Nursing Research: Methods And Critical Appraisal For Evidence-Based Practice, 8th Edition Test Bank

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Chapter 01: Integrating Research, Evidence-Based Practice, and Quality ImprovementProcessesTest BankMULTIPLE CHOICE1.Nursing research is significant to the profession of nursing because it promotes what?a.More specifically defined nursing practice responsibilitiesb.Decreased liability within the practice of nursingc.Generation of a specialized body of nursing knowledge for use in nursing practiced.Expansion of the scope of nursing practice into areas formerly reserved for otherdisciplinesANS:CFeedbackAResearch aids in documenting accountability of nurses, but professionalguidelines already exist regarding responsibility. Each state has a Nurse PracticeAct with rules and regulations that define scope of practice.BLiability is a legal concept related to a nurse’s legal scope of practice andprofessional standards of practice. Research does not change a nurse’s liability.CNursing research generates a specialized scientific knowledge base thatempowers the nursing profession to anticipate and meet constantly shiftingchallenges of health care delivery to multiple populations. It provides afoundation for evidence-based nursing care and quality improvement activities.DAlthough research can document nursing accountability, each state’s NursePractice Act defines the scope of nursing practice for that state.DIF:Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF:Page 62.Which aspect of the scientific investigation of nursing practice is also a fundamental conceptof American Nurses Association (ANA)’s Code for Nurses?a.Professional accountabilityb.Standards of carec.Legal scope of practiced.Advanced practice nursing activitiesANS:AFeedbackAScientific investigation promotes accountability, a hallmark of the nursingprofession and a fundamental concept of the ANA’s Code for Nurses.BStandards of care are defined by ANA, as well as specialty nursingorganizations. The Code for Nurses states that nurses should conform tostandards, but standards per se are not part of the Code.CLegal scope of practice is defined by each state’s Nurse Practice Act andelaborated in its rules and regulations.DThe ANA Code applies to nursing practice in general, not advanced practice.

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DIF:Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)REF:Page 63.Nurses who do not conduct research need to understand the nursing research process forwhich of these reasons?a.To identify potential subjects for clinical research studiesb.To assist as accurate data collectors in clinical research studiesc.To teach patients and their families about the usefulness of consenting toparticipate in researchd.To be able to evaluate nursing research reports for relevance to their own clinicalpracticeANS:DFeedbackASubject identification is determined by the nurse researcher.BData collectors need to understand their role in the study; they do not need tounderstand the entire research process.CSubject recruitment is the responsibility of the nurse researcher.DNurses need to understand the research process in order to critically readresearch reports and determine if nursing practice should incorporate theresearch findings as valid evidence.DIF:Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF:Page 74.Which of these actions demonstrates the role of a knowledgeable consumer of nursingresearch?a.Designing a nursing research studyb.Analyzing data to determine a study’s outcomesc.Evaluating the credibility of research findingsd.Implementing an intervention found to be effective in one clinical case studyANS:CFeedbackAA consumer uses and applies research to practice but is not responsible fordesigning a study.BA consumer does not conduct data analysis of a study; the study’s primaryinvestigator analyzes data.CA consumer of nursing research needs to understand the research process todetermine the merit and relevance of evidence presented in research studies.DA consumer would not implement an intervention on the basis of a single casestudy.DIF:Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF:Page 75.Members of the nursing staff are to participate in a unit-based clinical research study. Whichresearch-related actions would be expected of a nurse with a baccalaureate nursing degree?a.Using critical appraisal skills to understand and assess the steps of the researchprocessb.Providing expert nursing consultation about the way in which clinical services aredelivered

