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Client-Centered Care Comprehensive Practice Exam With Answers (232 Solved Questions)

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    Client-Centered Care Exam I With Verified Questions and Verified Answers What are the factors interfering with urinary elimination? - total loss of kidney's ability to manufacture urine, decreased kidney profusion, blockage of the ureters, disruption of the bladder by tumor or trauma, infection, neurologic damage to the nerves, prostate surgery What is the normal urinary elimination for infants? - 5-40 times a day What is the normal urinary elimination for preschool children? - every 2 hours What is the normal urinary elimination for adults? - 5-10 times per day What is the normal amount of urination voided for males? - 300-500 mL What is the normal amount of urination voided for females? - 250 mL What should the average output for urination be? - approx 30 mL/hr What are the functions of sleep? - They are important factors in general health and recovery from illness, it increases your pain tolerance, and allows improved response to analgesia What is Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep? - the time period in which you dream, a period of high level activity, heart rate, bp, and respirations are similar to that when awake

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    What is Non-Rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep? - when the body receives the most rest; heart rate, bp, and respirations decline Newborn sleep requirements - atleast 16 hours of sleep per day Age 1 sleep requirements - 12-14 hours per day preschool sleep requirements - 11-13 hours per night school-age sleep requirements - 10-11 hours per night adolescents sleep requirements - 9-10 hours per night adult sleep requirement - 8 hours per night What effects does inadequate rest and sleep have on the body? - It negatively affects many systems such as cardiovascular, respiratory, immune, and neurological as well as metabolism How is sleep affected in a hospital? - noise and commotion, frequently interrupted by diagnostics tests and vital sign measurements How can nurses reduce the disruption of rest and sleep? - by adjusting environmental factors. using flashlights instead of turning on the lights, offer earplugs What are non-pharmacological pain treatments? - Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) Percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (PENS)

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    Binders, application of heat and cold, relaxation, biofeedback, distraction, guided imagery and meditation, music, hypnosis, massage What are some pain management skills for acute and chronic pain? - They can be treated with nonpharmacological and pharmacological methods What pain medications may be ordered for acute and chronic pain? - nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, COX-2 inhibitors, narcotics or opioid What is pain classification? - Pain classification is how the pain feels such as rushing, throbbing, pulsating, twisting, pulling, burning, searing, stabbing, tearing, biting, blinding, nauseating, debilitating What is acute pain? - usually associated with injury; short duration; usually controlled with analgesics (pain killers) What is chronic pain? - pain that may continue for months or years; often associated with conditions such as arthritis or chronic back pain; may be treated with pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic interventions What is nociceptive pain? - involves injury to the tissue; may be found in skin, joints, or organ viscera; four phases; treatments are aimed at one or all four phases What are the 4 phases of nociceptive pain? - transduction, transmission, perception, modulation; NSAIDs work at blocking transduction; Opioids block transmission; distraction and guided imagery block perception; drugs that block neurotransmitter uptake work on modulation

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    What is neuropathic pain? - associated with dysfunction of the nervous system; pain receptors in the body become more sensitive to stimuli and send signals more easily; often associated with Guillain-Barre Syndrome, cancer and HIV How is neuropathic pain treated? - treated with NSAIDs, tricyclic antidepressants, anticonvulsants, or corticosteroids What is phantom pain? - occurs with loss of a body part of amputation; not controlled by conventional methods; may be treated with TENS units implanted in the thalamus What is the number scale for pain? - rating the level of pain. 0 is pain free, 10 is the worse pain imaginable What is the picture scale for pain? - shows faces in varying degrees of pain What is NIPS scale? - neonatal infant pain scale What is CRIES scale? - crying, requires oxygen to maintain saturation, increased vital signs, expression, and sleeplessness What is PIPP scale? - Premature infant pain profile What are nursing actions to promote patient safety in the home? - place a nonskid bathmat in the tub or shower; use night-lights to help patient find the bathroom; suggest installation of grab bars; install door buzzers or bed alarms; maintain the

