Canadian Fundamentals of Nursing 4th Edition Test Bank

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Chapter 1: Health and WellnessMULTIPLE CHOICE1.There are different ways to define health and illness. What is the most commonly citeddefinition of health?a.Health is the absence of disease.b.Health is a function of the physiological state.c.Health is a state of well-being involving the whole person.d.Health is the ability to pursue activities of daily living.ANS:CThe nurse should consider the total person when formulating a definition of “health.” Healthis a positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capacities.Health is seen as a resource for everyday living, rather than as the object of living.Health is considered to be more than merely the absence of disease.The definition of health has broadened beyond the physiological state to include mental,social, and spiritual well-being.An individual who is able to pursue activities of daily living (ADLs) may not define himselfor herself as healthy. Life conditions such as environment, diet, and lifestyle practices maynegatively affect one’s health long before one is unable to perform ADLs.DIF:ComprehensionREF:22.The population health promotion model aims to develop actions for improving health. Inaddition to asking “On what should we take action?” “How should we take action?” and“Why should we take action?” What is the fourth major question explored by the model?a.“With whom should we act?”b.“When should we take action?”c.“Which government should action?”d.“Where should we first act?”ANS:AThe fourth question isWith whom should we act?When should we take action?is not one of the four questions.Which government should action?is not one of the four questions.Where should we first act?is not one of the four questions.DIF:KnowledgeREF:12 (Figure 1-5)3.“Health promotion is multisectoral” is a principle of health promotion. What does thisprinciple mean?a.Relationships between individual, social, and environmental factors must berecognized.b.Physical, mental, social, ecological, cultural, and spiritual aspects of health mustbe recognized.c.In order to change unhealthy living and working conditions, areas other than healthmust also be involved.d.Health promotion uses knowledge from disciplines such as social, economic,political, environmental, medical, and nursing sciences, as well as from firsthand

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experience.ANS:CIn order to change unhealthy living and working conditions, areas other than health must alsobe involvedexplains the principle, “Health promotion is multisectoral.”Relationships between individual, social, and environmental factors must be recognizedexplains the principle, “Health promotion addresses health issues in context.”Physical, mental, social, ecological, cultural, and spiritual aspects of health must berecognizedexplains the principle, “Health promotion supports a holistic approach.”Health promotion uses knowledge from disciplines such as social, economic, political,environmental, medical, and nursing sciences, as well as from firsthand experienceexplainsthe principle, “Health promotion draws on knowledge from a variety of sources.”DIF:ComprehensionREF:114.What priority strategy for health promotion in Canada is seen as important to incorporate innursing education curricula?a.Knowledge of disease preventionb.Strategies for health promotionc.Policy advocacyd.Concepts of determinants of healthANS:CIncreasingly, policy advocacy is incorporated into nursing role statements and nursingeducation curricula. Nurses should think about policies that have contributed to healthproblems, policies that would help to alleviate health problems, and how nursing championspublic policies.Disease prevention is an integral part of nursing curricula.Health promotion is a fundamental part of nursing curricula.Nursing curricula integrate determinants of health.DIF:ComprehensionREF:115.The population health approach emphasizes individual and collective social factors thatinfluence a population’s health. Which of the following is considered a population-leveldeterminant?a.Educationb.Personal health practices and coping skillsc.Biology and genetic endowmentd.Income and social statusANS:AEducation is considered a population-level determinant.Personal health practices and coping skills are considered an individual-level determinant.Biology and genetic endowment is considered an individual-level determinant.Income and social status is considered an individual-level determinant.DIF:ApplicationREF:56.Which of the following has been identified as the greatest determinant of health affectingCanadians?