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c.Developing research methods to monitor and evaluate the quality of nursingpractice in the clinical settingd.Providing leadership in the application of scientific knowledge to nursingpracticeANS:AFeedbackAA baccalaureate-prepared nurse should be able to use skills of critical appraisalto both understand and appraise the steps of the research process.BNurses prepared at the baccalaureate level in nursing are at the bedsideimplementing protocols, whereas expert consultation is generally reserved fornurses prepared at the master’s or higher-degree level (advanced education).CDeveloping research methods is generally reserved for nurses with advancededucation.DProviding leadership in research application is generally reserved for nurses withadvanced education.DIF:Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF:Page 76.Which statement describes the role of the nurse in research?a.Nurses must be prepared at the baccalaureate or higher level of education to haveany role in nursing research.b.Nurses with master’s or higher levels of education are solely responsible forapplying research to clinical practice.c.The research role of nurses prepared at both baccalaureate and master’s levels ofeducation includes critical appraisal skills.d.Regardless of the nursing education level, only the nurse with the mostcomprehensive understanding of statistical methods should interpret researchfindings.ANS:CFeedbackAHaving a role in nursing research or implementing findings is not limited tonurses with baccalaureate or higher levels of education.BNurses with master’s or higher levels of education provide leadership tosupervise how research findings are applied in the clinical area. However, alllevels of nurses can apply research findings to practice.CTo use research in evidence-based practice, the nurse must not necessarily beable to conduct research but should be able to understand and appraise the stepsof the research process to read the research literature critically and use it toinform clinical decisions.DData analysis is usually conducted by nurses with master’s or higher levels ofeducation. However, interpretation of research findings can be performed by anynurse who can critically analyze the research performed.DIF:Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF:Page 77.What is theprimaryvalue of evidence-based nursing practice?

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a.Implementing the most cost-effective nursing practices when providing patientcareb.Incorporating research findings with clinical expertise when individualizing patientcarec.Separating nursing research as unique from the research of other disciplinesd.Developing new nursing theories to promote the growth of nursing scienceANS:BFeedbackACost-effective nursing interventions can occur based on evidence, but it is notthe primary value of evidence-based nursing practice.BEvidence-based practice allows the nurse to systematically integrate the bestavailable research evidence with individual clinical expertise, as well as thepatient’s values and preferences, when making clinical decisions.CDeveloping a unique body of nursing knowledge is important, but it is not theprimary value of developing evidence-based nursing practice. Also, nurseresearchers should be able to collaborate with researchers in other disciplines.DDeveloping abstract nursing theory is important, but evidence-based nursing isfocused on the more concrete application of knowledge in clinical practice.DIF:Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF:Page 158.A novice nurse researcher is comparing the processes used in nursing research and inevidence-based practice. What differences, if any, exist between the two processes?a.As scientific processes, they are fundamentally the same and should result inparallel outcomes.b.Both processes involve testing a question with an appropriate design and specificmethodology.c.In a research study the question is tested with an appropriate design and specificmethodology, whereas in evidence-based practice the question is used to search theresearch literature to find answers.d.In evidence-based practice, qualitative studies are critically appraised to answer aclinical question, whereas in nursing research, quantitative studies are reviewed toprovide a foundation for the study.ANS:CFeedbackAThe research process and the evidence-based practice process, though similar,have fundamental differences as well.BThis definition applies to the research process, not the evidence-based practiceprocess.CNursing research includes developing a design for a study, whether quantitativeor qualitative, reviewing the literature, and carrying out a specific methodologyto find answers to a question. In contrast, evidence-based practice includes areview of completed research studies to identify answers to a clinical question.DBoth the research processand the evidence-based practice process includecritical review of quantitative and qualitative studies.

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DIF:Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF:Page 159.A nurse is analyzing a research article. Where in the article is the nurse likely to find theresearch question and study purpose?a.Introductionb.Data analysisc.Findingsd.Data collectionANS:AFeedbackAThe research question and study purpose is generally found early in the report: inthe abstract, the introduction, or at the end of the literature review or conceptualframework section.BThe research question and study purpose are defined before the data analysissection of the research article.CThe research question and study purpose are defined before the findings sectionof the research article.DThe research question and study purpose are defined before the data collectionsection of the research article.DIF:Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF:Page 1810.The nurse researcher is conducting a research study using subjects who will be interviewedregarding their experience with postpartum depression. For which of these reasons would theresearcher select a qualitative, rather than a quantitative, research design?a.Quantitative research is usually conducted in natural settings using data that arewords rather than numbers.b.Qualitative research seeks to explain cause-and-effect relationships betweenvariables.c.Quantitative research typically uses a convenience sample, seeking to answer aclinical question about a human experience.d.Qualitative research collects data from a small number of subjects, allowing forin-depth study of a phenomenon.ANS:DFeedbackAQualitative, not quantitative, research is usually conducted in natural settingsusing data that are words rather than numbers.BQuantitative, not qualitative, research seeks to explain cause-and-effectrelationships between variables.CQualitative, not quantitative, research seeks to answer a question about a humanexperience.DQualitative research typically collects data from a small number of subjects, thusallowing for in-depth study of a phenomenon while using a subjective approach.DIF:Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)REF:Page 8