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    same furniture arrangement; encourage removal of extension cords; caution the patient about toys and animals; provide appropriate community resources What are protected devices formally called restraints? - security belts for wheelchairs, chairs with tabletops, extremity immobilizers, mittens/hand mits How do you safely use a hospital bed? - mattresses should fit snuggly to the rails, rails should be close enough together so that the clients head cannot accidentally slip thru them, beds should always be in the lowest position and locked, half side rails are okay to use for the purpose of client's independence How do you use protective devices safely? - alternatives should be considered first; when using a protective device, they must be checked every 15-30 mins; immobilizer ties should be released every 2 hours How do you use oxygen therapy equipment safely? - Supplemental oxygen is used in healthcare facilities and in clients homes. smoking is never aloud around oxygen, as a spark could cause a rapidly spreading fire What is the 1st goal of National Client Safety? - improve the accuracy of patient identification What is the 2nd goal of National Client Safety? - improve the effectiveness of communication among caregivers What is the 3rd goal of National Client Safety? - improve the safety of using medications What is the 6th goal of National Client Safety? - reduce the harm associated with clinical alarm systems

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    What is the 7th goal of National Client Safety? - reduce the risk of healthcare- associated infections What is the 9th goal of National Client Safety? - reduce the risk of patient harm resulting from falls What is the 14th goal of National Client Safety? - prevent healthcare-associated pressure ulcers What is the 15th goal of National Client Safety? - the organization identifies safety risks inherent in its patient population Definition of nutrition - foods people eat and how their bodies use it definition of nutrition science - scientific knowledge of food requirements for growth, activity, reproduction, and maintenance definition of dietetics - health profession that applies nutrition science to promote health and treat disease definition of registered dietitian - nutrition authority on the health care team What is health and wellness? - health is more than just absence of disease, it includes meeting basic needs; recognizes individual as a whole; considers internal and external environments; wellness seeks full development of potential What are National Health Goals? - continue focus on wellness; emphasize positive health promotion and disease prevention; healthy people 2020 focuses on the nations main objectives of positive health promotion and disease prevention

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    What is the preventive approach to health? - identify and minimize risk factors in advance to developing disease What is the traditional approach to health? - attempts change when symptoms of illness or disease already exist What are signs of good nutrition? - well-developed body; ideal weight for height and body composition; good muscle development; smooth and clear skin; glossy hair; clear and bright eyes What is the importance of a balanced diet? - well-nourished people are more likely to be mentally and physically alert, have a positive outlook, and be able to resist infectious diseases What are the 6 essential nutrients? - carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water What are nonessential nutrients? - nutrients that can be manufactured in the body by means of other nutrients; not essential to consume regularly in the diet What are energy-yielding nutrients? - nutrients that break down to yield energy within the body, including carbohydrates, fat and protein What are the basic functions of food? - provide energy, build tissue, and regulate metabolic processes What are carbohydrates used for in the body? - primary source of fuel for energy; maintain body's backup store of quick energy as glycogen; ideally provide 45-65% of total kilocalories

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    What are proteins used for in the body? - ideally provide 10-35% of total kilocalories; source of energy only when supply from carbohydrates and fats is insufficient; BUILDS and REPAIRS TISSUE; should be preserved for other critical functions such as structure, enzyme and hormone production, and fluid balance; provide amino acids What are fats used for in the body? - animal and plant sources; secondary storage form of energy; ideally provide 20-35% of total kilocalories What are vitamins and minerals used for in the body? - help regulate many body processes; Vitamin C in developing collagen; calcium and phosphorus for building and maintaining bone tissue; iron is an essential part of hemoglobin in the blood. A polyunsaturated fat is defined as a fatty acid: - that has 2 or more unfilled spaces for hydrogen How much energy does fat provide when used by the body? - 9 kcal/g What is a major source of monounsaturated fats in the diet? - vegetable oils What amino acid is an indispensable amino acid? - phenylalanine Alpha-linolenic acid is which type of fatty acid? - Omega 3 fatty acid What is the primary function of protein in the body? - builds new tissue and repairs damaged tissue When referring to amino acids, what does the term "conditionally indispensable" mean? - They're key in rare conditions, but can normally be synthesized in the body

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