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BIOD Nursing Research Final Exam With Answers (292 Solved Questions)

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    BIOD Final (Exam 1 - 6 & Labs 1 - 7) What is the purpose of personal protection equipment (PPE)? - Answer To protect/minimize one's exposure to hazards that can cause serious workplace injuries and illnesses If the fist three steps of the scientific method are defined as observation, question, hypothesis, the next three are: - Answer Experiment, predict, collect T/F. Observation is the formulation of a question to gain more information about a phenomenon - Answer False T/F. It is best to formulate a hypoth esis after data has been collected. - Answer False. Contrast inductive and deductive reasoning. - Answer Both inductive and deductive reasoning are used to develop a valid conclusion. However, inductive reasoning moves from specific scenarios into a gener alized conclusion, while deductive reasoning moves from generalized truths to a true and specific conclusion. Contrast the differences among independent, dependent, and standardized variables. - Answer IV is the thing you're changing/altering DV is the th ing you're looking at/for Standardized variables are what you know/what you expect to happen Define experimental group - Answer receives experimental treatment; independent variable is manipulated Define control group - Answer The IV is being eliminated or set to a standard value; no treatment Define positive control. - Answer Does not receive any experimental treatment; it will give an expected result; ensures an Define negative control. - Answer Doesn't give a result, and no result would be logically expected It would be reasonable to make predictions regarding which of the following (select all that apply): - Answer Negative control, positive control, hypothesis and/or outcome of dependent variable, null hypothesis Identify each as qualitative or quantitative data: 1. 42 meters 2. 2cc 3. Pain 4. Mean, median, and mode

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    5. Personal opinion - Answer 1. Quantitative 2. Quantitative 3. Qualitative 4. Quantitative 5. Qualitative What are the 4 components of data anal ysis? - Answer Summarize raw data, relationships, interpreting results, and reporting sources of errors In the United States, measurements pertaining to medical sciences are recorded and reported using: - Answer metric units A baby is born and the doctor pronounces the weight as 7 pounds 0 ounces. Using the metric system, how will this value appear in the infant's medical chart? - Answer 1 lbs = 2.2kg 7/2.2 = 3.18kg Tare functions are unreliable, and it is more accurate to m ass the container alone, add the sample and then subtract the difference. T/F. - Answer False The graduated pipette is useful for: - Answer Transferring liquid from one beaker to another Disposable tips are characteristics to which type of pipette? - Ans wer Micropipette T/F. The majority of the world uses the metric system to quantify measurements. - Answer True T/F. The United States uses the SI system when recording and reporting health science data. - Answer False Provide the base unit for METRIC measurements in each of the following. 1. Length 2. Volume 3. Mass 4. Temperature - Answer 1. Meter 2. liter 3. gram 4. Celsius The unaided human eye can detect objects as small as: - Answer 0.1mm A light microscope has an eye piece magnification of 10 X, and the objective lens is set to 30X. What is the total magnification? - Answer 300X What three parameters are vital to microscopy? - Answer 1. Magnification

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    2. Resolution 3. Contrast Adding stains or dyes to specimens increases: - Answer Contrast E lectron microscopes have a distinct advantage over light microscopes b/c: - Answer Resolution is inversely related to light wavelength identify each characteristic as scanning, transmission, or light microscope: 1. Can use an LED as its illumination sourc e 2. Produces detailed image of surface 3. Uses a beam of electrons 4. Produces detailed internal images 5. Little to no specimen preparation required - Answer 1. Light 2. Scanning 3. Scanning and transmission 4. TEM 5. Light Define simple diffusion. - Answer The random movement of small molecules across a semi - permeable membrane form areas of high concentration to low concentration. This process does NOT require energy An example of simple diffusion in the human body is: - Answer Movement of gases (o 2 and CO2) across the cell membrane How does osmosis differ from simple diffusion? - Answer Osmosis is the movement of water molecules only and simple diffusion is the movement of some type of solute molecules Describe the relationship between the "conce ntration" of water and solute concentration in a solution. - Answer the concentrations are inversely related; the greater concentration of solute molecules the lower concentration of water molecules What are the two conditions required for osmosis? - Answ er Solute concentration and membrane permeability As a solute concentrations increases, it would take _____ amounts of pressure to prevent osmosis across the semi - permeable membrane. - Answer Increasing Toxicity is defined by each of the following except: - Answer Water concentration T/F. Submerging an animal cell in saltwater will cause the cell to swell (water will enter the cell) b/c saltwater is a hypertonic environment. - Answer False

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    During the simple diffusion experiment, why was iodine use d? - Answer To color/detect the presence of starch If someone is lost at sea, they should not drink the saltwater. Why? - Answer they should not, because saltwater is a hypertonic solution and will cause the water in your RBC's to move to the extra cellul ar solution, resulting in the shrinking and losing of the cells Define osmotic pressure. - Answer Amount of force that is needed to prevent osmotic uptake within a solution Define tonicity - Answer Solute concentration relative to the intracellular envir onment define hypotonic - Answer The solute concentration is lower on the outside of the cell Define hypertonic - Answer The solute concentration is higher on the outside of the cell Define isotonic - Answer Extra cellular environment that has an equal concentration of solutes to the intracellular Identify the type of phosphorylation (substrate level or oxidative) used during each metabolic pathway: 1. Glycolysis 2. Citric acid cycle 3. Electron transport chain - Answer 1. Substrate level 2. Substrate level 3. Oxidative The breakdown of glucose is considered to be what type of reaction? - Answer Exothermic Why do fish need to extract oxygen from water? - Answer Fish need oxygen to complete the coordinated processes of aerobic respiration In the exp eriment with the goldfish, the gill beat rate was an indication of: - Answer Aerobic respiration In the experiment with the goldfish, gill beat rate served as the: - Answer dependent variable List two examples of factors that were held constant so that c omparisons could be made between the control and experimental group. - Answer Same fish species; fish were the same size; purchased from the same store in the same tank; experiment conducted in same size fishbowls; same diet

