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Canadian Fundamentals of Nursing 4th Edition Test Bank

Canadian Fundamentals of Nursing 4th Edition Test Bank simplifies complex ideas with well-organized content, making learning more accessible.

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    Chapter 1: Health and Wellness MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. There are different ways to define health and illness. What is the most commonly cited definition of health? a. Health is the absence of disease. b. Health is a function of the physiological state. c. Health is a state of well - being involving the whole person. d. Health is the ability to pursue activities of daily living. ANS: C The nurse should consider the total person when formulating a definition of “health.” Health is a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities. Health is seen as a resource for everyday living, rather than as the object of living. Health is considered to be more than merely the absence of disease. The definition of health has broadened beyond the physiological state to include mental, social, and spiritual well - being. An individual who is able to pursue activities of daily living (ADLs) may not define himself or herself as healthy. Life conditions such as environment, diet, and lifestyle practices may negatively affect one’s health long before one is unable to perform ADLs. DIF: Comprehension REF: 2 2. The population health promotion model aims to develop actions for improving health. In addition to asking “On what should we take action?” “How should we take action?” and “Why should we take action?” What is the fourth major question explored by the model? a. “With whom should we act?” b. “When should we take action?” c. “Which government should action?” d. “Where should we first act?” ANS: A The fourth question is With whom should we act? When should we take action? is not one of the four questions. Which government should action? is not one of the four questions. Where should we first act? is not one of the four questions. DIF: Knowledge REF: 12 (Figure 1 - 5) 3. “Health promotion is multisectoral” is a principle of health promotion. What does this principle mean? a. Relationships between individual, social, and environmental factors must be recognized. b. Physical, mental, social, ecological, cultural, and spiritual aspects of health must be recognized. c. In order to change unhealthy living and working conditions, areas other than health must also be involved. d. Health promotion uses knowledge from disciplines such as social, economic, political, environmental, medical, and nursing sciences, as well as from firsthand

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    experience. ANS: C In order to change unhealthy living and working conditions, areas other than health must also be involved explains the principle, “Health promotion is multisectoral.” Relationships between individual, social, and environmental factors must be recognized explains the principle, “ Health promotion addresses health issues in context.” Physical, mental, social, ecological, cultural, and spiritual aspects of health must be recognized explains the principle, “Health promotion supports a holistic approach.” Health promotion uses knowledge from disciplines such as social, economic, political, environmental, medical, and nursing sciences, as well as from firsthand experience explains the principle, “Health promotion draws on knowledge from a variety of sources.” DIF: Comprehension REF: 11 4. What priority strategy for health promotion in Canada is seen as important to incorporate in nursing education curricula? a. Knowledge of disease prevention b. Strategies for health promotion c. Policy advocacy d. Concepts of determinants of health ANS: C Increasingly, policy advocacy is incorporated into nursing role statements and nursing education curricula. Nurses should think about policies that have contributed to health problems, policies that would help to alleviate health problems, and how nursing champions public policies. Disease prevention is an integral part of nursing curricula. Health promotion is a fundamental part of nursing curricula. Nursing curricula integrate determinants of health. DIF: Comprehension REF: 11 5. The population health approach emphasizes individual and collective social factors that influence a population’s health. Which of the following is considered a population - level determinant? a. Education b. Personal health practices and coping skills c. Biology and genetic endowment d. Income and social status ANS: A Education is considered a population - level determinant. Personal health practices and coping skills are considered an individual - level determinant. Biology and genetic endowment is considered an individual - level determinant. Income and social status is considered an individual - level determinant. DIF: Application REF: 5 6. Which of the following has been identified as the greatest determinant of health affecting Canadians?

