Solution Manual For Statistics for Nursing Research: A Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice, 3rd Edition

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AG 1-1Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be GradedThe questions are in bold followed by answers.1.In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide arationale for your answer.Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categorieswere probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs thesubjects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually onmore than one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapiesare not measured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug categorycan be considered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1 ; Grove &Gray, 2019 ).2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale foryour answer.Answer: The mode for current therapy wasblocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patientswere receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for thissample.3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?Discuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resultedin ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-level data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean andSD( Grove & Gray,2017 ; Knapp, 2017 ).4.Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:What category identifies your current income as an RN?a. Less than $50,000b. $50,000 to 59,999c. $60,000 to 69,999d. $70,000 to 80,000e. $80,000 or greaterWhat level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow therules outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego-ries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-endedIdentifying Levels ofMeasurement: Nominal,Ordinal, Interval, and RatioEXERCISE1

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AG 1-2Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Gradedcategories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might markeither (d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changedto greater than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank orderedfrom the lowest salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove &Gray, 2019 ; Waltz et al., 2017 ).5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-item Likertscale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated their symp-toms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depressionsymptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-item scale are consideredto be at the interval level of measurement ( Gray et al., 2017 ; Waltz et al., 2017 ).6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores forthe cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean andSD , were conducted to describe CDS scoresfor study participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-level data as indicated in Questions 5,so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gray et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory,2017).7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importanceof this result.Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with thegreater NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of thesubjects were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-jects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases,cardiac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress,such as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially thosein higher NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated withan antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest wholepercent (%).Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included15 patients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiacpatients not treated for depression was 91 (106 – 1591). The group percent is calculatedby the following formula: (group frequencytotal sample size)100%. For this study,(91 patients106 sample size)100%0.858100%85.8%86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the question. You could havealso subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 100% and obtained the86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.9. What was the purpose of the 6-minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful inclinical practice?Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, “The 6-min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,steady-state functional capacity” of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way todetermine a cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional statusscore could be used to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional statusof cardiac patients.

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AG 1-3Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurementfor the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.Answer: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measuredwith the Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,lifting objects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scalewith values ranging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scaleand the subscales were considered interval-level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,such as means andSDs(see the study narrative; Waltz et al., 2017 ).

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AG 2-1EXERCISE2Identifying Probability andNonprobability SamplingMethods in StudiesAnswer Guidelines for Questions to Be GradedDirections:Answer the following questions with a clear, appropriate response. For each questionthat includes an excerpt about sampling from a research article, provide the following information:(1) decide whether the sampling method presented is either aprobabilityornonprobability samplingmethod; (2) identify thespecific sampling methodused—that is, convenience, quota, purposive, network,or theoretical sampling for nonprobability samples or simple random, stratified random, cluster, orsystematic sampling for probability samples (see Table 2-1 ); and (3) provide arationale for the samplingmethodyou selected. Some of the examples might includemore than one sampling methodto obtain thestudy sample.Answers for Questions to be GradedQuestions are in bold followed by answers.1. Study excerpt: “Participants in this study were all women who had had, or might have, sexwith men; that is, women not in exclusively same-sex partnerships. All participants were 18to 35 years old, English-speaking, and attended a large, public, Midwestern university.More than 2,000 women completed Phase I of the study, a survey; of these approximately900 volunteered to participate in the Phase II interviews. Women were selected from thispool to be interviewed using a purposive maximum variation sampling strategy . . . Basedon survey data, women were sampled based on variation in their knowledge and use ofemergency contraception and on some aspects of sexual history . . . Theoretical samplingwas used to select potential participants based on the data as they were collected, includingwomen who had experienced a pregnancy termination or ‘false alarm’ pregnancy . . . Thisprocess yielded a sample of 35 women who represented a wide range of experiences. Whensaturation was reached, recruitment and data collection ended.” The data for this studywere obtained from a larger mixed methods study that included quantitative survey dataand qualitative narrative interview data focused on collegiate women’s sexual knowledgeand behavior. Source: Loew, N., Mackin, M. L., & Ayres, L. (2018). Collegiate women’sdefi nitions of responsible sexual behavior.Western Journal of Nursing Research, 40(8),1148–1162. Excerpt from page 1151.Answer: Nonprobability convenience, purposive, and theoretical sampling methods. Loew et al.(2018) conducted a mixed method study with collegiate women to define responsible sexual be-havior. Phase I was the quantitative part of the study; collegiate women consented to participatein a survey, which indicates convenience sampling was used. In Phase II (the qualitative partof the study), women were purposely selected based on their variation of sexual knowledge andhistory. Theoretical sampling was used to ensure saturation of the qualitative data for definingresponsible sexual behavior (Creswell & Clark, 2018; Gray, Grove, & Sutherland, 2017).