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    What was the observable relati onship between gill beat rate and water temp.? - Answer As the temperature decreased, so did the gill beat rate What is a reasonable explanation for why temperature affects gill beat rate? - Answer The fish must accelerate or decelerate metabolism to main tain body temperature Enzymes are (select all that apply): - Answer Proteins, catalysts, temperature sensitive As a chemical reaction proceeds, enzymes act as ______ to increase the rate of the reaction by ______ The activation energy. - Answer Catalyst, lowering T/F. Enzymes become denatured after being used in a chemical reaction and cannot catalyze other substrates - Answer False Matter is made up of which of the following? - Answer Elements T/F. Essential elements can be broken down into simpler un its. - Answer False What is a compound? - Answer A combination of molecules that either make up a solid, liquid, or gas. For instance, H2O or NaCl Name the type of bond formed in each of the following examples, and describe the major characteristic of ea ch bond type: 1. H2O 2. Calcium (cation) Chloride (anion) 3. H2 - covalent - Answer 1. Hydrogen; partial positive charge on hydrogens is attracted to partial negative oxygen of other water molecules 2. Ionic; bond forms b/c of positive to negative attrac tions 3. Nonmetal with shared electrons btw the same type of molecule Match the building block to the correct biomacromolecule: 1. Lipid 2. Carbohydrate 3. Nucleic acid 4. Protein - Answer 1. Glycerol + fatty acid 2. Monosaccharide 3. Nucleotide 4. Amino acid T/F. Polysaccharides are complex sugars made of many monosaccharides joined together via redox reactions. - Answer False lipids, such as fats, oils and steroids, are insoluble in water b/c they contain which of the following? - Answer Non - polar hydrocarbon chains T/F. Cholesterol and estrogen are common types of steroids. - Answer True

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    T/F. Proteins have a limited number of functions and mainly act as energy reserves. - Answer False Phenylketonuria, known as PKU, is a rare genetic di sorder resulting in absence of the enzyme _______, and without this enzyme the amino acid _______ accumulates to toxic levels within the blood. - Answer 1. Phenylalanine hydroxylase 2. Phenylalanine T/F. The order in which amino acid monomers are arranged is called the quaternary structure of a protein. - Answer false DNA and RNA exist as chains of ______. The ______ of one nucleotide is linked to the _____ of the next nucleotide, while the ______ protrudes from each sugar in the string. - Answer 1. Nucle otides 2. Five - carbon sugar 3. Phosphate 4. Nitrogenous base Define "cell", and describe at least two characteristics. - Answer The cell is the basic unit of life. Characteristics include: 1. Breaking down nutrients 2. Removing wastes 3. Division/multi plication/new cells arising from other cells 4. Secreting and producing molecules to support and/or protect Prokaryotic cells may have each of the following except: - Answer Membrane bound organelles The nucleoli sure located within the nucleus is the si te of _____. - Answer Ribosome synthesis Each of the following are true of ribosome except: - Answer They are membrane bound T/F. The rough ER is responsible for synthesizing lipids, steroids, and phospholipids for the cell membrane. - Answer False T/F. The Golgi adds molecular tags such as phosphate groups or proteins to vesicles that serve as identifiers so the vesicle can be transported to the correct cellular destination. - Answer true T/F. Lysosomes are storage facilities for lipids. - Answer False match each term to the correct definitions: 1. Cristea 2. Inter membrane space 3. Mitochondria matrix - Answer 1. Folds that maximizes the surface area and enhance productivity during respiration

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    2. A hollow region between the inner and outer layers 3. Enclosed by the inner membrane; compartment that enzymes necessary for T/F. Peroxisomes are considered detoxifying organelles and are plentiful in cells of the liver and kidneys. - Answer True Each of the following are functions of the cytoskeleton ex cept: - Answer Provide an area for cellular metabolism to occur T/F. The 9+2 arrangement of the cytoskeleton is associated only with the shape of a cell. - Answer False Integrins, associated with the extracellular matrix have what two roles? - Answer 1. Mechanical anchoring 2. Transmitting signals from the extracellular environment Match each term with the correct definition: 1. Tight junctions 2. Desmosomes 3. Gap junctions - Answer 1. Mechanical structures that wrap around the cell to prevent extrace llular fluid (ECF) from 2. Acts as snaps, or fasteners, that look together along the longitudinal edge of the cell 3. tiny pores or channels that allow for the passage of sugars, ions, and amino acids to The ____ is the outer most constituent of the cell and is responsible for the cell's cytoplasm and organelles. - Answer Cell membrane (or plasma membrane) Cholesterol within a cell membrane does each of the following except: - Answer Increase surface area T/F. Selective permeability is the process by which substances pass through the cell membrane to be taken up by the cell. - Answer False Passive transport is ______. An example of a solute that relies on passive transport mechanism is _______. - Answer 1. The movement of substances through a membr ane without the input of energy 2. Oxygen OR carbon dioxide OR chloride OR urea OR water OR glycerol Which of the following may be involved in carrier mediated transport? (Select all that apply) - Answer Channel proteins, polar molecules, charged molecul es, carrier proteins, "gated" ion channels ________ occurs when an input of energy is required to move substances through the membrane. - Answer Active transport

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