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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Document preview page 1

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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020)

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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 1 preview image°°McGraw-HillEducationTHEMOSTTRUSTEDNAMEINTESTPREPi]CE|iLE«4ahsRo5Nobypracticingwith4sampleteststhatcloselyreflectthePTCEwithextensivereviewSnWuwithpracticeiceton:thatPedlectthe\PTCE'smostdifficultconceptsMcGrawKRISTYMALACOSHillod+Studyxy
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 2 preview imageDownloadedfromStudyXY.com[=Ww+StudyXYoias.Za\Rr'BE\StudyAnythingThisContentHasbeenPostedOnStudyXY.comassupplementarylearningmaterial.StudyXYdoesnotendroseanyuniversity,collegeorpublisher.Allmaterialspostedareundertheliabilityofthecontributors.|8)www.studyxy.com
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 3 preview imageJ1[AIN*~7ar .iii[<<]lHI-Jig-|al34JA~lRaiseYourScoreAN-bypracticingwith4sampleteststhat)\)closelyreflectthePTCE\MasterDosageQuestionswithextensivereviewexercisesChallengeYourself-withpracticequestionsthatreflectthePTCE'smostdifficultconcepts-_KRISTYMALACOS=.
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 4 preview imageMcGraw-HillEducationKRISTYMALACOSNewYorkChicagoSanFranciscoAthensLondonMadridMexicoCityMilanNewDelhiSingaporeSydneyToronto
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 5 preview imageCopyright©2021byMcGrawHill.Allrightsreserved.ExceptaspermittedundertheUnitedStatesCopyrightActof1976,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproducedordistributedinanyformorbyanymeans,orstoredinadatabaseorretrievalsystem,withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher.ISBN:978-1-26-047006-2MHID: 1-26-047006-7ThematerialinthiseBookalsoappearsintheprintversionofthistitle:ISBN:978-1-26-047005-5,MHID:1-26-047005-9.eBookconversionbycodeMantraVersion1.0Alltrademarksaretrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Ratherthanputatrademarksymbolaftereveryoccurrenceofatrademarkedname,weusenamesinaneditorialfashiononly,andtothebenefitofthetrademarkowner,withnointentionofinfringementofthetrademark.Wheresuchdesignationsappearinthisbook,theyhavebeenprintedwithinitialcaps.McGraw-HillEducationeBooksareavailableatspecialquantitydiscountstouseaspremiumsandsalespromotionsorforuseincorporatetrainingprograms.Tocontactarepresentative,pleasevisittheContactUspageatwww.mhprofessional.com.TERMSOFUSEThisisacopyrightedworkandMcGraw-HillEducationanditslicensorsreserveallrightsinandtothework.Useofthisworkissubjecttotheseterms.ExceptaspermittedundertheCopyrightActof1976andtherighttostoreandretrieveonecopyofthework,youmaynotdecompile,disassemble,reverseengineer,reproduce,modify,createderivativeworksbasedupon,transmit,distribute,disseminate,sell,publishorsublicensetheworkoranypartofitwithoutMcGraw-HillEducation’spriorconsent.Youmayusetheworkforyourownnoncommercialandpersonaluse;anyotheruseoftheworkisstrictlyprohibited.Yourrighttousetheworkmaybeterminatedif
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 6 preview imageyoufailtocomplywiththeseterms.THEWORKISPROVIDED“ASIS.”McGRAW-HILLEDUCATIONANDITSLICENSORSMAKENOGUARANTEESORWARRANTIESASTOTHEACCURACY,ADEQUACYORCOMPLETENESSOFORRESULTSTOBEOBTAINEDFROMUSINGTHEWORK,INCLUDINGANYINFORMATIONTHATCANBEACCESSEDTHROUGHTHEWORKVIAHYPERLINKOROTHERWISE,ANDEXPRESSLYDISCLAIMANYWARRANTY,EXPRESSORIMPLIED,INCLUDINGBUTNOTLIMITEDTOIMPLIEDWARRANTIESOFMERCHANTABILITYORFITNESSFORAPARTICULARPURPOSE.McGraw-HillEducationanditslicensorsdonotwarrantorguaranteethatthefunctionscontainedintheworkwillmeetyourrequirementsorthatitsoperationwillbeuninterruptedorerrorfree.NeitherMcGraw-HillEducationnoritslicensorsshallbeliabletoyouoranyoneelseforanyinaccuracy,errororomission,regardlessofcause,intheworkorforanydamagesresultingtherefrom.McGraw-HillEducationhasnoresponsibilityforthecontentofanyinformationaccessedthroughthework.UndernocircumstancesshallMcGraw-HillEducationand/oritslicensorsbeliableforanyindirect,incidental,special,punitive,consequentialorsimilardamagesthatresultfromtheuseoforinabilitytousethework,evenifanyofthemhasbeenadvisedofthepossibilityofsuchdamages.Thislimitationofliabilityshallapplytoanyclaimorcausewhatsoeverwhethersuchclaimorcausearisesincontract,tortorotherwise.
