Concept Map TemplatePrimary Diagnosis:Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)1.Describe the pathophysiology of the primary diagnosis in your own words. What are thepatient's risk factors for this diagnosis?Gastroesophageal reflax disease (GERD) is a chronic condition where stomach acid frequentlyleaks into the esophagus, causing symptoms and potential damage (Maret-Ouda et al., 2020).Understanding the pathophysiology and risk factors for GERD involves examining theanatomical and physiological components that contribute to the condition.Pathophysiology of Primary DiagnosisLover Esophageal Sphincter (LES) Dysfunction:’The LES is a ring of muscle at the lower end of the esophagus where it joins the stomach. It normallyacts as a one-way valve, preventing stomach contents from flowing back intc the esophagus. In GERD,the LES is weakened or relaxed inappropriately, allowing acid to reflux into the esophagus.Esophageal Motility Disorders:*Abnormalities in esophageal motility can impair the ability of the esophagus to clear acid effectively.For example, decreased peristaltic contractions or a delay in esophageal clearance can exacerbate refluxsymptoms.Increased Intra-abdominal Pressure:"Conditions or activities that increase abdominal pressure (e.g., obesity, pregnancy, heavy Lifting) canpush stomach contents against the LES, promoting reflux.Delayed Gastric Emptying:*If the stomach takes longer to empty its contents, there is an increased risk of reflux because there ismore stomach acid available to flow back into the esophagus.Hiatal Hernia:*A hiatal hernia occurs when part of the stomach bulges through the diaphragm into the chest cavity. Thiscan compromise the LES s ability' tn prevent reflux and contribute to GERD symptoms.Esophageal Mucosal Damage:Chronic exposure to stomach acid can lead to inflammation (esophagitis), ulceration, and Barretf sesophagus (a precancerous condition) (Maret-Ouda et al., 2020).CausesRisk Factors (genetic/ethnic'physical)Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) results from acombination of factors that impair the normal functionof the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and otheraspects of esophageal physiology. Here s a detailedlook at the causes of GERD:Obesity:•Excess weight increases abdominal pressure,which can weaken the LES and promote acidreflux.Preview Mode
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