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AG 2-2Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded2. Study excerpt: “This study was a part of a multi-site prospective observational study ofCOPD [chronic obstructive pulmonary disease] patients to explore the relationship be-tween depression, inflammation, and functional status . . . Participants were recruited fromvarious sources including outpatient clinics from three medical centers, pulmonary reha-bilitation programs, a research database maintained by the investigators, queries of medi-cal records and pulmonary function tests, Better Breathers Club, community pulmonarypractices, advertisements, study website, and other referrals.” A total of 282 patients withCOPD were included in the study.Source: Lee, J., Nguyen, H. Q., Jarrett, M. E., Mitchell, P. H., Pike, K. C., & Fan, V. S. (2018).Effect of symptoms on physical performance in COPD.Heart & Lung, 47(2), 149–156. Ex-cerpt from page 150.Answer: Nonprobability sample of convenience. Lee et al. (2018) recruited potential study participantsfrom a variety of settings to obtain an adequate number of patients with COPD for this study. Thepotential participants were accessible, available, and willing to participate in the study, which isdescriptive of a sample of convenience (Grove & Gray, 2019; Heavey, 2019; Kazdin, 2017).3.Study excerpt: The focus of this quasi-experimental study was to determine the effect of athree-stage nursing intervention to increase women’s participation in Pap smear screen-ing. Using “random sampling methodology, each apartment in the target area was identi-fi ed by a number. Numbers were then drawn from a random numbers table. Women werecontacted by home visits. . . . By the end of this stage, 237 participants had completed thepre-test.”Source: Guvenc, G., Akyuz, A., & Yenen, M. C. (2013). Effectiveness of nursing interven-tions to increase Pap smear test screening.Research in Nursing & Health, 36(2), 146–157.Excerpt from page 148.Answer: Probability, simple random sampling method. The excerpt states that random samplingwas used in the study. The sampling frame was the apartments in a targeted area, and simplerandom sampling with a random numbers table was used to select the apartments with theiroccupants for this study. A total of 237 women from the randomly selected apartments wereincluded in the study.4.Was the sample identified in the Guvenc et al. (2013) study in Question 3 representative ofthe population of women requiring a Pap smear test in a target area? Provide a rationalefor your answer.Answer: Yes, the sample is probably representative of the study population in the selected targetarea. The simple random sampling process increases the representativeness of the sample anddecreases the potential for sampling error or bias. The sample size of 237 women was adequatefor this study ( Gray et al., 2017 ).5. “Participants were recruited from January 2003 through November 2007 during their initialevaluation at the Pediatric Pain Management Clinic at Children’s Hospital Los Angeles . . .Ninety-six child-caregiver dyads were approached for study participant in order to obtain65 sets of completed measures, resulting in a 68% participant rate. Nineteen sets were notreturned, 7 sets did not have a complete child battery, 1 set did not have a complete caregiverbattery, 2 child-caregiver dyads withdrew, and 2 families declined to participate . . . Childrenwere considered eligible for the study if they were English speaking, between the ages of 8 and18, had a diagnosis of chronic pain, and had a caregiver present.”Source: Yetwin, A. K., Mahrer, N. E., John, C., & Gold, J. I. (2018). Does pain intensity mat-ter? The relation between coping and quality of life in pediatric patients with chronic pain.Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 40(3), 7–13. Excerpt from page 8.