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a.Educationb.Health servicesc.Social support networksd.Income and social statusANS:DIncome and social status is the greatest determinant of health.Some investigators suggest that literacy and education are important influences on healthstatus because they affect many other health determinants.Approximately 25% of a population’s health status is attributed to the quality of its health careservices.Social support affects health, health behaviours, and health care utilization, but is not thegreatest determinant of health.DIF:ApplicationREF:57.A paraplegic client is in the hospital for an electrolyte imbalance. At which level ofprevention is the client receiving care?a.Primary prevention levelb.Secondary prevention levelc.Tertiary prevention leveld.Health promotion levelANS:BThe secondary prevention level focuses on early detection of disease once pathogenesis hasoccurred, so that prompt treatment can be initiated to halt disease and limit disability.The primary prevention level focuses on health promotion and specific protection measuressuch as immunizations, and the reduction of risk factors such as smoking.The tertiary prevention level focuses on minimizing residual disability.Health promotion is a focus of the primary prevention level.DIF:ApplicationREF:108.The nurse incorporates levels of prevention as based on client needs and the type of nursingcare provided. Which one of the following nursing activities is an example of tertiary-levelpreventive caregiving?a.Teaching a client how to irrigate a new temporary colostomyb.Providing a lesson on hygiene for an elementary school classc.Informing a client that immunizations for her infant are available through thehealth departmentd.Arranging for a hospice nurse to visit with the family of a client with cancerANS:DTertiary prevention occurs when a defect or disability is permanent and irreversible. At thislevel, the hospice nurse aims to help the client and his or her family to achieve a high level offunction, despite the limitations caused by the client’s illness.Teaching a client how to irrigate a new colostomy would be an example of secondaryprevention. If the colostomy is to be permanent, care may later move to the tertiary level ofprevention.Providing a lesson on hygiene for an elementary school class would be an example of primaryprevention.

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Informing a client about available immunizations would be an example of primary prevention.DIF:ApplicationREF:109.Since the early 1990s, which group has had the highest amount of absenteeism of all workersin Canada?a.“White collar sector” workersb.Nursesc.Workers in the tradesd.Transport and equipment operatorsANS:BThere is considerable concern regarding negative workplace conditions in the health caresector. Nurses have had the highest or second-highest rate of absenteeism of all workers inCanada since the early 1990s.Rates of absenteeism for the “white collar sector” were not given.Rates of absenteeism for workers in the trades were not given.Rates of absenteeism for transport and equipment operators were not given.DIF:ApplicationREF:710.According to research about nutrition in Canada, which one of the following statements istrue?a.Canadians have increased their total fat and salt consumption.b.Canadians report that their children eat the recommended daily number of fruitsand vegetables.c.More than half of Canadian children aged 2 to 17 years are overweight or obese.d.Ten percent of Canadians are overweight or obese.ANS:ATrue. Moreover, one-quarter of Canadians overall, and one-third of teens aged 14 to 18 years,had eaten at a fast-food outlet the previous day, exposing them to foods high in fats and salts.False. Seventy percent of children aged 4 to 8 ate fewer than the minimum servings of fruitsand vegetables daily.False. Twenty-six percent of children aged 2 to 17 years were overweight or obese.False. In 2001, 56% of men and 39% of women were overweight or obese.DIF:ApplicationREF:811.Which of the following is one of the five health promotion strategies identified by theOttawaCharter for Health Promotion?a.Create supportive environmentsb.Strengthen educational opportunitiesc.Develop a medical approachd.Minimize stressful situationsANS:ACreate supportive environmentsis one of the five broad health promotion strategies identifiedby theOttawa Charter for Health Promotion. These strategies are: building healthy publicpolicy, creating supportive environments, strengthening community action, developingpersonal skills, and reorienting health services.