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 7 preview imageContentsCHAPTER1Introduction:PharmacyTechniciansandthePTCEThePharmacyTechnicianCertifiedPharmacyTechnicianPTCEOverviewPreparingforthePTCECHAPTER2MedicationsGenericNames,BrandNames,andClassificationsofMedicationsTop200DrugGenericandBrandNamesandDrugClassDosageFormsandRoutesofAdministrationRoutesofAdministrationCardiovascularSystemandDrugsGastrointestinalSystemandDrugsRespiratorySystemandDrugsEndocrineSystemandDrugsTheNervousSystemandDrugsTheUrinarySystemandDrugsTheImmuneSystemandDrugsTheMusculoskeletalSystemandDrugsSpecialSensesandDrugsDietarySupplementsDrugInteractionsTherapeuticEquivalenceNarrowTherapeuticIndex(NTI)DrugStabilityStorageofMedicationsIncompatibilityReviewQuestionsAnswerKeyCHAPTER3FederalRequirementsControlledSubstances
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 8 preview imageRestrictedDrugProgramsFDARecallsHazardousDrugsReviewQuestionsAnswerKeyCHAPTER4PatientSafetyandQualityAssuranceISMPSafeMedicationPracticesErrorPreventionStrategiesMedicationErrorReportingPharmacistInterventionQualityControlReviewQuestionsAnswerKeyCHAPTER5OrderEntryandProcessingPharmacyCalculationsNonsterileCompoundingProcessesEquipmentandSuppliesforDrugAdministrationLotNumbers,ExpirationDates,andNationalDrugCode(NDC)NumbersProceduresforIdentifyingandReturningMedicationsandSuppliesReviewQuestionsAnswersPracticeTest1PracticeTest1AnswerKeyPracticeTest2PracticeTest2AnswerKeyPracticeTest3PracticeTest3AnswerKeyPracticeTest4PracticeTest4AnswerKey
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 9 preview imageCHAPTER1Introduction:PharmacyTechniciansandthePTCECongratulationsonchoosingtobecomeapharmacytechnician!ThisbookwillhelpyouprepareforthePharmacyTechnicianCertificationExam(PTCE).Eachchapterisbrokendownintocorrespondingdomainsfromthecertificationexam.Beforewegetstartedontestcontent,let’stakeaminutetoreviewthepharmacytechnicianroleandpotentialjobopportunities.We’llalsoreviewthePTCEitselftomakesureyouarepreparedforthestructureandrequirementsofthisexam.AfterreadingChapter1,youwillbeableto:=Explaintheroleofthepharmacytechnicianandimportancetothehealthcareteam=Identifydifferentcareerpathsforpharmacytechnicians=Understandtherequirementsandpreparationneededtobecomeacertifiedpharmacytechnician=DescribethecontentofthePTCEandrequirementsforcontinuingeducation=RecognizestrategiesforexampreparationThePharmacyTechnicianApharmacytechnicianisanintegralpartofthehealthcareteamandhelpsservepatientsbysupportingthepharmacistthroughthecompletionofa
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 10 preview imagevarietyofimportanttasks.Theroleofthepharmacytechnicianisdependentuponpracticesetting,buttypicallyincludesfillingprescriptionsormedicationorders;workingwithinsurancecompaniestotroubleshootorgainapprovalofcoverage;compoundingIVs,chemotherapy,ornonsterileproducts;andbeinganactivecustomerserviceagentofthepharmacy.Pharmacytechniciansworkinginthecommunitysettingarebasedinaretailpharmacy.Thepharmacymaybepartofalargechainorsmallerindependentstore.Inthecommunitysetting,pharmacytechniciansmayinputandfillprescriptions.Theymayinvestigateinsurancerejections;workoninventory,includingover-the-counter(OTC)drugs;orwaitoncustomersandringoutverifiedprescriptions.Institutionalpharmacytechnicianspracticeinhospitalsorlong-termcarefacilities.HospitalpharmacytechniciansmaycompoundIVs,repackunitdosemedications,fillandmaintainautomateddispensingcabinets,andstockcrashcarts.Hospitaltechniciansmayinteractwithpatientslessthancommunitypharmacytechnicians,butinsteadmayinteractmorewithnursingstaffandotherhealthcareproviders.Pharmacytechniciansmayalsocompoundchemotherapyinhospitalsorinadesignatedcancercenter.Long-term-carepharmacytechniciansmayalsocompoundIVsandrepackunitdosemedicationsinlargerpackagesfornursinghomepatients.Theymayalsofillordersforfacilitiesorbepartofthecustomerserviceteamwhohelpsanswernursingquestionsordirectorderstoeachfacility.Otherplacespharmacytechniciansmayworkisinanuclear,compounding,orspecialtypharmacy.Nuclearpharmacytechnicianscompoundradiopharmaceuticalstobeusedfordiagnostictestingorcancertreatment.Compoundingtechnicianscompoundbothsterileandnonsterilepreparationsforpatient-specificuse.Thesetechniciansoftenrequireadditionaltrainingforcompoundingtechniqueandcalculations.Specialtypharmacyisagrowingareainvolvingthedispensingofhigh-dollardrugsusedtotreatcomplexdiseasestates,suchasmultiplesclerosis.Pharmacytechniciansworkinginspecialtypharmacywillreviewprescriptionsandworkwithinsuranceprovidersonauthorizationforpatientcoverage.Mail-orderpharmaciesareanadditionalplaceforpharmacytechnicianstowork.Inthissetting,pharmacytechniciansmaypackagelargeamountsofmedicationtobeshippedusingpackagingmachines.Techniciansmayalsoreviewprescriptions,assessinsurancecoverage,andworkonauthorizationstohavemedicationsfilled.