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AG 2-3Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be GradedAnswer: Nonprobability, convenience sampling method. Participants were children initially at-tending a chronic pain management clinic. The child–caregiver dyads were approached and askedto participate until a sample of 65 dyads was obtained. This is consistent with convenience sam-pling, because the participants were available and willing to participate ( Grove & Gray, 2019 ).6.Study excerpt: “Participants were 559 substance users recruited from multiple sources (parks,streets, prisons, methadone maintenance therapy, and drop in centers) . . . a nonprobabilitysampling technique that is appropriate to use in research when the members of a populationare difficult to locate. In this research, we collected data from substance abusers . . . and thenasked those individuals to locate other substance abusers whom they knew.”Source: Barati, M., Ahmadpanah, M., & Soltanian, A. R. (2014). Prevalence and factorsassociated with methamphetamine use among adult substance abusers.Journal of Researchin Health Sciences, 14(3), 221–226. Excerpt from page 222.Answer: Nonprobability network or snowball sampling method was identified by the Barati et al.(2014) in their study. However, the initial sampling process is probably one of convenience inwhich available participants are recruited from multiple settings, and then network or snowballsampling is used when participants are asked to identify additional substance abusers. Studentanswers might include both convenience and network or snowball sampling methods or justsnowball sampling as indicated in the original article.7. Study excerpt: Mansfield et al. (2018) conducted a correlational study to examine theassociation between parental knowledge of human papillomavirus (HPV) and their inten-tions to have their daughters vaccinated. “This study used HINTS [Health InformationNational Trends Survey] 2006-2007 because it was the only data set that assessed theoutcome variable, intention to vaccinate for HPV . . . HINTS’s probability-based sampledesign used a random-digit dialing to conduct telephone surveys and a nationwide addresslist to administer surveys via mail. A subsampling screening tool, Westat’s TelephoneResearch Center (TRC), was used to identify working residential numbers. A total of 3,767telephone interviews were then completed, and 325 were partially completed (n4,092);3,473 mail surveys were completed and 109 were partially completed (n3,582). The fi naltotal sample was 7,674 participants.”Source: Mansfield, L. N., Onsomu, E. O., Merwin, E., Hall, N. M., & Harper-Harrison, A.(2018). Association between parental HPV knowledge and intentions to have their daugh-ters vaccinated.Western Journal of Nursing Research, 40(4), 481–501. Excerpt from page 481.Answer: Probability, simple random sampling method. Mansfield et al. (2018) clearly identifiedthey used a probability, random sampling method in their study ( Grove & Gray, 2019 ). Potentialparticipants were identified from the HINTS’s database, and random-digit dialing was used toconduct the telephone surveys. A national address list was used for mailing surveys to partici-pants, but it is unclear how the participants were selected from the address list or if all on the listwere mailed surveys.8.Was the sample identified in the Mansfield et al. (2018) study in Question 7 representativeof parents’ intentions to have their daughters vaccinated? Provide a rationale for youranswer.Answer: The sample is representative of the target population of parents’ intentions to have theirdaughters vaccinated. Simple random sampling provides strong representation of the targetpopulation that increases with sample size (see Table 2-1 ; Grove & Gray, 2019 ). The participantswere randomly selected from a national database (HINTS) to conduct telephone surveys, and anational address list was used for mailing surveys, which documents the random samplingmethod. The total sample was extremely strong with 7674 participants. Recruiting participants