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Strengthen educational opportunitiesis not one of the five strategies.Develop a medical approachis not one of the five strategies.Minimize stressful situationsis not one of the five strategies.DIF:ApplicationREF:412.Which one of the following is an example of tertiary prevention?a.Reduction of risk factors, such as smokingb.Breast self-examination and testicular self-examinationc.Cardiac rehabilitation programsd.Blood pressure screening to detect hypertensionANS:CTertiary prevention activities occur in the convalescence stage of disease, and are directedtoward minimizing residual disability and helping people to live productively with limitations.An example is a cardiac rehabilitation program following a myocardial infarction.Reducing risk factors, such as smoking, is an example of primary prevention.Breast self-examination and testicular self-examination are examples of secondary prevention.Blood pressure screening to detect hypertension is an example of secondary prevention.DIF:ComprehensionREF:1013.What is the greatest internal factor for the nurse to consider when educating an adult clientconcerning health promotion activities?a.The client’s emotional wellnessb.The client’s developmental stagec.The client’s professed spiritualityd.The client’s levels of education and literacyANS:DLevels of education and literacy are important influences to consider when educating an adultclient concerning health promotion activities. Literacy can influence health both directly (e.g.,medication use, safety practices) as well as indirectly through use of services, lifestyles,income, work environments, and stress levels.The client’s degree of stress, depression, or fear, for example, can influence health beliefs andpractices. The manner in which a person handles stress throughout each phase of life willinfluence the way he or she reacts to illness. However, this is not the best available option.A person’s thought and behaviour patterns change throughout life. The nurse must considerthe client’s level of growth and development when using his or her health beliefs and practicesas a basis for planning care. In this case, the client has been identified as an adult, andtherefore the developmental stage has been determined.Spirituality is reflected in how a person lives his or her life, including the values and beliefsexercised, the relationships established with family and friends, and the ability to find hopeand meaning in life. However, this is not the best available option.DIF:AnalysisREF:1114.Which of the following statements would help the nurse to best discuss the impact of a knownrisk factor on a client’s health?a.“It doesn’t mean that you’ll get the disease, just that the odds are greater for you.”b.“Now that you know the possibility is there, you can take steps to prevent it.”

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c.“This risk factor can be managed by making a change to your lifestyle.”d.“You’re lucky, because you have the benefit of being able to do something aboutit.”ANS:AThe presence of risk factors does not mean that a disease will develop, but risk factorsincrease the chances that the individual will experience a particular disease or dysfunction.While the statement, “Now that you know the possibility is there, you can take steps toprevent it” is not incorrect, it does not address the impact of the risk factor on the client’shealth.It is not always true that a risk factor can be managed by making lifestyle changes, andtherefore is not the best available option.Telling the client that he/she is lucky and has the benefit of being able to do something abouta risk factor minimizes the client’s concern, and does not address the impact of the risk factoron the client’s health.DIF:AnalysisREF:415.The nurse is caring for a terminally ill client who recently immigrated to the Canada. Toprovide quality end-of-life care, what must the nurse do first?a.Make every effort to involve the client and his or her family in the end-of-life care.b.Understand the client’s personal and cultural views regarding death and dying.c.Arrange for end-of-life care to be provided by health care professionals familiarwith the client’s culture.d.Share the client’s concerns regarding the dying process with his or herinterdisciplinary care team.ANS:BDifferences in beliefs, values, and traditional health care practices are relevant when planningend-of-life care. It is the nurse’s responsibility to become familiar with the client’s personaland cultural views so as to provide the most effective and appropriate end-of-life care.While it is important to make every effort to involve the client and his or her family in theend-of-life care, it is not the best available option, because understanding the client’s culturaland personal views will facilitate all other offered options.Arranging for end-of-life care to be provided by health care professionals familiar with theclient’s culture may not always be practical or possible.While sharing the client’s concerns regarding the dying process with his or herinterdisciplinary care team is important, it is not the best available option, becauseunderstanding the client’s cultural and personal views will facilitate all other offered options.DIF:AnalysisREF:10-11