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    a. Education b. Health services c. Social support networks d. Income and social status ANS: D Income and social status is the greatest determinant of health. Some investigators suggest that literacy and education are important influences on health status because they affect many other health determinants. Approximately 25% of a population’s health status is attributed to the quality of its health care services. Social support affects health, health behaviours, and health care utilization, but is not the greatest determinant of health. DIF: Application REF: 5 7. A paraplegic client is in the hospital for an electrolyte imbalance. At which level of prevention is the client receiving care? a. Primary prevention level b. Secondary prevention level c. Tertiary prevention level d. Health promotion level ANS: B The secondary prevention level focuses on early detection of disease once pathogenesis has occurred, so that prompt treatment can be initiated to halt disease and limit disability. The primary prevention level focuses on health promotion and specific protection measures such as immunizations, and the reduction of risk factors such as smoking. The tertiary prevention level focuses on minimizing residual disability. Health promotion is a focus of the primary prevention level. DIF: Application REF: 10 8. The nurse incorporates levels of prevention as based on client needs and the typ e of nursing care provided. Which one of the following nursing activities is an example of tertiary - level preventive caregiving? a. Teaching a client how to irrigate a new temporary colostomy b. Providing a lesson on hygiene for an elementary school class c. Informing a client that immunizations for her infant are available through the health department d. Arranging for a hospice nurse to visit with the family of a client with cancer ANS: D Tertiary prevention occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible. At this level, the hospice nurse aims to help the client and his or her family to achieve a high level of function, despite the limitations caused by the client’s illness. Teaching a client how to irrigate a new colostomy would be an example of secondary prevention. If the colostomy is to be permanent, care may later move to the tertiary level of prevention. Providing a lesson on hygiene for an elementary school class would be an example of primary prevention.

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    Informing a client about available immunizations would be an example of primary prevention. DIF: Application REF: 10 9. Since the early 1990s, which group has had the highest amount of absenteeism of all workers in Canada? a. “White collar sector” workers b. Nurses c. Workers in the trades d. Transport and equipment operators ANS: B There is considerable concern regarding negative workplace conditions in the health care sector. Nurses have had the highest or second - highest rate of absenteeism of all workers in Canada since the early 1990s. Rates of absenteeism for the “white collar sector” were not given. Rates of absenteeism for workers in the trades were not given. Rates of absenteeism for transport and equipment operators were not given. DIF: Application REF: 7 10. According to research about nutrition in Canada, which one of the following statements is true? a. Canadians have increased their total fat and salt consumption. b. Canadians report that their children eat the recommended daily number of fruits and vegetables. c. More than half of Canadian children aged 2 to 17 years are overweight or obese. d. Ten percent of Canadians are overweight or obese. ANS: A True. Moreover, one - quarter of Canadians overall, and one - third of teens aged 14 to 18 years, had eaten at a fast - food outlet the previous day, exposing them to foods high in fats and salts. False. Seventy percent of children aged 4 to 8 ate fewer than the minimum servings of fruits and vegetables daily. False. Twenty - six percent of children aged 2 to 17 years were overweight or obese. False. In 2001, 56% of men and 39% of women were overweight or obese. DIF: Application REF: 8 11. Which of the following is one of the five health promotion strategies identified by the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion ? a. Create supportive environments b. Strengthen educational opportunities c. Develop a medical approach d. Minimize stressful situations ANS: A Create supportive environments is one of the five broad health promotion strategies identified by the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion . These strategies are: building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, developing personal skills, and reorienting health services.