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 11 preview imagePharmacytechniciansandpharmacistsareinhighdemandinmanysettings,andbecauseofthis,theroleofthetechnicianisexpandingtoallowmoretimeforthepharmacisttoprovidepatient-centeredcare.Pharmacytechniciansmaytakemedicationhistoriesforpatientsuponadmissiontoahospitalandreconcilehomemedicationlistswithwhatiscurrentlyprescribed.Thisprocessisknownasmedicationreconciliation(medrec),andmedrectechsarebecomingmorepopularwiththeincreaseinpatientsafetythisrolecanprovide.Additionally,communitypharmacytechniciansarebecomingmoreactiveinmedicationtherapymanagement(MTM).MTMisaservicethatpharmacistsprovidetopatientswheremedicationsthatarecurrentlyprescribedarereviewedtoensurethebestoutcomeisachievedfromthetreatment.TechnicianscanassistwiththisprocessbymonitoringMTMdatabases,examiningpatients’adherencetomedications,andnotifyingpharmacistsofpotentialcomplianceissues.Becauseofthisexpansionofresponsibilities,itisessentialthatpharmacytechnicianshavesufficienttrainingandcertification.CertifiedPharmacyTechnicianThestateinwhichyouwillpracticewilldeterminerequirementsforcertification,registration,orlicensure.Certificationisthecompletionorpassingofadesignatedstandard,suchasanexam,fromanestablishednongovernmentalorganization.PharmacyTechnicianCertificationisofferedthroughthePharmacyTechnicianCertificationBoard(PTCB)andtheNationalHealthcareerAssociation(NHA).ThePTCBusesthePharmacyTechnicianCertificationExam(PTCE)forcertification,andtheNHAusestheExamfortheCertificationofPharmacyTechnicians(ExCPT).Registrationisregisteringwithanorganization,suchaswithaboardofpharmacy,whomayrequirepharmacytechnicianstoregisterannually.Licensureistheregulationofaprofessionbyagovernmentalbody.Somestatesmayrequirepharmacytechnicianstoregisterorbelicensedtopractice.Youshouldcheckyourstaterequirementswhenpreparingtobecomecertifiedasapharmacytechnician.PTCEOverviewThePTCEisdividedintofourknowledgedomains,withspecificcontent
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 12 preview imageareaswithineachdomain.FollowingarethefourdomainsandthepercentageofthePTCEdedicatedtoeachdomain.NUMBEROFQUESTIONSKNOWLEDGEDOMAIN%OFPTCECONTENT(OUTOF90)Medications4036FederalRequirements12.5nPatientSafetyandQualityAssurance26.2524OrderEntryandProcessing21.2519TheMedicationsdomaincomprisesthelargestportionoftheexamat40percentofcontentandalsocontainsthemostknowledgeareas.ThebreakdownoftheMedicationscontentofthePTCEfollows.=Genericnames,brandnames,andclassificationsofmedications=Therapeuticequivalence=Commonandlife-threateningdruginteractionsandcontraindications(e.g.,drug—disease,drug—drug,drug—dietarysupplement,drug—laboratory,drug—nutrient)=Strengths/dose,dosageforms,routesofadministration,specialhandlingandadministrationinstructions,anddurationofdrugtherapy=Commonandseveremedicationsideeffects,adverseeffects,andallergies=Indicationsofmedicationsanddietarysupplements=Drugstability(e.g.,oralsuspensions,insulin,reconstitutables,injectables,vaccinations)=Narrowtherapeuticindex(NTI)medications=Physicalandchemicalincompatibilitiesrelatedtononsterilecompoundingandreconstitution=Properstorageofmedications(e.g.,temperatureranges,lightsensitivity,restrictedaccess)TheFederalRequirementsdomainconsistsoflaws,standards,andregulationsrelatedtopharmacypractice,includingcontrolledsubstances.Thefiveareaswithinthisdomainfollow.=Federalrequirementsforhandlinganddisposalofnonhazardous,