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AG 2-4Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Gradedfrom the HINTS database is appropriate because it was the only data set that included the out-come variable of intention to vaccinate for HPV. This large simple random sample is representa-tive of the target population with limited potential for sampling error or bias ( Gray et al., 2017 ).9.Study excerpt: Initially, participants were selected in a purposeful manner “based on theirfamiliarity with, interest in, and willingness to reflect and discuss their hope experience.”Additional sampling was done to achieve “theoretical saturation that was defined as theo-retical completeness in which no new properties of the categories were identified.”Source: Bally, J. M., Duggleby, W., Holtslander, L., Mpofu, C., Spurr, S., Thomas, R., &Wright, K. (2014). Keeping hope possible: A grounded theory study of the hope experi-ence of parental caregivers who have children in treatment for cancer.Cancer Nursing,37 (5), 363–372. Excerpt from page 364.Answer: Nonprobability, purposive and theoretical sampling methods. The initial samplingprocess is purposive, and Bally et al. (2014) clearly indicate the type of person they want to par-ticipate to provide the information-rich data needed in their study. Theoretical sampling is doneto provide theoretical saturation and to ensure the credibility and quality of the theory devel-oped in this grounded theory study ( Creswell & Porth, 2018 ; Gray et al., 2017 ).10. Study excerpt: Macartney and colleagues (2018) studied the concussion symptoms in136 adolescents, 74 female and 62 male. “A retrospective chart review was completedbetween 11/21/2014 to 11/20/2015. A purposive sample of all patients who visited theCHEO [Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario] concussion clinic during the study period[was] included. Patients were excluded if symptoms records were not documented . . .CHEO’s concussion clinic opened in the fall of 2014. The clinic provides care to patientsless than nineteen years old who remain symptomatic at least four weeks post injury.”Source: Macartney, G., Simoncic, V., Goulet, K., & Aglipay, M. (2018). Concussionsymptoms prevalence, severity and trajectory: Implications for nursing practice.Journal ofPediatric Nursing, 40(1), 58–62. Excerpt from page 59.Answer: Nonprobability, purposive sampling method. Macartney et al. (2018) stated that a pur-posive sampling method was used to select study participants who visited the CHEO concus-sion clinic during the study time period. Students might have identified the original sample ofadolescents who visited the CHEO concussion clinic as comprising a sample of conveniencebecause the adolescents were accessible and willing to participate in the study.

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AG 3-1Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be GradedUnderstanding the SamplingSection of a Research Report:Population, Sampling Criteria,Sample Size, Refusal Rate,and Attrition RateEXERCISE3Questions are in bold followed by answers.1.Did the study include sampling inclusion criteria? What were those criteria? Were thesecriteria appropriate for this study?Answer: Yes, the mother–child dyads were eligible for this study if they met the followingcriteria: “(a) the targeted child was between the ages of 3 to 5 years at the time of data collectionbetween March 2010 and March 2011, (b) the mother had primary custody or regular visitationwith the child, (c) the dyad lived in state and/or was able to meet in state for the data collection,and (d) the mother participated in the Minding the Baby (MTB) home visiting program orthe control condition beyond the initial consent period” (Ordway et al., 2014, p, 5). Yes, thesecriteria were appropriate and provided a fairly homogenous sample of mother–child dyads todetermine the effectiveness of the MTB program ( Grove, Gray, & Sutherland, 2017 ).2.Sampling inclusion and exclusion criteria are developed to determine what type ofpopulation? What is the accessible population? Document your answer.Answer: The sampling or eligibility criteria are developed to determine the target populationfor a study (see Figure 3-1 ). The accessible population is the portion of the target populationto which the researcher has reasonable access ( Grove & Gray, 2019 ; Kim & Mallory, 2017 ;Knapp, 2017). (Note: Students might include a variety of sources for their documentation.)3.How many of the mother–child dyads with children 3 to 5 years old were availablefor contact for the follow-up study? How many mother–child dyads were included inthe initial intervention group for the follow-up study? What frequency and percent ofthe mother–child dyads were unable to be contacted in the intervention group?Answer: A total of 71 mother–child dyads with children 3 to 5 years old were available. Theinitial intervention group included 36 mother–child dyads. Figure 1 indicates 7 mother–childdyads could not be contacted. Percentage not contacted(736)100%0.1944100%19.44%19.4% or 19%.4.Of the 36 mother–child dyads in the intervention group, how many were included in thefollow-up study? How many mother–child dyads did not participate in the study? Was arationale provided for their not participating? If so, what were the reasons and did theyseem appropriate or unusual?Answer: The final intervention group included 24 mother–child dyads. Figure 1 indicates12 dyads did not participate because 5 did not meet sample inclusion criteria, and 7 could notbe contacted. These are common and appropriate reasons for not including participants in a