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11.The nurse is analyzing a research article. To determine if an integrative review was performedas part of the study, the nurse must understand that this type of review is what?a.A summary of research studies on a focused topic that used a specific statisticalmethodologyb.A synthesis of the research and theoretical literature on a specific area without astatistical analysisc.A synthesis of qualitative articles on a focused topic using a specific qualitativemethodologyd.A summary of articles in an attempt to develop a clinical practice statement orclinical guidelinesANS:BFeedbackAMeta-analysis summarizes articles on a focused topic that used a specificmethodology.BAn integrative review is a synthesis of research or theoretical literature on aspecific area that follows specific steps of literature integration without statisticalanalysis.CMeta-synthesis is a synthesis of qualitative articles on a focused topic usingspecific qualitative methodology.DClinical guidelinesare practice statements designed to assist clinicians abouthealth care decisions forspecific conditions or situations.DIF:Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)REF:Page 2112.When assessing the strength of a body of evidence used in a research study forconsistency,the nurse should determine what?a.Extent to which the study’s design, implementation, and analysis minimize biasb.Number of studies that have evaluated the research question, including overallsample size across studiesc.Degree to which studies with similar and different designs investigated the sameresearch questions and report similar findingsd.Significance of the findings based on the statistical methods used for data analysisANS:CFeedbackAQuality refers to the extent to which the study’s design, implementation, andanalysis minimize bias.BQuantity refers to the number of studies that have evaluated the researchquestion, including overall sample size across studies.CConsistency is the degree to which studies that had similar and different designs(but investigate the same research question) reported similar findings.DQuantity refers to the strength of the findings in the statistical analyses.DIF:Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)REF:Page 1613.The nurse is analyzing a qualitative research article. In which section of the article is the nurselikely to find a summary of legal-ethical issues considered in the study?

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a.Data collection or proceduresb.Findings or resultsc.Discussion or implicationsd.Abstract or introductionANS:AFeedbackALegal-ethical issues are typically discussed in the article’s data collection orprocedures section, usually when discussing the sample.BThe research results are typically found in the findings or results sections.CRecommendations are typically found in the discussion or implications sections.DThe research question and study purpose are typically found in the abstract orintroduction.DIF:Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)REF:Page 1014.The nurse is analyzing a qualitative research article. In which section of the article should thenurse expect to find a discussion of the research findings?a.Proceduresb.Methodsc.Sampled.ResultsANS:DFeedbackAData analysis is typically included in the data analysis or procedures section.BInstruments and their validity and reliability are included in the methods orinstruments sections.CThe research sample and legal-ethical issues are included in the sample orsubjects section.DThe discussion of the findings will be located in the results or discussion section.DIF:Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)REF:Page 1015.The nurse is using the critical reading process to analyze a research article. The nurseidentifies the main theme of the article and states it in two sentences, using the nurse’s ownwords. The nurse is using a strategy to promote which type of understanding?a.Preliminaryb.Comprehensivec.Analysisd.SynthesisANS:BFeedbackAStrategies for preliminary understanding include such activities as using adictionary and identifying key variables of the study.BStrategies for comprehensive understanding include restating the main idea ortheme of the article in one’s own words.