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 13 preview imagehazardous,andpharmaceuticalsubstancesandwaste=Federalrequirementsforcontrolledsubstanceprescriptions(i.e.,new,refill,transfer)andDrugEnforcementAdministration(DEA)controlledsubstanceschedules.=Federalrequirements(e.g.,DEA,FederalDrugAdministration[FDA])forcontrolledsubstances(i.e.,receiving,storing,ordering,labeling,dispensing,reversedistribution,take-backprograms,andlossortheftof)=Federalrequirementsforrestricteddrugprogramsandrelatedmedicationprocessing(e.g.,pseudoephedrine,riskevaluationandmitigationstrategies[REMS])=FDArecallrequirements(e.g.,medications,devices,supplies,supplements,classifications)ThePatientSafetyandQualityAssurancedomainconsistsofcontentareasconcerningpatientsafetyanderrorpreventionstrategiesandreportingmethods.Theareasforthisdomainfollow.=High-alert/riskmedicationsandlook-alike/sound-alike(LASA)medications=Errorpreventionstrategies(e.g.,prescriptionormedicationordertocorrectpatient,TallManlettering,separatinginventory,leadingandtrailingzeros,barcodeusage,limituseoferror-proneabbreviations)=Issuesthatrequirepharmacistintervention(e.g.,drugutilizationreview[DUR],adversedrugevent[ADE],OTCrecommendation,therapeuticsubstitution,misuse,adherence,post-immunizationfollow-up,allergies,druginteractions)=Eventreportingprocedures(e.g.,medicationerrors,adverseeffects,andproductintegrity,MedWatch,nearmiss,root-causeanalysis[RCA])=Typesofprescriptionerrors(e.g.,abnormaldoses,earlyrefill,incorrectquantity,incorrectpatient,incorrectdrug)=Hygieneandcleaningstandards(e.g.,handwashing,personalprotectiveequipment[PPE],cleaningcountingtrays,countertop,andequipment)TheOrderEntryandProcessingdomainconsistsofareasrelatedtoprescriptionprocessing,includingcalculations,equipmentfordrugadministration,andlotnumbersandexpirationdates.Theareasforthisdomainfollow.
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 14 preview image=Procedurestocompoundnonsterileproducts(e.g.,ointments,mixtures,liquids,emulsions,suppositories,enemas)=Formulas,calculations,ratios,proportions,alligations,conversions,sigcodes(e.g.,b.i.d.k,t.i.d.,Romannumerals),abbreviations,medicalterminology,andsymbolsfordayssupply,quantity,dose,concentration,dilutions=Equipment/suppliesrequiredfordrugadministration(e.g.,packagesize,unitdose,diabeticsupplies,spacers,oralandinjectablesyringes)=Lotnumbers,expirationdates,andNationalDrugCode(NDC)numbers=Proceduresforidentifyingandreturningdispensable,nondispensable,andexpiredmedicationsandsupplies(e.g.,creditreturn,returntostock,reversedistribution)PreparingforthePTCEThePharmacyTechnicianCertificationExam(PTCE)isacomputer-basedexamconsistingof90totalquestions,ofwhich80arescoredand10areunscored.Theexamismultiplechoice,andeachquestionhasfourpossiblechoiceswithonecorrectanswer.Youhavetwohourstotaltotaketheexam,with10minutesbeingdedicatedtoapre-examtutorialandpost-examsurvey.ThecosttotakethePTCEis$129.Afterpassingtheexam,youwouldearntheCertifiedPharmacyTechnician(CPhT)credential.TobeeligibleforthePTCErequirescompletionofoneoftwopathways.OnepathwayiscompletionofaPTCB-approvededucationortrainingprogram.Thesecondpathwayisequivalentworkexperience(minimumof500hours)asapharmacytechnician.Youmustalsodiscloseanycriminalandstateboardofpharmacyregistrationorlicensureactions,andbecompliantwithallPTCBcertificationpolicies.Ifyouhavemetthesecriteria,youcanapplytotaketheexambycreatinganaccountwiththePTCB.Onceapproved,youcanscheduleyourexam.Examsaretakenatdesignatedtestingcentersyear-round.ToprepareforthePTCE,youcanusethisbookyou’recurrentlyreading,andalsocheckoutsomeofthePTCBonlinecontentforpractice.Aftercompletionoftheexam,youwillknowifyoupassedimmediatelyonthescreen,thoughyouwillnotgetyourofficialscorereportuntiltwotothreeweekslater.YouwillbeabletodownloadyourcertificatethroughthePTCBwebsite.
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 15 preview imageAsaCPhT,youwillhavespecifiedrequirementstomaintainyourcredentials.Youmustcompleteaminimumof20hoursofcontinuingeducation(CE)everytwoyears.These20hoursmustinclude1hourinpharmacylawand1hourinpatientsafety.ThePTCBalsorequiresthattheCEearnedmustbepharmacy-technician-specific,whichcanbeearnedthroughCEwithadesignationof“T”.Sonowyouknowwhatpharmacytechniciansdoandwheretheywork.Youknowhowtoapplytobecomecertifiedandwhatisrequiredforcertification.Thisbookwillhelpyoupreparefortheexambybreakingdownthecontentsofeachdomainthroughoutthenextfourchapters.Youwillbeabletostudythematerialandthentestyourskillsthroughpracticequestionsandexams.Let’sgetstartedinpreparingforthePTCE!