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Chapter 2: The Canadian Health Care Delivery SystemMULTIPLE CHOICE1.Which of the following is the fastest growing component of the health care system?a.Primary careb.Respite carec.Home cared.Palliative careANS:CHome care is one of the fastest growing components of the health care system, partly becauseclients are sent home from hospital sooner than they used to be.Primary care is not the fastest growing of these components.Respite care is not the fastest growing of these components.Palliative care is not the fastest growing of these components.DIF:ApplicationREF:232.Which of the following factors is contributing to the shortage of nurses in Canada, accordingto studies done by the Canadian Nurses Association (1997, 2002)?a.Increased birth rate creating a greater demand for nursing servicesb.New technology replacing nurses at the bedsidec.Fewer people wishing to practice as nurses, because health trends are focusing onnatural and alternative therapiesd.A large percentage of nurses retiring in the next two decadesANS:DCanadian nursing is challenged by an aging work force, a high retirement rate, and a lack offull-time positions. Over 50% of nurses graduated more than twenty years ago.The aging population is creating the greater demand for nursing services.The fact that new technology is replacing nurses at the bedside is not a factor identified by theCNA as contributing to the shortage of nurses.The fact that health trends are focusing on natural and alternative therapies is not a factoridentified by the CNA as contributing to the shortage of nurses.DIF:ApplicationREF:15 (Box 2-1)3.Health care professionals are affected by increasing health care costs. Why might nurses bemost directly influenced by cost control?a.They constitute a large percentage of the health care budget.b.They achieve higher salary levels than do other health care professionals.c.They provide direct client care without reimbursement.d.They deliver the least cost-effective care.ANS:ANursing typically makes up the largest employment group within the system. To save money,an organization may hire fewer nurses and more less-educated technical staff, placing greaterresponsibility on the nurse.Nurses do not necessarily achieve higher salary levels than other health care professionals.

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The impact of cost control on nurses is not the result of providing care without directreimbursement from the client.Nurses do not deliver the least cost-effective care. Many negative and costly outcomes may beavoided when patients are under the direct care of a registered nurse.DIF:KnowledgeREF:194.Nurses use levels of prevention to provide a framework or guide for nursing interventions.Focus is based on the client’s needs and the care or service provided. Which of the followingis an example of a true health promotion service?a.An immunization clinicb.A diabetic support groupc.A prenatal nutrition classd.A smoking cessation clinicANS:CCommunity clinics offer prenatal nutrition classes that promote the health of the woman,fetus, and infant. Building healthy public policy, creating supportive environments,strengthening community action, developing personal skills, reorienting health services arepart of health promotion service.An immunization clinic is an example of an illness prevention service.A diabetic support group may be an example of a rehabilitation service, to help clients toadapt to a change in lifestyle.A smoking-cessation clinic may be a part of a rehabilitation service, or offered as an illnessprevention service.DIF:ApplicationREF:245.A wide variety of health care-delivery agencies exist. Which of the following is an example ofan agency that provides secondary-level care?a.Physicians’ offices and nurse-managed clinicsb.Schools and occupational settingsc.Hospitals and the homed.Hospitals with advanced expertiseANS:CSecondary care involves the provision of a specialized medical service by a physicianspecialist or a hospital, or referral from a primary care practitioner. Secondary care settingsinclude hospitals and the home.Physician’s offices and nurse-managed clinics are settings for primary care.Schools and occupational settings are settings for primary care.Regional hospitals or provincial health centres that provide specialist expertise are settings fortertiary care.DIF:KnowledgeREF:246.Listed below are four of the five levels of health care. Child immunizations, support groupsfor adolescent parents, and chlorinated water are examples of which level of health care?a.Health promotionb.Disease and injury preventionc.Supportive care

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d.RehabilitationANS:BDisease and injury prevention include illness prevention (chlorinated water, immunizations)and support groups.These are not examples of health promotion. Health promotion services include anti-smokingservices, advocacy for healthy public policy, and provision of wellness services.These are not examples of supportive care. Supportive care describes services provided over aprolonged period to people who are disabled, who have never been able to functionindependently, or who have a terminal disease.These are not examples of rehabilitation. Rehabilitation, such as physiotherapy, involvesrestoring a person to optimal health.DIF:KnowledgeREF:247.Which of the following best describes primary care?a.Early detection and routine care, as well as preventionb.Provision of a specialized medical servicec.Treatment of all clients with a minimum level of health insuranced.Provision of medical services in a client’s homeANS:APrimary care is the first contact of a client with the health care system that leads to a decisionregarding a course of action to resolve any actual or potential health problem. The focus is onearly detection and routine care, with emphasis on education to prevent recurrences.Provision of a specialized medical service by a specialist or through referral is an example ofsecondary care.False. No client is refused treatment based on level of insurance.Medical services provided in the client’s home, although not very common, could fall underprimary care, but would not best describe primary care.DIF:ApplicationREF:248.A client comes to the ambulatory care clinic for management of a chronic condition. Whatdoes the nurse tell him when he asks for an explanation of the Medicare system?a.It is Canada’s national health insurance system.b.It is a fee-for-service insurance plan.c.It is a plan in which monies from provincial taxes are used for nursing homes.d.It is a social insurance program for low-income earners.ANS:AMedicare is a key element of Canada’s social safety net. It is Canada’s national healthinsurance system, which uses taxes to finance medically necessary services for all citizens,thus providing “free” health care to all.Medicare is not a fee-for-service insurance plan.Medicare is not a plan in which monies from provincial taxes are used for nursing homes.Medicare is not a social insurance program for low-income earners.DIF:ComprehensionREF:159.In 2006, what accounted for the largest share of total health care expenditures in Canada?