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AG 3-2Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Gradedstudy. The final sample of 24 mother–child dyads in the intervention group was adequatebecause the power analysis determined that 17 dyads were needed for each group.5.What was the attrition number and rate for this study? Provide a rationale for youranswer.Answer: The study had no or zero (0%) attrition because all mother–child dyads included in thefinal intervention and control groups were included in the follow-up analyses as indicated inFigure 1.6.Calculate the attrition rate for a study that included a sample size of 276 subjects and10 subjects became too ill to continue in the study, 5 could not be contacted after hospitaldischarge, and 4 died. Round your answer to the nearest tenth of a percent.Answer: Attrition frequency105419. Attrition rate(Attrition frequencysamplesize)100%(19276) x 100%0.0688100%6.88%6.9%. The small attrition rateis a study strength.7.What was the total sample for this study?Answer: The total sample is 50 mother–child dyads as indicated in the study results section andcan be calculated from Figure 1. Intervention groupn24 dyads and control groupn26dyads total to a sample size of 50 mother–child dyads.8.The intervention and control groups had unequal numbers. Is this a study strength orweakness? Provide a rationale for your answer.Answer: The comparison of intervention and control groups is stronger if these groups are equalsize for study participants ( Holmes, 2018 ). The groups are approximately equal in size, so thisis more a study strength than weakness and probably did not affect the study results.9.Discuss the results of the power analysis conducted for this study. Was the sample sizeadequate for this study? Provide a rationale for your answers.Answer: The study sample size was calculated by a power analysis withα0.05 and 80% powerbut the effect sized for the analysis was not identified. The power analysis indicated that17 dyads were needed for each group, which indicates the sizes of the groups were adequate ifthe power analysis was correctly conducted with an appropriate effect size. Based on the dyadsrecruited, researchers noted there was potential for 29%, attrition. Because the study had no at-trition, the sample size would probably be considered adequate. However, the variable parentalreflective functioning (RF) was not significantly different for the intervention and controlgroups, so the researchers need to investigate this result ( Gray et al., 2017 ; Holmes, 2018 ; Taylor& Spurlock, 2018 ).10.Are the findings from this study ready for use in practice? Provide a rationale for youranswer.Answer: Students’ answers might vary. The results of this study were mixed, and the samplesize was small. The MTB intervention resulted in a significant decrease in externalizing childbehavior problems but was not significant for the parental RF. Ordway et al. (2014) recom-mended additional research to determine the effect of the MTB intervention on parental RF.However, you might consider the MTB intervention that has benefits and minimal risks to beready for use in practice to improve child behavior problems.

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Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be GradedAG 4-1Understanding Reliabilityof Measurement MethodsEXERCISE4Questions are in bold followed by answers.1.Based on the information provided from the Williams et al. (2017) study, which of the twoscales have the higher Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for this study? Which scale has thegreater random error? Provide rationales for your answers.Answer: The Personal Experiences Checklist (PECK) has the higher internal consistency reliabilityfor the overall scale of0.94, because this value is closer to 1.00 (a perfect reliability value).The greater the Cronbach’s alpha coefficient is or the closer the value is to 1.00, the strongerthe reliability of the scale and the lower the random error ( Waltz, Strickland, & Lenz, 2017 ). TheCenter for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Survey (CESD-10) has a reliability of0.86for the current study. Thus, the CESD-10 has the lower internal consistency reliability valueand the higher random error.2.Would you consider the CESD-10 a reliable measure of depression in this populationof ninth grade adolescents? Provide a rationale for your answer.Answer: Yes, the CESD-10 was a reliable scale for measuring depression in this populationof ninth grade adolescents because the scale’s Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was 0.86, whichindicates strong reliability with limited random error ( Gray, Grove, & Sutherland, 2017 ). In addi-tion, the CESD-10 has been used in other studies of adolescents with a reliability0.85( Brandley, Bagnell, & Brannen, 2010 ).3.What types of reliability testing were provided for the cyberbullying subscale of the PECK?Were the reliability values acceptable? Provide a rationale for your answer.Answer: Cyberbullying subscale was examined for stability reliability with test-retest reliability( r0.86) and for internal consistency reliability with Cronbach’s alpha (0.90). Both of thesereliability values are strong because they are greater than 0.80 and are close to 1.00, a perfectreliability value (Bialocerkowski et al., 2010; Waltz et al., 2017). These values support the reliabil-ity of the cyberbullying subscale in this study.4.Calculate the percentage of random error for the cyberbullying subscale of the PECK.Show your calculations and round to the nearest whole percent.Answer: Percentage of random error(1.00 – 0.902)100%(1.00 – 0.81)100%0.19100%19%5.What are the Cronbach’s alphas for the four subscales for the PECK used to measurebullying in the Williams et al., (2017) study? Did these subscales have adequate reliabilityin this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.Answer: Three of the subscales of the PECK had Cronbach’s alphas0.90 (verbal/relationalbullying0.90, physical bullying0.91, and cyberbullying0.90). The cultural bullying