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 16 preview image|Medications|PTCEKnowledgeDomain:Medications40%ofExamKnowledgeAreas:=Genericnames,brandnames,andclassificationsofmedications=Therapeuticequivalence=Commonandlife-threateningdruginteractionsandcontraindications(e.g.,drug—disease,drug—drug,drug—dietarysupplement,drug—laboratory,drug-nutrient)=Strengths/dose,dosageforms,routesofadministration,specialhandlingandadministrationinstructions,anddurationofdrugtherapy=Commonandseveremedicationsideeffects,adverseeffects,andallergies=Indicationsofmedicationsanddietarysupplements=Drugstability(e.g.,oralsuspensions,insulin,reconstitutables,injectables,vaccinations)=Narrowtherapeuticindex(NTI)medications=Physicalandchemicalincompatibilitiesrelatedtononsterilecompoundingandreconstitution=Properstorageofmedications(e.g.,temperatureranges,lightsensitivity,restrictedaccess)
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 17 preview imageAfterreadingChapter2youwillbeableto:=Recognizepharmacologyprinciples,includingabsorption,distribution,metabolism,andelimination=Identifythebrandandgenericnamesanddrugclassforthetop200drugs=Understanddruginteractionsandtheimpactonpatientsafety=Describedosageformsandroutesofadministration,anddrugstability=Recognizemedicationthathaveanarrowtherapeuticindex(NTI)=Understandtheproperstorageofmedications,includingtemperatureranges,light-sensitivityrequirements,andrestrictedaccessInthischapter,wereviewthebrandandgenericnamesanddrugclassificationsofthetop200prescribedmedications.Wealsoreviewsideeffectsandindicationsofthesedrugs.Thischapteralsoreviewsdruginteractionsandstabilityaswellasdosageformsandroutesofadministration.Itisimportanttostartwithsomebasicpharmacologyprinciples.Thiswillhelpyouunderstanddruginteractions,sideeffects,andstabilityofmedicationslateroninthechapter.Pharmacologyisthestudyoftheeffectofandmechanismofactionofdrugs.Therearetwodivisionsofpharmacology,knownaspharmacokineticsandpharmacodynamics.Pharmacokineticsisthestudyofmovementofdrugs,orspecifically,theabsorption,distribution,metabolism,andeliminationorexcretionprocesses.Absorption,distribution,metabolism,andelimination/excretionarecollectivelyknownasADME.Pharmacodynamicsisstudyoftheeffectadrughasonthebody.Let’sreviewtheADMEprocessesmoreindepth:A|Absorption|ProcessofthedrugenteringthebloodstreamandcirculationD|DistributionDispersionofadrugtocellsandtissueinthebodyM|Metabolism|BreakdownofthedrugintosmallercomponentsthatcanbeexcretedEElimination|Removalofthemetabolizeddrugfromthebody
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 18 preview imageAbsorptionanddistributionarethewaysintothebody,whereasmetabolismandeliminationarethewaysout.RecognizingtheADMEpropertieswillhelpyouunderstanddrugaction,suchaswhyamedicationadministeredintravenouslyworksmorequicklythanadrugtakenbymouth—thefasterthedrugcanenterthebloodstream(absorption)andbedistributed,thequickertheonsetofaction.Itwillalsohelpyouunderstanddruginteractionsandhowimpactingmetabolismcanleadtoadverseeffectsandtoxicity.GenericNames,BrandNames,andClassificationsofMedicationsAfteradrugisapprovedbytheFDA,itpossessesthreenamingconventions:chemical,generic,andbrandnames.DRUGNAMEDESCRIPTIONEXAMPLEChemicalname(RS)-2-[4-(2-methylpropyl)structureofdrugphenyl]propanoicacidGenericname|AssignedbytheUSAdoptedNameCouncilIbuprofen(USAN)BrandnameGivenbydrugcompanyandprotectedbyaAdvil®patent,mayalsobeknownastradenameThechemicalnameisdeterminedwhilethedrugisbeingdesignedandinvestigated.ThedrugisthenassignedagenericnamebyUSANbyfollowinganamingconventionthatidentifiestheactiveingredientinthedrug.Thisnamingconventionspecifiesthedrugclass.Adrugclassisagroupofdrugsthataresimilarinactionortreatthesamedisease.Forexample,ACEinhibitorsusedtotreatbloodpressureallendin-pril(lisinopril,quinapril,enalapril).ThefollowingareafewexamplesofdrugclassesidentifiedthroughthedrugstemnamedbyUSAN.Aswereviewthetop200drugs,theseareidentifiedwitheachclass.
