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2023-2024 Portage Learning NURS251 Pharmacology Module 1-5 with Answers (366 Solved Questions)

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    PORTAGE LEARNING NUR S 251 PHARMACOLOGY MODULE 1 - 5 2023/2024 EXAMS UPDATED PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 251 PHARMACOLOGY MODULE 1 2023/2024 WITH CORRECT ANSWERS trade name - - answer - brand name, marketed under a patented propietary name (EX. Prinival; Zestril) drug class - - answer - a group of drugs that all work by the same mechanism of action (EX. ace - inhibitors) active ingrediant - - answer - the drug itself inactive ingrediant - - answer - helps facilitate the administration and absorption of the drug aqueous preperation - - answer - liquid medication. EX. cough medicine. taken by mouth tablet - - answer - the drug itself is made into a powder and pressed into this form. most common. troche/lozenge - - answer - flattened tablets that dissolve in the mouth and absorb into the tissue in the mouth capsule - - answer - gelatin container with either the powder or liquid drug inside delayed - release - - answer - either a tablet or capsule; treated with a coating that will allow the drug to work overtime (usually 24 hours) antagonist - - answer - drug binds to the receptor; there is NO response AN D it prevents other agonists from binding

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    competitive antagonist - - answer - drug competes with agonist and if it binds there is no response noncompetitive antagonist - - answer - drug combines with different parts of the receptor and inactivates it; agonist then has no effect enzymes - - answer - drugs can interact with these by inhibiting or enhancing their action nonselective interactions - - answer - describes drugs that don't target a specific receptor or enzyme but rather target cell membranes and various cell processes pharmacology - - answer - the study or science of drugs drug - - answer - any chemical that affects the physiologic process of a living organism theraputic effect - - answer - the desired effect of a drug side effect - - answer - an undesired effect of a drug but NOT harmful adverse effect - - answer - an undesired effect of a drug, POTENTIALLY harmful toxic effect - - answer - an undesired effect of a drug, IS HARMFUL mechanism of action - - answer - how a drug produces its effects site of action - - answ er - the location within the body where a drug exerts its theraputic effect onset of action - - answer - the point in time after administration when a drug begins to exert its therapeutic effect receptor - - answer - specific cellular structures that a drug binds to in order to produce a physiologic effect

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    antagonist receptor - - answer - works to interfere with other drugs or a substance from producing an effect agonist receptor - - answer - works to activate a physiologic response chemical name - - answer - defin es the chemical composition of the drug generic name - - answer - non - propietary name (EX. Lisinopril) factors that affect drug response - - answer - age, weight, sex, genetic variation as you age, absorption is _____ - - answer - delayed as you age, distribution is ____ - - answer - increased as you age, metabolism ____ - - answer - decreases as you age, excretion ___ - - answer - decreases incompatability - - answer - physical changes that occur when mixed with another drug prior to administration additive e ffects - - answer - when the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of each on its own synergism - - answer - when the combined effect of two drugs is greater the sum of each on its own antagonism - - answer - when the combined effect of two drugs is le ss than the sum of each on its own pregnancy category A - - answer - studies have not yet demonstrated risk to the fetus (ex. vitamins)

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    pregnancy category B - - answer - studies have not been performed in pregnant women but show no risk to the fetus in animal studies (ex. tylenol) pregnancy category C - - answer - studies have not been performed in pregnant women or animals OR animal studies revealed some risk to the fetus pregnancy category D - - answer - studies have revealed risk to the fetus. risk vs benefit ra tio must be used prior to administration pregnancy category X - - answer - studies have indicated significant risk to the fetus. contraindicated for use during pregnancy scheduled drug class 1 - - answer - high abuse potential and no accepted medical use (ex. heroin, marijuana) scheduled drug class 2 - - answer - high abuse potential and accepted medical use (ex. narcotics) no refill without order scheduled drug class 3 - - answer - moderate abuse potential and accepted medical use (ex. barbiturates, steroids) may be refilled 5 times within 6 months with order scheduled drug class 4 - - answer - low abuse potential and accepted medical use (ex. phenobarbital, chloral hydrate, anti - anxiety meds) scheduled drug class 5 - - answer - limited abuse potential and accepted med ical use (ex. codeine, lomitol) drug tolerance - - answer - decreased effect after repeated administration drug dependence - - answer - reliance on a drug becomes extremely important drug abuse - - answer - begin using the drug for non - medical purposes

