. |
progressive tax | A tax by which the government takes a greater share of the income of the rich than of the poor-for example, when a rich family pays 50 percent of its income in taxes, and a poor family pays 5 percent. |
project grants | Federal categorical grant given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications. |
proportional representation | An electoral system used throughout most of Europe that awards legislative seats to political parties in proportion to the number of votes won in an election. |
proportional tax | A tax by which the government takes the same share of income from everyone, rich and poor alike. |
protest | A form of political participation designed to achieve policy change through dramatic and unconventional tactics. |
public interest lobbies | According to Jeffrey Berry, organizations that seek 'a collective good, the achievement of which will not selectively and materially benefit the membership or activists of the organization.' |
public opinion | The distribution of the population's beliefs about politics and policy issues. |
public policy | A choice that government makes in response to a political issue. A policy is a course of action taken with regard to some problem. |
random-digit dialing | A technique used by pollsters to place telephone calls randomly to both listed and unlisted numbers when conducting a survey. |
random sampling | The key technique employed by survey researchers, which operates on the principle that everyone should have an equal probability of being selected for the sample. |
rational-choice theory | A popular theory in political science to explain the actions of voters as well as politicians. it assumes that individuals act in their own best interest, carefully weighing the costs and benefits of possible alternatives. |
reapportionment | The process of reallocating seats in the House of Representatives every 10 years on the basis of the results of the census. |
reconciliation | A congressional process through which program authorizations are revised to achieve required savings. It usually includes tax or other revenue adjustments. |
Red Lion Broadcasting Company v. Federal Communications Commission | A 1969 case in which the Supreme Court upheld restrictions on radio and television broadcasting similar to those it had overturned in Miami Herald Publishing Company v. Tornillo. It reasoned that such regulations are justified because there are only a limited number of broadcasting frequencies available. |
Reed v. Reed | The landmark case in 1971 in which the Supreme Court for the first time upheld a claim of gender discrimination. |
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke | A 1978 Supreme Court decision holding that a state university could weigh race or ethnic background as one element in admissions but could not set aside places for members of particular racial groups. |
regressive tax | A tax in which the burden falls relatively more heavily on low-income groups than on wealthy tax-payers. The opposite of a progressive tax, in which tax rates increase as income increases. |
regulation | The use of governmental authority to control or change some practice in the private sector. |
relative deprivation | A perception by an individual that he or she is not doing well economically in comparison to others. |
representation | A basic principle of traditional democratic theory that describes the relationship between the few leaders and the many followers. |
republic | A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern them and make laws. |
responsible party model | A view about how parties should work, held by some political scientists. According to the model, parties should offer clear choices to the voters, and once in office, should carry out their campaign promises. |
revenues | The financial resources of the government. The individual income tax and Social Security tax are two major sources of the federal government's revenue. |
right to privacy | The right to a private personal life free from the intrusion of government. |
right-to-work laws | A state law forbidding requirements that workers must join a union to hold their jobs. State right-to-work laws were specifically permitted by the Taft-Hartley Act of 1947. |
Roe v. Wade | The 1973 Supreme Court decision holding that a state ban on abortions was unconstitutional. The decision forbade state control over abortions during the first trimester of pregnancy, permitted states to limit abortions to protect the mother's health in the second trimester, and permitted states to ban abortion during the third trimester. |
Roth v. United States | A 1957 Supreme Court decision ruling that 'obscenity is not within the area of constitutionally protected speech or press.' |