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CStrategies for analysis understanding include using criteria to critique the stepsof the research process used in the study.DStrategies for synthesis understanding include writing a summary of thestrengths and weaknesses of the study.DIF:Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF:Page 1116.The nurse is using the critical reading process to analyze a research article. The nurse is usinga list of criteria to determine how well the researcher performed each step of the researchprocess. The nurse is using a strategy to promote which type of understanding?a.Preliminaryb.Comprehensivec.Analysisd.SynthesisANS:CFeedbackAStrategies for preliminary understanding include such activities as highlightingor underlining identified steps of the research process.BStrategies for comprehensive understanding include restating the main idea ortheme of the article in one’s own words.CStrategies for analysis understanding include using criteria to critique the stepsof the research process used in the study.DStrategies for synthesis understanding include writing a summary of thestrengths and weaknesses of the study.DIF:Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF:Page 1117.Which of the following is acriticalstep for the quality improvement process in health caresettings?a.Outlining general long-range goalsb.Identifying current successful practicesc.Testing practice changes slowly and tentativelyd.Adopting a practice change as a new standard of careANS:DFeedbackAQuality improvement includes identifying specific, immediate goals, notlong-range goals.BThe quality improvement process includes identifying practices that poseproblems, rather than identifying successful practices.CQuality improvement includes testing practice changes rapidly, not slowly.DThe goal of quality improvement activities is to bring about changes in practicethat will make a positive difference in patient care. Therefore, adopting apractice change is a critical step in the process.DIF:Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)REF:Page 22

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MULTIPLE RESPONSE1.Which statement(s) describe the actions of the baccalaureate nurse graduate as a participant inthe nursing research process?(Select all that apply.)a.Administering care at the bedside according to a research protocolb.Providing leadership by helping others apply scientific knowledge to practicec.Sharing with nursing colleagues research findings that are pertinent to practiced.Designing and conducting nursing research studiese.Functioning as a primary investigator for a research studyANS:A, CFeedbackCorrectFollowing a research protocol at the bedside is an activity consistent withthepractice of a nurse prepared at the baccalaureate level.Sharing research evidence with colleagues is an activity consistent withthe practice of a nurse prepared at the baccalaureate level.IncorrectLeadership related to scientific investigation is more appropriate for anurse prepared at the master’s or higher degree levelDesigning and conducting research studies are activities more appropriatefor a nurse with doctoral preparation.Functioning as a primary investigator is an activity appropriate for a nursewith doctoral preparation.DIF:Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF:Page 72.Which aspects of the nursing research process are common to nurses at all educational levels?(Select all that apply.)a.Disseminating research findings in research reportsb.Maintaining the protection of patients who are subjects in a studyc.Using one’s expertise to develop theoretical explanations for findingsd.Knowing the relationship between research and nursing practicee.Being a member of a collaborative team that applies research to practiceANS:B, D, EFeedbackCorrectAll nurses are responsible for protecting the rights of patients.All nurses should be aware that research is related to practice.All nurses can be a part of a clinical team that applies research to practice.IncorrectDisseminating research in scientific reports is an activity generallyperformed by nurses with master’s or higher educational preparation.Developing theoretical explanations for findings is an activity generallyperformed by nurses with master’s or higher educational preparation.DIF:Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF:Page 73.For the baccalaureate nursing student, education in nursing research has which outcomes?(Select all that apply.)a.Mastering the development of research protocolsb.Gaining basic understanding of the research process

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c.Learning how research is related to clinical nursing practiced.Developing skill as a primary investigator in researche.Becoming a knowledgeable consumer of nursing researchANS:B, C, EFeedbackCorrectThe student should gain an initialunderstanding of the importance ofresearch in nursing practice.The student should learn how research is related to clinical nursingpractice.The student should learn skills in the critical analysis of research to assistin decisions about applying research findings in nursing practice.IncorrectMastery of research protocol development is generally attained at themaster’s or higher degree level of education.Developing skill as a primary investigator is generally attained at thedoctoral level of education.DIF:Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF:Page 84.Developing nurse researchers at a younger age is a priority for the future in the nursingprofession for which reasons?(Select all that apply.)a.Enhancing the discipline’s scientific developmentb.Increasing the longevity of research careersc.Receiving more research funding for professional organizationsd.Promoting mentoring opportunities for novice researcherse.Increasing nursing’s role in pharmaceutical researchANS:A, B, DFeedbackCorrectDeveloping young researchers increases the number of researcherscontributing to the science of the discipline.Introducing nurses to research at a younger age allows them sufficienttime to develop in-depth research programs in their careers.Introducing nurses to research at a younger age allows them time andopportunity to be mentored by experienced researchers, as well as to learnto become mentors themselves.IncorrectYounger researchers do not guarantee research monies.Pharmaceutical studies are medical research and are not considerednursing research studies.DIF:Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF:Page 7