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    drug addiction - - answer - dependence is severe and compulsive drug behavior dominates all activities enteric coated - - answer - applied to a tablet that may be affected by an acidic environment suppositories - - answer - a drug that is mixed with another substance that will allow it to melt at body temperature. generally inserted through the rectum, urethra, or vagina oitments - - answer - soft, oily substance applied to the skin transdermal patch - - answer - the drug is released and absorbed through the skin into the bloodstream providing a continuous source of the drug (usually over 24 hours) oral administration - - answer - by way of the mouth and through swallowing, onset 30 - 60 minutes parenteral (enteral) administration - - answer - route that does NOT involve the GI tract sublingual - - answer - tablet placed under the tongue, onset several minutes, indicated for a rapid effect rectal - - answer - route to be used when oral cannot be taken or a local effect is needed, onset 15 - 30 minutes subcutaneuous - - answer - just unde r the skin, for drugs that are inactivated by the GI tract. onset several minutes intramuscular - - answer - inserted into the muscle. for drugs with poor oral administration, high blood levels are needed, or rapid effect is needed. onset several minutes.

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    i ntravenous - - answer - inserted directly into the vein primarily in emergency situations or when administered via infusion. onset within 1 minute intrathecal - - answer - injection into the spinal cavity, used for local effects within the spine. onset within 1 minute inhalation - - answer - for local effects within the lungs, onset within 1 minute topical - - answer - applied to the surface of the skin for a local effect, onset within 1 hour vaginal - - answer - creams or suppositories applied for a local effect, ons et 15 - 30 minutes pharmaceutics - - answer - the study of how various dosage forms influence the way in which the drug effects the body pharmacokinetics - - answer - the study of what the body does to a drug pharmacodynamics - - answer - the study of what a drug does to the body absorption - - answer - movement of a drug from its site of administration into the bloodstream distribution - - answer - transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action metabolism - - answer - biochemical alteration of a drug into a metabolite cytochrome P - 450 - - answer - large class of enzymes that play a significant role in drug metabolism and drug interactions bioavailability - - answer - how much of the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream for use (1 - 100%)

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    excretion - - answer - des cribes the elimination of the drug from the body half - life - - answer - the amount of time it takes for 50% of a given drug to be removed from the body steady state - - answer - the physiologic state in which the amount of drug being excreted from the body is equal to the amount being absorbed with each dose agonist - - answer - drug binds to the receptor; there is a response partial agonist - - answer - drug binds to the receptor but the response is diminished NEW PORTAGE LEARNING NURS 251 PHARMACOLOGY MODULE 2 2023/2024 WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS anticholinergic effects - - answer - occur when a drug blocks acetylcholine at its receptor site, causing side effects such as dry mouth, dry eyes, blurred vision, trouble urinating, and constipation Chlorphreniramine - - answer - moderate anticholinergic effect, low sedative effect Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) - - answer - high anticholinergic effect, high sedative effect

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    Fexofenadine (Allegra) - - answer - low to no anticholinergi c effect, low to no sedative effect Loratadine (Claritin) - - answer - low anticholinergic effect, low to no sedative effect OTC nasal steroids - - answer - Fluticasone (Flonase), Triamcinolone acetonide (Nascort) What was the first PPI to become OTC? - - answ er - omeprazole What are the three types of medication used to treat heartburn? - - answer - Proton pump inhibitors, antacids, H2 receptor antagonists Examples of Antacids - - answer - tums, Gaviscon, milk of magnesia, Maalox Examples of H2 Receptor Blockers - - answer - Cimetidine Ranitidine Famotidine Examples of PPIs - - answer - omeprazole esomeprazole pantoprazole Mechanism of Antacids - - answer - neutralize gastric acidity

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    Mechanism of H2 Receptor Blockers - - answer - competitively block H2 receptors in acid producing cells of the stomach Mechanism of PPIs - - answer - bind to proton pump responsible for secretion of gastric acid Which H2 blocker has the highest risk of drug interactions? - - answer - cimetidine Analgesic - - answer - pain reliever antipyretic - - answer - reduces fever What is the most widely used non - opioid analgesic? - - answer - acetaminophen OTC medication - - answer - medication that is available without a prescription and is available without restriction in most cases What year did the FDA start an OTC drug review? - - answer - 1972 What were the goals of the FDA OTC drug review? - - answer - 1. ensure meds are safe and effective 2. establish appropriate labeling standards Criteria for OTC status (indications for use) - - answer - Consumer must be able to easily: Diagnose condition

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