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AG 4-2Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Gradedsubscale also had an adequate reliability (0.78) in this study. Usually subscales have lowerreliability values than the total scale, such as the PECK in this study, because they include feweritems. The cultural bullying subscale included only four items, which probably resulted in thelower Cronbach alpha value for this subscale. The PECK and the subscales in this study hadstrong reliability values, supporting the use of this scale in this population ( Gray et al., 2017 ;Waltz et al., 2017 ).6.Which subscale of the PECK had the lowest Cronbach’s alpha? What is the random errorfor this subscale? Show your calculations and round to the nearest whole percent.Answer: The cultural bullying subscale had the lowest reliability (0.78) of the PECK forthis study. Percentage of random error(1.000.782)100%(1.000.6084)100%0.3916100%0.39100%39%7.Williams et al. (2017, p. 25) reported the PECK “was previously used in adolescents’ ages8 to 15.” Based on readability, do you think the PECK is acceptable for the population inthis study? Provide a rationale for your answer.Answer: Yes, the PECK probably has an acceptable readability level for the participants in thisstudy based on the strong homogeneity reliability (0.94), and the scale has been used in aprevious study with adolescents. However, the discussion of the PECK would have beenstrengthened if the researchers had provided a reading level for this scale ( Gray et al., 2017 ;Waltz et al., 2017 ).8.Could you assume that the PECK would be a reliable scale to measure bullying in collegestudents? Provide a rationale for your answer.Answer: No, you cannot assume that the PECK would be a reliable scale to measure bullying incollege students. The reliability of a scale is specific to each study and should be calculated forthe scale in this study ( Waltz et al., 2017 ). In addition, the studies previously conducted werewith adolescents and not young adults, so the reliability of the scale might vary with the age ofthe study participants.9.Did Williams et al. (2017) provide a clear discussion of the reliability of the CESD-10 andPECK scales in their study? Provide a rationale for your answer.Answer: Yes, these researchers provided a clear discussion of instrument reliability in theirstudy. The internal consistency reliability for the CESD-10 and PECK was provided using theCronbach’s alpha that is the most accepted form of homogeneity testing for multi-item scaleswith measurement at the interval level. Cronbach’s alphas and test-retestrvalues were alsoprovided for the subscales of the PECK, which demonstrated strong reliability in measuringthe sub-concepts of bullying. However, the reliability discussion would have been strengthenedby including more information on different types of reliability testing from previous studies( Gray et al., 2017 ).10.Was the collection of saliva for cortisol values precise? Provide a rationale for youranswer.Answer: Yes, the collection of saliva for cortisol values appeared precise. The researchersprovided details about where, when, and how they collected the salivary specimens from theninth graders. Students received the same instructions in preparation for the collection ofthe specimens and during the collection process. The researchers followed detailed steps toensure the salivary specimens were consistently collected, stored, and transported for analysis( Ryan-Wenger, 2017 ).