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    Strengthen educational opportunities is not one of the five strategies. Develop a medical approach is not one of the five strategies. Minimize stressful situations is not one of the five strategies. DIF: Application REF: 4 12. Which one of the following is an example of tertiary prevention? a. Reduction of risk factors, such as smoking b. Breast self - examination and testicular self - examination c. Cardiac rehabilitation programs d. Blood pressure screening to detect hypertension ANS: C Tertiary prevention activities occur in the convalescence stage of disease, and are directed toward minimizing residual disability and helping people to live productively with limitations. An example is a cardiac rehabilitation program following a myocardial infarction. Reducing risk factors, such as smoking, is an example of primary prevention. Breast self - examination and testicular self - examination are examples of secondary prevention. Blood pressure screening to detect hypertension is an example of secondary prevention. DIF: Comprehension REF: 10 13. What is the greatest internal factor for the nurse to consider when educating an adult client concerning health promotion activities? a. The client’s emotional wellness b. The client’s developmental stage c. The client’s professed spirituality d. The client’s levels of education and literacy ANS: D Levels of education and literacy are important influences to consider when educating an adult client concerning health promotion activities. Literacy can influence health both directly (e.g., medication use, safety practices) as well as indirectly through use of services, lifestyles, income, work environments, and stress levels. The client’s degree of stress, depression, or fear, for example, can influence health beliefs and practices. The manner in which a person handles stress throughout each phase of life will influence the way he or she reacts to illness. However, this is not the best available option. A person’s thought and behaviour patterns change throughout life. The nurse must consider the client’s level of growth and development when using his or her health beliefs and practices as a basis for planning care. In this case, the client has been identified as an adult, and therefore the developmental stage has been determined. Spirituality is reflected in how a person lives his or her life, including the values and beliefs exercised, the relationships established with family and friends, and the ability to find hope and meaning in life. However, this is not the best available option. DIF: Analysis REF: 11 14. Which of the following statements would help the nurse to best discuss the impact of a known risk factor on a client’s health? a. “It doesn’t mean that you’ll get the disease, just that the odds are greater for you.” b. “Now that you know the possibility is there, you can take steps to prevent it.”

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    c. “This risk factor can be managed by making a change to your lifestyle.” d. “You’ re lucky, because you have the benefit of being able to do something about it.” ANS: A The presence of risk factors does not mean that a disease will develop, but risk factors increase the chances that the individual will experience a particular disease or dysfunction. While the statement, “Now that you know the possibility is there, you can take steps to prevent it” is not incorrect, it does not address the impact of the risk factor on the client’s health. It is not always true that a risk factor can be managed by making lifestyle changes, and therefore is not the best available option. Telling the client that he/she is lucky and has the benefit of being able to do something about a risk factor minimizes the client’s concern, and does not address the impact of the risk factor on the client’s health. DIF: Analysis REF: 4 15. The nurse is caring for a terminally ill client who recently immigrated to the C anada. To provide quality end - of - life care, what must the nurse do first? a. Make every effort to involve the client and his or her family in the end - of - life care. b. Understand the client’s personal and cultural views regarding death and dying. c. Arrange for end - of - life care to be provided by health care professionals familiar with the client’s culture. d. Share the client’s concerns regarding the dying process with his or her interdisciplinary care team. ANS: B Differences in beliefs, values, and traditional health care practices are relevant when planning end - of - life care. It is the nurse’s responsibility to become familiar with the client’s personal and cultural views so as to provide the most effective and appropriate end - of - life care. While it is important to make every effort to involve the client and his or her family in the end - of - life care, it is not the best available option, because understanding the client’s cultural and personal views will facilitate all other offered options. Arranging for end - of - life care to be provided by health care professionals familiar with the client’s culture may not always be practical or possible. While sharing the client’s concerns regarding the dying process with his or her interdisciplinary care team is important, it is not the best available option, because understanding the client’s cultural and personal views will facilitate all other offered options. DIF: Analysis REF: 10 - 11