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 19 preview imageDRUGSTEMCLASSEXAMPLE-azepamBenzodiazepine(antianxiety)alprazolam(Xanax)-caine|Localanestheticlidocaine(Xylocaine)cef-Cephalosporin(antibiotic)cefdinir(Omnicef)-cillin|Penicillins(antibiotic)amoxicillin(Amoxil)-ololBetablockerpropranolol(InderalLA)-oxacinAntibiotic(fluoroquinolone)levofloxacin(Levaquin)-prazoleAntiulcerpantoprazole(Protonix)-prilACEinhibitorlisinopril(Prinivil)-sartanARB(angiotensinIlreceptorblocker)olmesartan(Benicar)-statinAntihyperlipidemic(HMG-CoAreductasesimvastatin(Zocor)inhibitors)-virAntiviraloseltamivir(Tamiflu)Afterthegenericnameisselected,thedrugcompanycangivethedrugabrandortradename.Thebrandnamedoesnotneedtofollowanamingconventionandisoftendesignedtobeappealingtopatientsorhelpthemrememberwhatthedrugistreating.Forexample,thebrandnameLipitorisusedtotreathighcholesterolor“lipids”inthebody.Thiscanhelpbothprescribersandpatientsremembernames.Onceabrandnameisdeveloped,itisprotectedbyapatentforaspecificperiodoftime.Thepurposeinadrugpatentistoallowthedrugcompanytosellthedrugwithoutagenericcompetitor.Thishelpsthedrugcompanyrecoversomeofthecostsofdrugdevelopment.Afterapatenthasexpired,othermanufacturersarepermittedtodevelopagenericversionofthebrandnamedrug.TheFDAmustalsoapprovegenericdrugs,butitisthroughanacceleratedprocessandtakeslesstimeandresourcestocomplete,whichallowsgenericdrugstobesoldatacheaperprice.Genericdrugsmusthavethesameactiveingredientandmeetthesamestandardsforqualityandsafetyasthebrandnamedrug.Genericdrugsarepermittedtohavedifferentinactiveingredients,andforpatientswhoaresensitivetodyesandfillers,thismayresultindifferentsideeffectsofgenericmedicationsversusthebrandname.Top200DrugGenericandBrandNamesandDrugClass
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 20 preview imageLearningthetop200mostfrequentlyprescribeddrugsisanimportantcomponentofthePTCEandalsoforbecomingasuccessfulpharmacytechnician.You’llfindthefollowingtabletobehelpfulforlearningandrememberinggenericandbrandnames,aswellasthedrugclassforeachofthemostcommonlyprescribeddrugs.Rememberthatthetop200drugsissubjecttochangeeachyearwiththechangesinprescribingandnewdrugdevelopment,butthiswillmakeyouknowledgeableaboutthe200mostfrequentlyprescribeddrugs.GENERICNAMEBRANDNAMEDRUGCLASSlisinoprilAntihypertensive—ACEinhibitoratorvastatinLipitorAntihyperlipidemic—HMG-CoAreductaseinhibitorlevothyroxineThyroidhormoneLevothroidmetforminGlucophageAntidiabetic—biguanideamlodipineAntihypertensive—calciumchannelblockermetoprololtartrateAntihypertensive—betablockeromeprazole|Prilosec|Antiulceragent—protonpumpinhibitorsimvastatinAntihyperlipidemic—HMG-CoAreductaseinhibitorlosartanpotassiumAntihypertensive—angiotensinIlreceptorblocker(ARB)albuterol|ProventilBronchodilatorgabapentinNeurontinAnticonvulsanthydrochlorothiazide|MicrozideDiuretic—thiazidehydrocodonewithElNarcoticanalgesicacetaminophensertralineAntidepressant—selectiveserotoninreuptakeinhibitor(SSRI)fluticasoneCorticosteroidmontelukastSingulairLeukotrieneinhibitorfurosemideDiuretic—loop
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 21 preview imageamoxicillinAmoxilAntibiotic—penicillinCpantoprazole|Protonix|Antiulceragent—protonpumpinhibitorctaloprom[capes|Antidepressant—selectiveserotoninreuptakeinhibitor(SSRI)alprazolam[Xanax|Antianxiety—benzodiazepineprednisoneDeltasoneOralcorticosteroidbuproprionWellbutrinAntidepressantpravastatinPravacholAntihyperlipidemic—HMG-CoAreductaseinhibitoracetaminophenAnalgesiccitalopramAntidepressants—selectiveserotoninreuptakeinhibitor(SSRI)dextroamphetamine/StimulantamphetamineibuprofenMotrinNon-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug(NSAID)carvedilolAntihypertensive—betablockertrazodoneAntidepressantfluoxetineENAntidepressant—selectiveserotoninreuptakeinhibitor(SSRI)tramadolNarcoticanalgesicinsulinglargineInsulinclonazepamKlonopin|Antianxiety—benzodiazepinetamsulosin[Flomax|AlphablockeratenololAntihypertensive—betablockerpotassiumMineralandelectrolytereplacementmeloxicamNon-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug(NSAID)rosuvastatinAntihyperlipidemic—HMG-CoAreductaseinhibitorclopidogrel(Plavic|Antiplateletpropranolol[inderal|Antihypertensive—betablockeraspirin(Eoin|Antipyretic,analgesiccyclobenzaprine[Fleer|MusclerelaxantlisinoprilwithAntihypertensive—combinationagenthydrochlorothiazideglipizide[Glucotrol|Antidiabetic—sulfonyureaduloxetineAntidepressant—serotoninandnorepinephrinereuptakeinhibitor(SNRI)methylphenidateETStimulantranitidineAntiulceragent—histamine(H2)antagonistsvenlafaxineAntidepressant—serotoninandnorepinephrinereuptakeinhibitor(SNRI)