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Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be GradedAG 5-1EXERCISE5Understanding Validityof Measurement MethodsQuestions are in bold followed by answers.1.Discuss the importance of a measurement method’s validity in a study.Answer: The validity of a measurement method is essential to accurately measure a conceptor variable in a study. A scale with reliability and validity makes it possible to obtain qualitymeasures of a variable, and the measurements will yield accurate data that reflect what is beingmeasured. Without quality measurement methods, the results and the findings from a studyare questionable (Grove & Gray, 2019; Waltz, Strickland, & Lenz, 2017).2.Does the CESD-10 scale have evidence of successive verification validity in the Williamset al. (2017) study? Provide a rationale for your answer.Answer: Yes, the CESD-10 has evidence of successive verification validity because the scale wasused in a previous study of 156 adolescents conducted by Bradley, Bagnell, and Brannen (2010).Williams et al. (2017) also indicate that the CESD-10 was applicable to adolescent populations,and a score of 10 was clinical meaningful, which indicate previous research using this scale ( Waltzet al., 2017 ).3.Did the CESD-10 have evidence of criterion-related validity in the Williams et al. (2017)study? Provide a rationale for your answer.Answer: Yes, the CESD-10 has evidence of criterion-related validity as indicated by the followingstatement: “A score of 10 or greater indicates need for referral (clinically meaningful)” ( Williamset al., 2017 , p. 25). This statement indicates that the CESD-10 can be used to predict depressionin adolescents, and a score of 10 indicates a need for referral.4.Discuss the evidence of validity obtained by factor analysis that is provided for the CESD-10 in the Williams et al. (2017) study.Answer: Williams et al. (2017 , p. 25) reported that the CESD-10 had been used “to measurefour factors [sub-concepts] related to depressive symptoms including: positive/negative affect,somatic symptoms, retarded activity, and interpersonal issues.” Factor analysis is conductedto statistically identify the factors or sub-concepts of a concept, which were identified for depres-sion in this study ( Waltz et al., 2017 ).5.Provide an example of how convergent validity might have been examined for the CESD-10.Answer: Convergent validity is examined by administering two scales measuring the sameconcept to a group at the same time. The subjects’ scores on the scales should be positivelycorrelated if the scales are measuring the same concept. For example, the CESD-10 and the

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AG 5-2Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be GradedPatient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) are two scales, which measure depression in adolescents,that could be administer to a group of ninth graders in a school setting. If the scores fromthese two scales were positively correlated with values ranging from 0.40 to 0.80, the convergentvalidity of both scales would be strengthened ( Gray, Grove, & Sutherland, 2017 ; Waltz et al.,2017). Bhatta, Champion, Young, and Loika (2018) study focused on measuring depressionin adolescents with the PHQ-9. This article is available to you in the online Article Libraryfor this text.6.What types of validity were discussed related to the CESD-10 scale in the Williams et al.(2017) study?Answer: Content validity, validity from factor analysis, successive verification validity, andpredictive criterion-related validity were addressed for the CESD-10 scale. Content validitywas evident in identifying the CESD-10 as measuring depressive symptoms. Content validity in-volvesdevelopingscaleitemstomeasuredepressionanddeterminingthesub-conceptscomposed of selected scale items through literature and expert reviews. Factor analysis isconducted to statistically identify factors or sub-concepts of depression to determine if theymatch those identified through content validity ( Gray et al., 2017 ; Waltz et al., 2017 ). Successiveverifi cation validity is expanded with additional studies conducted with the CESD-10. Criterion-related validity is evident with the score of 10 or greater, indicating a need for referralfor depression.7.Was the information on validity provided for the CESD-10 scale adequate in this study?Provide a rationale for your answer.Answer: The validity information for the CESD-10 was adequate but limited (Gray et al.,2017). The researchers needed to clearly identify and expand on the types of validitydiscussed in Question 6. Additional types of validity, such as convergent and divergentvalidity, would have strengthened the discussion of the CESD-10 in this study (see Table 5-1;Waltz et al., 2017).8.Williams et al. (2017 , p. 25) reported, “Specimens were collected . . . under the principalinvestigator’s supervision. Specimens were kept on ice during data collection and thenfrozen at 20 °C until shipped to Salimetrics, LLC on dry ice.” What does this statementindicate about the precision and accuracy of the saliva specimens collected?Answer: The quote addressed the precision or consistency of the collection of saliva specimensthat was supervised by one person, the principal investigator. The specimens were storedand then shipped for analysis in a precise manner. Precise data collection promotes the accuracyof the data collected. Keeping the specimens cold during data collection and frozen at aspecifi c temperature promoted the accuracy of the specimens for analysis ( Gray et al., 2017 ;Ryan-Wenger, 2017 ).9.How was accuracy determined in the measurement of cortisol levels in the Williams et al.(2017) study?Answer:Thefollowingquoteclearlyaddressestheaccuracyofthecortisollevels:“Duplicate analysis of saliva was completed with an ELISA/EIA assay, calibration rangeof 0.012–3.00g/dL and a sensitivity of0.003g/dL to determine the cortisol levels. Theexpected range of salivary cortisol for adolescents aged 12–18 years is 0.021–0.883g/dLfor morning and 0.0–0.259g/dL for afternoon, and the correlation between saliva andserum cortisol isr(47)0.91,p0.0001 (Salimetrics LLC, 2013)” (Williams et al., 2017,p. 25).