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Chapter 02: Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Clinical QuestionsTest BankMULTIPLE CHOICE1.What difference, if any, exists between a research question and a hypothesis?a.A research question is practice based, and a hypothesis is theory based.b.A hypothesis attempts to answer the question posed by the research problem.c.A research problem defines clinical research and a hypothesis defines basicresearch.d.There is no difference between a research problem and a hypothesis.ANS:BFeedbackAAlthough a hypothesis is sometimes theory based, sometimes it is not. Similarly,research questions are not always practice based. Sometimes they originate ineducational theory that relates to nursing education research, and sometimes theyoriginate in basic, rather than applied, research.BA hypothesis attempts to answer the research question.CResearch problems are present in all types of research, and a hypothesis may bepresent in basic or applied research.DHypotheses and research questions are not identical. Hypotheses flow fromresearch questions and suggest the ways the questions can be investigated.DIF:Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF:Page 262.How is a hypothesis related to a theory?a.Hypotheses can be developed in the absence of a theoretical framework.b.Hypotheses must be consistent with an existing theoretical framework.c.A theory can determine the validity of a hypothesis.d.A theory can be used to evaluate the merit of a hypothesis.ANS:BFeedbackAA hypothesis is a bridge between a theoretical framework and the real world ofempirical testing. Therefore, a theoretical framework is required.BA sound hypothesis is consistent with an existing body of theory and researchfindings.CWhen tested, a hypothesis can help determine the validity of a theory’sassumptions—the reverse of option C.DWhen tested, a hypothesis can help evaluate a theory’s merit—the opposite ofoption D.DIF:Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF:Page 26, 273.A nurse makes these statements. Which one has thegreatestpotential as an area of nursingresearch?

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a.“Most of our hospital’s admissions come in at night.”b.“It is difficult to find personnel willing to work the night shift.”c.“It seems that most of the patient falls on our unit occur during the night shift.”d.“The personnel on the night shift are not attending promptly to the needs of ourpatients.”ANS:CFeedbackAThis statement is broad and not specific to patient care. It would need to bedefined in much more detail to have potential for nursing research.BThis broad statement is important to managers responsible for staffing a healthcare facility. However, it does not show potential for investigation that wouldcontribute to the body of nursing knowledge.CThis statement identifies a specific, important patient problem. Its explorationhas potential to contribute to the body of nursing knowledge.DThis is a broad subjective observation that does not suggest any approach forinvestigation or potential for contributing to the body of nursing knowledge.DIF:Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)REF:Page 284.The nurse has identified a clinical problem as a potential research question. Which of thesesteps should the nurse takenext?a.Identify the variablesb.Formulate the research hypothesisc.Perform a literature reviewd.Determine financial resources for the research projectANS:CFeedbackAIt is too early to identify variables. They will be confirmed by the literaturereview.BAlthough the researcher may have a preliminary hunch about the hypothesis, itcannot be formulated until the research question is formalized after the literaturereview is completed.CThe literature review helps to further define the research question by identifyinggaps in the literature, the need for replication of prior research, or the need toextend the knowledge base in a particular research area. It also identifiesvariables essential to consider in refining the research question.DThe financial resources needed for the project cannot be determined until thestudy’s design and methodology are finalized.DIF:Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)REF:Page 285.In a research study, what are the properties of interest that differ in value?a.The study’s variablesb.The study’s conceptsc.The study’s hypotheses