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 23 preview imagezolpidemAmbienHypnoticwarfarinAnticoagulantoxycodoneNarcoticanalgesicethinylestradiol,Junel,Lo-EstrinOralcontraceptivenorethindroneallopurinolZyloprimAntigoutergocalciferol[Drisdol|VitaminD,analogsinsulinaspartNovologInsulinazithromycinAntibiotic—macrolidemetronidazoleFlagylAntibioticloratadineAntihistaminelorazepamEZAntianxiety—benzodiazepineestradiolHormone—estrogenethinylestradiol,OralcontraceptivenorgestimatelamotrigineAnticonvulsantglimeperideAntidiabetic—sulfonyureafluticasone-Combinationcorticosteroidandbetaagonistpropionate/salmeterolcetirizineAntihistaminelosartanwithAntihypertensive—combinationagenthydrochlorothiazideparoxetineElAntidepressant—selectiveserotoninreuptakeinhibitor(SSRI)spironolactoneDiuretic—potassiumsparingfenofibrateTricorAntihyperlipidemic—fibricacidderivativenaproxenNon-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug(NSAID)pregabalinAnticonvuslantinsulinhumanInsulinbudesonide,CombinationcorticosteroidandbetaagonistformoteroldiltiazemAntihypertensive—calciumchannelblockerquetiapineAntipsychotictopiramateAnticonvulsantbacitracin,neomycin,|NeosporinTopicalantibioticpolymixinBclonidineAntihypertensive—alphaagonistbuspironeAntianxietyagent
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 25 preview imagelatanoprostXalatanGlaucomaagenttiotropiumSpirivaBronchodilatorondansetronAntiemeticlovastatinAntihyperlipidemic—HMG-CoAreductaseinhibitorvalsartanAntihypertensive—angiotensinIlreceptorblocker(ARB)finasteride(Prosar|5-alphareductaseinhibitoramitriptylineEYAntidepressant—tricyclicesomeprazoleNexiumAntiulceragent—protonpumpinhibitortizanidineMusclerelaxantalendronate(Fosamax|BisphosphonatelisdexamfetamineStimulantdimesylateferroussulfate|FeosolIronsupplementapixabanLEiqus|Directoralanticoagulants(DOAC)diclofenacVoltarenNon-steroidalanti-inflammatorydrug(NSAID)sitagliptinAntidiabetic—DPP-4inhibitorfolicacidVitaminsupplementsumatriptanSerotoninreceptoragonists(Triptan)ethinylestradiol,OralcontraceptivedrospirenonehydroxyzineAntihistamineoxybutyninOveractivebladderagenttriamterenewithAntihypertensive—combinationagenthydrochlorothiazidecephalexinKeflexAntibiotic—cephalosporintriamcinoloneCorticosteroidNasacortbenazeprilAntihypertensive—ACEinhibitorhydralazineVasodilatorcelecoxibCyclooxygenase-2(COX-2)inhibitorsciprofloxacinAntibiotic—fluoroquinoloneropiniroleAntiparkinsonagentsrivaroxabanDirectoralanticoagulants(DOAC)levetiracetamAnticonvulsantisosorbideEnNitratesmononitratearipiprazoleAntipsychotic
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 27 preview imagedoxycyclineVibramycinAntibiotic—tetracyclineinsulindetemirLevemirInsulinfamotidineAntiulceragent—histamine(H2)antagonistsamoxicillinwithAugmentinAntibiotic—penicillinclavulanatemethotrexateAntirheumaticagenthydrocodoneNarcoticanalgesicbitartratemirtazapineAntidepressantnifedipine|ProcardiaXLAntihypertensive—calciumchannelblockersulfamethoxazoleAntibacteria—sulfonamidewithtrimethoprimenalaprilVasotecAntihypertensive—ACEinhibitordocusateStoolsoftenerinsulinlisproHumalogInsulinpioglitazone[Actos|Antidiabetic—glitazonesdivalproexAnticonvulsantdonepezilAnti-alzheimeragenthydroxychloroquineAntirheumaticagent,antimalarialprednisoloneOralcorticosteroidthyroidArmourThyroidThyroidhormoneguanfacinelnwniv|StimulanttestosteroneHormonetestosteroneAndroGelvalsartanwithAntihypertensive—combinationagenthydrochlorothiazideramiprilAntihypertensive—ACEInhibitordiazepamAntianxiety—benzodiazepineethinylestradiol,OralcontraceptivelevonorgestralLevlen,SeasoniqueclindamycinAntibioticgemfibrozilAntihyperlipidemic—fibricacidderivativemetforminwithAntidiabetic—combinationagentsitagliptinbaclofen|LioresalMusclerelaxantnorethindroneProgestins,oralcontraceptiveHeathertemazepamBenzodiazepinenitroglycerin Nitoquick|Nitrate