Solution Manual For Statistics for Nursing Research: A Workbook for Evidence-Based Practice, 3rd Edition - Page 15 preview image

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AG 5-3Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be Graded10.Was the description of the measurement of cortisol diurnal rhythm adequate in thisstudy? Provide a rationale for your answer.Answer: Williams et al. (2017) provided a quality description of the actions taken to ensure thecortisol levels and the cortisol diurnal rhythm (cortisol change from morning to afternoon)measurements were precise and accurate. The saliva specimens were collected, stored, andshipped in a precise manner to yield accurate results. Duplicate analysis of the saliva wasconducted to determine the accuracy of the cortisol levels. The saliva and serum cortisol levelshad a very strong correlation (r0.91) that was statistically significant at thep0.0001, whichsupports the accuracy of the saliva cortisol level ( Ryan-Wenger, 2017 ).

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Answer Guidelines for Questions to Be GradedAG 6-1Questions are in bold followed by answers.1.What are the frequency and percentage of the COPD patients in the severe airflow limita-tion group who are employed in the Eckerblad et al. (2014) study?Answer: Seven (14%) of the COPD patients with severe airflow limitations were employed (see Table 1).2.What percentage of the total sample is retired? What percentage of the total sample is onsick leave?Answer: In the total sample, 61% of the participants were retired, and 15% were on sick leave asidentifi ed in the narrative of the study results.3.What is the total sample size of this study? What frequency and percentage of the total samplewere still employed? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percent.Answer: The total sample size was 91 patients with COPD, as presented in the narrative of thestudy results. The number or frequency of subjects employed in the total sample is calculatedby adding the frequencies from the moderate and the severe airflow limitation groups fromTable 1. Calculation: Frequency employed7 moderate group7 severe group14 employedCOPD patients. The percentage of the sample employed(Frequency employedSample size)100%(1491)100%0.154100%15.4%15% rounded to nearest whole percent.4.What is the total percentage of the sample with a smoking history—either still smokingor former smokers? Is the smoking history for study participants clinically important?Provide a rationale for your answer.Answer: A total of 28% of the sample were still smoking69% former smokers97% smokinghistory (see narrative of results). The high smoking history (97%) for patients with COPD is veryimportant clinically. This study adds to the research that links smoking with COPD. Because 28%of the study participants were still smoking, nurses need to be actively involved in assistingpatients to reduce their number of cigarettes a day and ultimately quit smoking. Support needsto be provided to the former smokers to ensure they continue their nonsmoking behavior.5.What are pack years of smoking? Is there a significant difference between the moderate andsevere airflow limitation groups regarding pack years of smoking? Provide a rationale foryour answer.Answer: Pack years of smokingMean (average) packs smoked per dayNumber of yearssmoked (see footnote under Table 1 ). For example, a patient smoking a mean of 1.5 packs a dayfor 20 years will have a 30-pack-year smoking history. Pack years is a more accurate way to assesssmoking history than just the number of years a person has smoked. No, the moderate and severeUnderstanding Frequenciesand PercentagesEXERCISE6

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