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    Chapter 2: The Canadian Health Care Delivery System MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which of the following is the fastest growing component of the health care system? a. Primary care b. Respite care c. Home care d. Palliative care ANS: C Home care is one of the fastest growing components of the health care system, partly because clients are sent home from hospital sooner than they used to be. Primary care is not the fastest growing of these components. Respite care is not the fastest growing of these components. Palliative care is not the fastest growing of these components. DIF: Application REF: 23 2. Which of the following factors is contributing to the shortage of nurses in Canada, according to studies done by the Canadian Nurses Association (1997, 2002)? a. Increased birth rate creating a greater demand for nursing services b. New technology replacing nurses at the bedside c. Fewer people wishing to practice as nurses, because health trends are focusing on natural and alternative therapies d. A large percentage of nurses retiring in the next two decades ANS: D Canadian nursing is challenged by an aging work force, a high retirement rate, and a lack of full - time positions. Over 50% of nurses graduated more than twenty years ago. The aging population is creating the greater demand for nursing services. The fact that new technology is replacing nurses at the bedside is not a factor identified by the CNA as contributing to the shortage of nurses. The fact that health trends are focusing on natural and alternative therapies is not a factor identified by the CNA as contributing to the shortage of nurses. DIF: Application REF: 15 (Box 2 - 1) 3. Health care professionals are affected by increasing health care costs. Why migh t nurses be most directly influenced by cost control? a. They constitute a large percentage of the health care budget. b. They achieve higher salary levels than do other health care professionals. c. They provide direct client care without reimbursement. d. They deliver the least cost - effective care. ANS: A Nursing typically makes up the largest employment group within the system. To save money, an organization may hire fewer nurses and more less - educated technical staff, placing greater responsibility on the nurse. Nurses do not necessarily achieve higher salary levels than other health care professionals.

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    The impact of cost control on nurses is not the result of providing care without direct reimbursement from the client. Nurses do not deliver the least cost - effective care. Many negative and costly outcomes may be avoided when patients are under the direct care of a registered nurse. DIF: Knowledge REF: 19 4. Nurses use levels of prevention to provide a framework or guide for nursing interventions. Focus is based on the client’s needs and the care or service provided. Which of the following is an example of a true health promotion service? a. An immunization clinic b. A diabetic support group c. A prenatal nutrition class d. A smoking cessation clinic ANS: C Community clinics offer prenatal nutrition classes that promote the health of the woman, fetus, and infant. Building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, developing personal skills, reorienting health services are part of health promotion service. An immunization clinic is an example of an illness prevention service. A diabetic support group may be an example of a rehabilitation service, to help clients to adapt to a change in lifestyle. A smoking - cessation clinic may be a part of a rehabilitation service, or offered as an illness prevention service. DIF: Application REF: 24 5. A wide variety of health care - delivery agencies exist. Which of the following is an example of an agency that provides secondary - level care? a. Physicians’ offices and nurse - managed clinics b. Schools and occupational settings c. Hospitals and the home d. Hospitals with advanced expertise ANS: C Secondary care involves the provision of a specialized medical service by a physician specialist or a hospital, or referral from a primary care practitioner. Secondary care settings include hospitals and the home. Physician’s offices and nurse - managed clinics are settings for primary care. Schools and occupational settings are settings for primary care. Regional hospitals or provincial health centres that provide specialist expertise are settings for tertiary care. DIF: Knowledge REF: 24 6. Listed below are four of the five levels of health care. Child immunizations, support groups for adolescent parents, and chlorinated water are examples of which level of health care? a. Health promotion b. Disease and injury prevention c. Supportive care

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    d. Rehabilitation ANS: B Disease and injury prevention include illness prevention (chlorinated water, immunizations) and support groups. These are not examples of health promotion. Health promotion services include anti - smoking services, advocacy for healthy public policy, and provision of wellness services. These are not examples of supportive care. Supportive care describes services provided over a prolonged period to people who are disabled, who have never been able to function independently, or who have a terminal disease. These are not examples of rehabilitation. Rehabilitation, such as physiotherapy, involves restoring a person to optimal health. DIF: Knowledge REF: 24 7. Which of the following best describes primary care? a. Early detection and routine care, as well as prevention b. Provision of a specialized medical service c. Treatment of all clients with a minimum level of health insurance d. Provision of medical services in a client’s home ANS: A Primary care is the first contact of a client with the health care system that leads to a decision regarding a course of action to resolve any actual or potential health problem. The focus is on early detection and routine care, with emphasis on education to prevent recurrences. Provision of a specialized medical service by a specialist or through referral is an example of secondary care. False. No client is refused treatment based on level of insurance. Medical services provided in the client’s home, although not very common, could fall under primary care, but would not best describe primary care. DIF: Application REF: 24 8. A client comes to the ambulatory care clinic for management of a chronic condition. What does the nurse tell him when he asks for an explanation of the Medicare system? a. It is Canada’s national health insurance system. b. It is a fee - for - service insurance plan. c. It is a plan in which monies from provincial taxes are used for nursing homes. d. It is a social insurance program for low - income earners. ANS: A Medicare is a key element of Canada’ s social safety net. It is Canada’s national health insurance system, which uses taxes to finance medically necessary services for all citizens, thus providing “free” health care to all. Medicare is not a fee - for - service insurance plan. Medicare is not a plan in which monies from provincial taxes are used for nursing homes. Medicare is not a social insurance program for low - income earners. DIF: Comprehension REF: 15 9. In 2006, what accounted for the largest share of total health care expenditures in Canada?