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a.Remuneration for physiciansb.Drug costsc.Unregulated health care professional salariesd.Hospitals and other health care institutionsANS:DHospitals and other health care institutions accounted for 30% of total health careexpenditures in 2006.Remuneration for physicians accounted for 13% of total expenditures.Drug costs accounted for 17% of total expenditures.Salaries paid to unregulated health care professionals did not account for the largest share ofexpenditures.DIF:KnowledgeREF:1810.Which of the following is true, regarding the Romanow Commission?a.Roy Romanow recommended making long-term care an essential service.b.Roy Romanow concluded that Canada’s Medicare system is sustainable and mustbe preserved.c.The Romanow Commission’s top priority was to abolish the National HealthCouncil in order to replace it with provincial regulating bodies.d.The Romanow Commission saw increased use of telehealth as a key area forchange and reduced costs.ANS:BThe statement “Roy Romanow concluded that Canada’s Medicare system is sustainable andmust be preserved.”is true. The Romanow Commission concluded that Canada’s Medicaresystem is sustainable and must be preserved.The statement “Roy Romanow recommended making long-term care an essential service.” isnot entirely accurate. Roy Romanow recommended making home care an essential service forpost-acute, palliative care, and mentally ill clients.The statement “The Romanow Commission’s top priority was to abolish the National HealthCouncil in order to replace it with provincial regulating bodies.” is false. The RomanowCommission promoted the concept of a National Health Council.The statement “The Romanow Commission saw increased use of telehealth as a key area forchange and reduced costs.” is false. The Romanow Commission recommended change in keyareas, but did not identify telehealth as a key area.DIF:ApplicationREF:19 (Box 2-3)11.A mother brings her child to be seen in a nurse-managed setting. She is concerned that herchild’s rash could be measles. What type of care does this represent?a.Respite careb.Primary carec.Supportive cared.Secondary careANS:BPrimary care focuses on early detection and routine care, and can be offered in nurse-managedclinics.Respite care is a component of supportive care.

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Supportive care describes services provided to disabled and terminally ill patients over aprolonged time period.Secondary care is the provision of specialized medical services by a physician specialist orthrough referral from a primary care professional.DIF:ApplicationREF:2012.Which of the following is an example of nurses using the principle of “appropriate skills andtechnology” within primary health care (PHC)?a.Nurses using their expertise to offer quick health information through telehealthb.Teams of nurses and other health care professionals bringing health care to thoseliving on the streetc.Multidisciplinary teams offering care at centres within a communityd.Nurses providing a full range of services through a centre, including laboratory andemergency servicesANS:ATelehealth allows individuals to connect to a qualified nurse for answers to their healthquestions. This is an example of “appropriate skills and technology,” one of the five principlesof primary health care.Teams of nurses and other health care professionals bringing health care to those living onthe streetis an example of accessibility.Multidisciplinary teams offering care at centres within a communityis an example ofintersectoral collaboration.Nurses providing a full range of services through a centre, including laboratory andemergency servicesis an example of intersectoral collaboration.DIF:ApplicationREF:2013.A client with a disability, who still requires restorative care in order to return to a prior levelof functioning, is being discharged from the medical unit in the hospital. To which type offacility should this client be referred?a.An assisted-living facilityb.An adult day care centrec.An extended care facilityd.A home health care agencyANS:DA home health care agency provides health services to individuals and families in their homes.Home care was created to provide individualized care for people following hospital discharge,but has increasingly included a range of clients in a range of ages from very young to veryold; those with mental, physical, or developmental challenges, and those requiring recovery,to end-stage care.Assisted-living facilities are community-based residential facilities where adults live in theirown apartments and are provided with a range of support services such as meals, social andrecreational programs, laundry, and a variety of services.Adult day care centres provide continuous health care services to clients who do not requirehospitalization. They provide continuity between the care delivered at home and caredelivered in the centre.