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d.The study’s assumptionsANS:AFeedbackAThis is the widely accepted and often-cited definition of variables.BA concept is an abstraction that names an object or phenomenon.CA hypothesis is a prediction that helps to answer a research question.DAssumptions are statements accepted as true.DIF:Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)REF:Page 326.A nurse researcher proposes a study of teenage mothers and their experience withpostpartumdepression. Which of these considerations would affect the feasibility of the study?a.Availability of participantsb.Direction of the hypothesesc.Gaps in the literatured.Design of the studyANS:AFeedbackAA study’s feasibility is determined by practical considerations, such asavailability of subjects, equipment, facilities, and money.BThe direction of the hypothesis is irrelevant to a study’s feasibility.CGaps in the literature provide support for the research study and do not affect itsfeasibility.DThe design of the study is shaped by the research question and is not directlyrelated to the study’s feasibility.DIF:Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF:Page 287.What is thekeydifference between independent and dependent variables?a.The dependent variable should change in response to manipulation by theindependent variable.b.The independent variable should change in response to manipulation by thedependent variable.c.Although both the dependent and independent variables are manipulated, only thedependent variable is considered an intervention.d.Although both the dependent and independent variables are manipulated, only theindependent variable is considered an intervention.ANS:AFeedbackADependent variables change in response to manipulation of independentvariables in experimental research.BThe reverse is accurate. Dependent variables change in response to manipulationof independent variables in experimental research.CThe independent variable alone is considered an intervention; the dependent

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variable is the consequence or presumed effect.DThe independent variable alone is considered an intervention; the dependentvariable is the consequence or presumed effect.DIF:Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge)REF:Page 318.When designing a research study, the nurse should have which of these understandings aboutindependent and dependent variables?a.All research problem statements should contain a dependent and an independentvariable.b.There should only be one dependent variable associated with a single independentvariable.c.The relationship between the independent and the dependent variable in any studyshould be causal.d.A given characteristic or situation may be the dependent variable in one study andthe independent variable in another.ANS:DFeedbackASome descriptive studies may have one variable only, and qualitative studies donot include independent and dependent variables.BMany studies include more than one independent variable and more than onedependent variable.CThe relationship between independent and dependent variables is not necessarilycausal. An association between variables need not indicate causality.DDepending on the particular study, a specific variable may be the dependent orthe independent variable. The causal or associative direction between variablesdetermines the classification of the variables as independent or dependent.DIF:Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension)REF:Page 31-329.A nurse’s research question is, “How does maternal employment among health careprofessionals affect infant health during the first 6 months of life?” In this question, what isthe dependent variable?a.Infant healthb.Maternal employmentc.First 6 months of lifed.Health care professionalsANS:AFeedbackAInfant health is the consequence or presumed effect that changes regardingmaternal employment. Thus it is the dependent variable.BMaternal employment is presumed to effect a change in the infant’s behavior(the dependent variable). Thus, maternal employment is the independentvariable.CThe first 6 months of life refers to the time the subjects (mothers and infants)

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will be observed in the study.DHealth care professionals constitute the population to be studied.DIF:Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)REF:Page 3110.A nurse has defined the research question as, “How does oral nutritional supplementationduring dialysis treatments affect the serum albumin levels of adult patients who have chronickidney disease Stage 5?” In this question, what is the independent variable?a.Adult patients with chronic kidney disease Stage 5b.Oral nutritional supplementationc.During dialysis treatmentsd.Serum albumin levelsANS:BFeedbackAThe population being studied is adult patients with chronic kidney disease Stage5.BOral nutritional supplementation is the intervention administered to effect achange in the patients’serum albumin levels. Thus oral nutritionalsupplementation is the independent variable.CThe time of the intervention is defined as during dialysis treatments.DThe study expects to affect the serum albumin levels of patients who receive theintervention. Thus serum albumin levels constitute the dependent variable.DIF:Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)REF:Page 311.A nurse has defined the research question as, “Is there a relationship between self-esteem andbody weight among postmenopausal women?” What type of research-question format (orresearch design) is implied by this question?a.Correlational nonexperimentalb.Comparative nonexperimentalc.Quantitative experimentald.Grounded theory nonexperimentalANS:AFeedbackASelf-esteem and body weight are variables that are related in an associative way.The word, relationship, strongly suggests correlational design studies.BA comparative nonexperimental study would compare differences between twoor more groups.CA quantitative experimental study would include an intervention and measure itseffect numerically.DA grounded-theory design would measure the meaning or impact of aphenomenon.DIF:Cognitive Level: Applying (Application)REF:Table 2-2

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