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    a. Remuneration for physicians b. Drug costs c. Unregulated health care professional salaries d. Hospitals and other health care institutions ANS: D Hospitals and other health care institutions accounted for 30% of total health care expenditures in 2006. Remuneration for physicians accounted for 13% of total expenditures. Drug costs accounted for 17% of total expenditures. Salaries paid to unregulated health care professionals did not account for the largest share of expenditures. DIF: Knowledge REF: 18 10. Which of the following is true, regarding the Romanow Commission? a. Roy Romanow recommended making long - term care an essential service. b. Roy Romanow concluded that Canada’s Medicare system is sustainable and must be preserved. c. The Romanow Commission’s top priority was to abolish the National Health Council in order to replace it with provincial regulating bodies. d. The Romanow Commission saw increased use of telehealth as a key area for change and reduced costs. ANS: B The statement “ Roy Romanow concluded that Canada’s Medicare system is sustainable and must be preserved .” is true. The Romanow Commission concluded that Canada’s Medicare system is sustainable and must be preserved. The statement “ Roy Romanow recommended making long - term care an essential service. ” is not entirely accurate. Roy Romanow recommended making home care an essential service for post - acute, palliative care, and mentally ill clients. The statement “ The Romanow Commission’s top priority was to abolish the National Health Council in order to replace it with provincial regulating bodies. ” is false. The Romanow Commission promoted the concept of a National Health Council. The statement “ The Romanow Commission saw increased use of telehealth as a key area for change and reduced costs. ” is false. The Romanow Commission recommended change in key areas, but did not identify telehealth as a key area. DIF: Application REF: 19 (Box 2 - 3) 11. A mother brings her child to be seen in a nurse - managed setting. She is concerned that her child’s rash could be measles. What type of care does this represent? a. Respite care b. Primary care c. Supportive care d. Secondary care ANS: B Primary care focuses on early detection and routine care, and can be offered in nurse - managed clinics. Respite care is a component of supportive care.

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    Supportive care describes services provided to disabled and terminally ill patients over a prolonged time period. Secondary care is the provision of specialized medical services by a physician specialist or through referral from a primary care professional. DIF: Application REF: 20 12. Which of the following is an example of nurses using the principle of “appropriate skills and technology” within primary health care (PHC)? a. Nurses using their expertise to offer quick health information through telehealth b. Teams of nurses and other health care professionals bringing health care to those living on the street c. Multidisciplinary teams offering care at centres within a community d. Nurses providing a full range of services through a centre, including laboratory and emergency services ANS: A Telehealth allows individuals to connect to a qualified nurse for answers to their health questions. This is an example of “appropriate skills and technology,” one of the five principles of primary health care. Teams of nurses and other health care professionals bringing health care to those living on the street is an example of accessibility. Multidisciplinary teams offering care at centres within a community is an example of intersectoral collaboration. Nurses providing a full range of services through a centre, including laboratory and emergency services is an example of intersectoral collaboration. DIF: Application REF: 20 13. A client with a disability, who still requires restorative care in order to return to a prior level of functioning, is being discharged from the medical unit in the hospital. To which type of facility should this client be referred? a. An assisted - living facility b. An adult day care centre c. An extended care facility d. A home health care agency ANS: D A home health care agency provides health services to individuals and families in their homes. Home care was created to provide individualized care for people following hospital discharge, but has increasingly included a range of clients in a range of ages from very young to very old; those with mental, physical, or developmental challenges, and those requiring recovery, to end - stage care. Assisted - living facilities are community - based residential facilities where adults live in their own apartments and are provided with a range of support services such as meals, social and recreational programs, laundry, and a variety of services. Adult day care centres provide continuous health care services to clients who do not require hospitalization. They provide continuity between the care delivered at home and care delivered in the centre.