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An extended care facility provides long-term care accommodations and 24-hour intermediateand custodial care (e.g., nursing, rehabilitation services, etc.) for residents of any age withchronic or debilitating illnesses or disabilities.DIF:ApplicationREF:2314.Which of the following is an appropriate referral for an older client who requires someassistance with daily activities within a partially protective environment?a.Respite careb.Rehabilitative carec.Assisted livingd.Extended careANS:CThe client requires assisted living. Assisted living allows adults to receive a range of supportservices, including personalized assistance in achieving a level of independence. Personalassistance services are “designed to promote maximum dignity and independence,” includingmeal preparation, personal hygiene practice, mobility, and socialization.Respite care is a service that provides short-term relief for family caregivers or personsproviding home care to the ill or disabled.Rehabilitative care provides therapy and training, with the goal of decreasing the client’sdependence on care.An extended, or long-term, care facility provides intermediate medical, nursing, or custodialcare for clients recovering from acute or chronic illness or disabilities.DIF:ApplicationREF:2315.The Canadian Patient Safety Institute (CPSI) provides leadership in building andadvancing asafer health care system. According to the CPSI, how many clients contract an infection whilein hospital? (Note that the same number of clients also experiences a medication-related errorwhile in hospital.)a.1 in 20 clientsb.1 in 9 clientsc.1 in 4 clientsd.1 in 50 clientsANS:BAccording to the CPSI, 1 in 9 clients will contract an infection while in hospital. The samenumber of clients will experience a medication-related error.1 in 20 clientsis not the documented number of clients.1 in 4 clientsis not the documented number of clients.1 in 50 clientsis not the documented number of clients.DIF:KnowledgeREF:2616.“Residents temporarily absent from their home province are to have their incurred servicespaid for by the home province, in the same amount that would have been paid by the homeprovince.” This statement describes which principle of theCanada Health Act(1984)?a.Portabilityb.Universalityc.Public administration

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d.AccessibilityANS:AThis statement describes the principle of portability.The statement does not describe universality. The principle of universality means that 100percent of the insured persons of a province are covered by the health care plan.The statement does not describe public administration. The principle of public administrationmeans that the health care plan must be administered and operated on a non-profit basis by apublic authority, responsible to the provincial government and subject to audits of its accountsand financing transactions.The statement does not describe accessibility. The principle of accessibility means that thehealth care plan of a province must provide for a) insured health services and reasonableaccess by insured persons; b) reasonable compensation to physicians and dentists for allinsured services rendered; and c) payments to hospitals in respect to the cost of insured healthservices.DIF:ComprehensionREF:17 (Table 2-1)17.Which of the following concepts is discussed in the Kirby Report (The Health of Canadians,2002)?a.The private sector should not be involved in health care delivery.b.The present Medicare system is sustainable and must be preserved.c.Accountability is important for services and funding.d.A National Health Council is required.ANS:CKirby emphasized the importance of accountability for services and funding.Kirby believed that the private sector should have a stronger role in health care delivery.Kirby concluded that the present Medicare system is not sustainable. (The RomanowCommission concluded it was sustainable.)Instead of a National Health Council, as recommended by Romanow, Kirby suggested anappointed council of fewer members with limited advisory functions.DIF:ApplicationREF:19 (Box 2-3)