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 29 preview imagenebivololBystolicAntihypertensive—betablockerverapamilAntihypertensive—calciumchannelblockertimololOphthalmicbetablocker(glaucomaagent)promethazineAntiemeticbenzonatateAntitussivememantineAlzheimer’sdiseaseagentdoxazosinAlphablockerezetimibe(zeta|CholesterolabsorptioninhibitorvalacyclovirValtrexAntiviralbeclometasoneCorticosteroidhydrocortisoneCortaid,Cortizone|TopicalcorticosteroidmorphineNarcoticanalgesicrisperidone|RisperdalAntipsychoticmethylprednisolone|Medol|Oralcorticosteroidomega-3-acidethylLipidregulatingdrugestersoseltamivirAntiviralphosphateamlodipinewithLotrelAntihypertensive—combinationagentbenazeprilmeclizineAntiemeticpolyethyleneglycolLaxative3350liraglutideAntidiabetic—GLP-1agonistdesogestrel,ethinylOralcontraceptiveestradiollevofloxacinAntibiotic—fluoroquinoloneacyclovirAntiviralbrimonidineGlaucomaagentdigoxin(Digitek|Antiarrhythmicadalimumab(Humia|MonoclonalantibodycyanocobalaminVitaminsupplementmagnesiumluomag|Magnesiumsupplementalbuterolsulfatewith|Combivent,Combinationbronchodilatoripratropiumbromide|DuonebchlorthalidoneDiuretic—thiazideglyburideAntidiabetic—sulfonylurealevocetirizineAntihistamine
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 30 preview imagecarbamazepineTegretolAnticonvulsantethinylestradiol,EEContraceptiveetonogestrelmethocarbamolMusclerelaxantpramipexoleEEDopamineagonistdihydrochloridelithiumBipolardisorderagentdicyclomineAntispasmodicfluconazole(Diwan|AntifungalnortriptylineAntidepressant—tricycliccarbidopa/levodopaAntiparkinsonagentsnitrofurantoinAntibioticmupirocinTopicalantibioticacetaminophen,=Barbituatebutalbital,caffeinelansoprazolePrevacidAntiulceragent—protonpumpinhibitordexmethylphenidate[FoalinXR|StimulantbudesonidePumicort|CorticosteroidmirabegronOveractivebladderagentcanagliflozinInvokanaAntidiabetic—SGLT-2inhibitormentholTopicalanalgesicterazosinAlphablockerprogesterone|Prometrium|Hormone—progesteroneamiodaroneAntiarrhythmicmometasone[Nasonex|NasalcorticosteroidcefdinirAntibiotic—cephalosporinatomoxetineSelectivenorepinephrinereuptakeinhibitorlinagliptinTradjentaAntidiabetic—DPP-4inhibitorgenerics,anddrugclassesforthePTCE!
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McGraw-Hill Education PTCE Review, 1st Edition (2020) - Page 31 preview imageDosageFormsandRoutesofAdministrationDosageformsarebrokendownintosolid,liquid,andsemisolidforms.Soliddosageformsincludetabletsandcapsules.Bothareconvenientmethodsofadministrationandstorageforpatients.However,theonsetofactioncanbedelayedwhentakingoraltabletsduetothefirstpassthroughthestomach.Whenmedicationsaretakenorally,absorptiondoesnotoccuruntilthesmallintestine.Tohelpspeeduptheabsorptiontime,tabletshavebeenmodifiedintodifferentforms,listedasfollows.TabletTypeBuccalAdministeredbetweengumandcheektodissolveandabsorbintobloodvesselsinthemouthChewableChewedandnotswallowedandabsorbedthroughliningofthemouthEffervescentDissolvesinwaterandreactstogiveoffcarbondioxide,whichcausesafizzEnteric-coatedCoatedtabletdesignedtopreventbreakdowninthestomachsoitcanbeabsorbedintheintestine;cannotbecrushedorchewedFilm-coatedCoatedtabletthatisdesignedtomaskafoultasteofatabletOrallydisintegrating~~Dissolvesontongueandisabsorbedthroughbloodtablet(ODT)vesselsinthetongueSublingualPlacedundertonguetodissolveandisabsorbedthroughbloodvesselsunderthetongueCapsulesarealsofrequentlyusedfororaladministration.Theyaremadeofagelatinshellthatmakesiteasiertoswallow.Insideoftheshellisthedrugoractiveingredient.Youcanopenthecapsule,andsomecanbesprinkledontofoodordissolvedinaliquid.Therearealsodosageformsthatarenotdesignedtoreleasethedrugimmediately.Thesedosageformscansometimesdecreasetheamountofdosesneededinoneday.Youwilloftenseetheseabbreviatedafterthe
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Pharmacy Technician Certification Exam

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