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    An extended care facility provides long - term care accommodations and 24 - hour intermediate and custodial care (e.g., nursing, rehabilitation services, etc.) for residents of any age with chronic or debilitating illnesses or disabilities. DIF: Application REF: 23 14. Which of the following is an appropriate referral for an older client who requir es some assistance with daily activities within a partially protective environment? a. Respite care b. Rehabilitative care c. Assisted living d. Extended care ANS: C The client requires assisted living. Assisted living allows adults to receive a range of support services, including personalized assistance in achieving a level of independence. Personal assistance services are “designed to promote maximum dignity and independence,” including meal preparation, personal hygiene practice, mobility, and socialization. Respite care is a service that provides short - term relief for family caregivers or persons providing home care to the ill or disabled. Rehabilitative care provides therapy and training, with the goal of decreasing the client’s dependence on care. An extended, or long - term, care facility provides intermediate medical, nursing, or custodial care for clients recovering from acute or chronic illness or disabilities. DIF: Application REF: 23 15. The Canadian Patient Safety Institute (CPSI) provides leadership in building and advancing a safer health care system. According to the CPSI, how many clients contract an infection while in hospital? (Note that the same number of clients also experiences a medication - related error while in hospital.) a. 1 in 20 clients b. 1 in 9 clients c. 1 in 4 clients d. 1 in 50 clients ANS: B According to the CPSI, 1 in 9 clients will contract an infection while in hospit al. The same number of clients will experience a medication - related error. 1 in 20 clients is not the documented number of clients. 1 in 4 clients is not the documented number of clients. 1 in 50 clients is not the documented number of clients. DIF: Knowledge REF: 26 16. “Residents temporarily absent from their home province are to have their incurre d services paid for by the home province, in the same amount that would have been paid by the home province.” This statement describes which principle of the Canada Health Act (1984)? a. Portability b. Universality c. Public administration

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    d. Accessibility ANS: A This statement describes the principle of portability. The statement does not describe universality. The principle of universality means that 100 percent of the insured persons of a province are covered by the health care plan. The statement does not describe public administration. The principle of public administration means that the health care plan must be administered and operated on a non - profit basis by a public authority, responsible to the provincial government and subject to audits of its accounts and financing transactions. The statement does not describe accessibility. The principle of accessibility means that the health care plan of a province must provide for a) insured health services and reasonable access by insured persons; b) reasonable compensation to physicians and dentists for all insured services rendered; and c) payments to hospitals in respect to the cost of insured health services. DIF: Comprehension REF: 17 (Table 2 - 1) 17. Which of the following concepts is discussed in the Kirby Report ( The Health of Canadians , 2002)? a. The private sector should not be involved in health care delivery. b. The present Medicare system is sustainable and must be preserved. c. Accountability is important for services and funding. d. A National Health Council is required. ANS: C Kirby emphasized the importance of accountability for services and funding. Kirby believed that the private sector should have a stronger role in health care delivery. Kirby concluded that the present Medicare system is not sustainable. (The Romanow Commission concluded it was sustainable.) Instead of a National Health Council, as recommended by Romanow, Kirby suggested an appointed council of fewer members with limited advisory functions. DIF: Application REF: 19 (Box 2 - 3)