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Chapter 3: The Development of Nursing in CanadaMULTIPLE CHOICE1.The nursing profession encompasses many roles. Which type of nurse prescribes medications(except narcotics) and treats health problems within the scope of nursing practice?a.Clinical nurse specialistb.Registered nursec.Nurse cliniciand.Nurse practitionerANS:DA nurse practitioner may prescribe medications, with certain exclusions, and treat healthproblems within the scope of nursing practice.A clinical nurse specialist is an advanced practice nurse with preparation in a specialized areaof nursing practice. He or she may specialize in a specific disease, such as cancer or AIDS, orin a specific field, such as oncology or gerontology.Prescribing medications is not within the scope of practice of a registered nurse.A nurse clinician is a nurse who provides direct client care.DIF:KnowledgeREF:352.The nurse uses reflective thinking and feedback from a variety of sources to evaluate andimplement changes to his or her practice. This is an indicator of which standard ofprofessional practice?a.Knowledgeb.Application of knowledgec.Continuing competenced.Professional service to the publicANS:CA growing number of professional associations are developing continuing competenceprograms in which nurses have to provide evidence of taking steps to update their knowledgeand skill levels.Knowledgeis not an indicator of knowledge.Application of knowledgeis not an indicator of application of knowledge.Professional service to the publicis not an indicator of professional service to the public.DIF:ApplicationREF:38 (Table 3-1)3.Nursing education is undergoing major changes in order to address the increased complexitiesof health care and the expansion of knowledge about care and technology. Which of thefollowing reflects the major educational initiative that is occurring across Canada?a.As the baccalaureate degree becomes necessary for entry into practice, newcurricula and collaborative baccalaureate programs are emerging across thecountry.b.In view of the nursing shortage, diploma nursing programs are admitting morestudents.c.The length of the baccalaureate nursing program will be revised to offer a five-yearprogram.

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d.Community colleges will offer baccalaureate nursing programs, while universitieswill concentrate on nursing master’s and doctorate programs.ANS:ANew curricula and collaborative baccalaureate programs across the country are responding tosociety’s changing health needs and the profession’s commitment to maintaining a highstandard of health care.In many provinces, college-level diploma nursing programs have been eliminated, since mostprovincial and regulatory bodies have made the baccalaureate degree the basic entry to thepractice of nursing.The length of the baccalaureate nursing program is four years.Presently, baccalaureate nursing programs are offered through collaboration between collegesand universities. Universities will continue to deliver programs at the baccalaureate, master’s,and doctorate levels.DIF:ApplicationREF:354.It is important that the interests of nurses be represented within a political framework. Whichnursing group lobbies at the federal level to influence health policies?a.The Canadian Nurses Association (CNA)b.Professional nursing organizations (e.g., the College of Nurses of Ontario [CNO])c.The Canadian Confederation of Nurses Unionsd.The Registered Nurses Association of Ontario (RNAO)ANS:AAs the national voice of Canadian nurses, the CNA is the representative to the federalgovernment and national organizations for nurses across the country.Professional nursing organizations establish education and practice standards for nurses, carryout the regulatory functions of registration and licensure, and discipline members who do notmeet these standards.The Canadian Confederation of Nurses Unions was formed in 1981 to represent the interest ofnurses in both watchdog and lobbying activities. This organization offers support to itsunionized members.Nursing associations such as the RNAO exist in each province and territory, and are the voiceof registered nurses in those regions. They are the official representatives of the nursingprofession, and aim to increase public understanding of nursing and its impact on the health ofindividuals, families, and communities. Nursing associations lobby the provincialgovernment.DIF:KnowledgeREF:365.The nurse moves from one province to another to begin working in a new hospital. What isthe most important factor for the nurse to consider when moving to another province?a.The standards for nursing practice in that provinceb.The nursing regulatory body of that provincec.The Canadian Nurses Association’s licensing standardsd.Knowledge of the RNAO’sNursingBest Practice GuidelinesANS:BAlthough most provinces have similar standards for nursing practice, each individual provincehas its own regulatory body.

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