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    Chapter 3: The Development of Nursing in Canada MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. The nursing profession encompasses many roles. Which type of nurse prescribes me dications (except narcotics) and treats health problems within the scope of nursing practice? a. Clinical nurse specialist b. Registered nurse c. Nurse clinician d. Nurse practitioner ANS: D A nurse practitioner may prescribe medications, with certain exclusions, and treat health problems within the scope of nursing practice. A clinical nurse specialist is an advanced practice nurse with preparation in a specialized area of nursing practice. He or she may specialize in a specific disease, such as cancer or AIDS, or in a specific field, such as oncology or gerontology. Prescribing medications is not within the scope of practice of a registered nurse. A nurse clinician is a nurse who provides direct client care. DIF: Knowledge REF: 35 2. The nurse uses reflective thinking and feedback from a variety of sources to eva luate and implement changes to his or her practice. This is an indicator of which standard of professional practice? a. Knowledge b. Application of knowledge c. Continuing competence d. Professional service to the public ANS: C A growing number of professional associations are developing continuing competence programs in which nurses have to provide evidence of taking steps to update their knowledge and skill levels. Knowledge is not an indicator of knowledge. Application of knowledge is not an indicator of application of knowledge. Professional service to the public is not an indicator of professional service to the public. DIF: Application REF: 38 (Table 3 - 1) 3. Nursing education is undergoing major changes in order to address the increased complexities of health care and the expansion of knowledge about care and technology. Which of the following reflects the major educational initiative that is occurring across Canada? a. As the baccalaureate degree becomes necessary for entry into practice, new curricula and collaborative baccalaureate programs are emerging across the country. b. In view of the nursing shortage, diploma nursing programs are admitting more students. c. The length of the baccalaureate nursing program will be revised to offer a five - year program.

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    d. Community colleges will offer baccalaureate nursing programs, while universities will concentrate on nursing master’s and doctorate programs. ANS: A New curricula and collaborative baccalaureate programs across the country are responding to society’s changing health needs and the profession’s commitment to maintaining a high standard of health care. In many provinces, college - level diploma nursing programs have been eliminated, since most provincial and regulatory bodies have made the baccalaureate degree the basic entry to the practice of nursing. The length of the baccalaureate nursing program is four years. Presently, baccalaureate nursing programs are offered through collaboration between colleges and universities. Universities will continue to deliver programs at the baccalaureate, master’s, and doctorate levels. DIF: Application REF: 35 4. It is important that the interests of nurses be represented within a political framework. Which nursing group lobbies at the federal level to influence health policies? a. The Canadian Nurses Association (CNA) b. Professional nursing organizations (e.g., the College of Nurses of Ontario [CNO]) c. The Canadian Confederation of Nurses Unions d. The Registered Nurses Association of Ontario (RNAO) ANS: A As the national voice of Canadian nurses, the CNA is the representative to the federal government and national organizations for nurses across the country. Professional nursing organizations establish education and practice standards for nurses, carry out the regulatory functions of registration and licensure, and discipline members who do not meet these standards. The Canadian Confederation of Nurses Unions was formed in 1981 to represent the interest of nurses in both watchdog and lobbying activities. This organization of fers support to its unionized members. Nursing associations such as the RNAO exist in each province and territory, and are the voice of registered nurses in those regions. They are the official representatives of the nursing profession, and aim to increase public understanding of nursing and its impact on the health of individuals, families, and communities. Nursing associations lobby the provincial government. DIF: Knowledge REF: 36 5. The nurse moves from one province to another to begin working in a new hospital. What is the most important factor for the nurse to consider when moving to another province? a. The standards for nursing practice in that province b. The nursing regulatory body of that province c. The Canadian Nurses Association’s licensing standards d. Knowledge of the RNAO’s Nursing Best Practice Guidelines ANS: B Although most provinces have similar standards for nursing practice, each indivi dual province has its own regulatory body.

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