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Test Bank For Philosophy: A Text with Readings, 13th Edition

  • Philosophy
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Test Bank For Philosophy: A Text with Readings, 13th Edition provides an extensive collection of questions to test your knowledge.

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    True / False 1. Philosophy begins with wonder. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 2. Perictione suggests that philosophy is ultimately a search for an understanding of why we and our universe are here. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 3. Socrates held that the gods agreed on what is holy. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 4. Crito was unwilling to help Socrates escape from jail. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 5. When people talk about getting along, they generally mean satisfying their maintenance needs. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 6. Plato tells the Allegory of the Cave in the Republic . a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 Page 1 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1—The Nature of Philosophy

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    7. Holbach was a determinist. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 8. The list of topics on which we can philosophize is strictly limited. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 9. To evaluate a philosopher's claim we need to identify the premises and conclusion of his or her argument. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 10. In assessing an argument we need only look at its logical form. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 Multiple Choice 11. What is the goal of philosophy? a. Autonomy b. Angst c. Authority d. Ambivalence ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 Page 2 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1—The Nature of Philosophy

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    12. Who wrote of the Allegory of the Cave? a. Plato b. Aristotle c. Gyges d. Epicurus ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 13. Epistemology literally means a. the study of knowledge. b. the study of the reality. c. the study of whether humans are free or unfree. d. the study of morality. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 14. Gail Stenstad is a a. Greek theologian. b. Platonic philosopher. c. Feminist philosopher. d. Religious theologian. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 15. Karma means literally a. action. b. movement. c. rightness. d. fate. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 16. The idea of karma can combine a. rightness and wrongness. b. determinism and freedom. c. the whole and the part. d. life and death. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 Page 3 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1—The Nature of Philosophy

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    17. Who said that whatever the gods love is holy? a. Socrates b. Plato c. Euripides d. Euthyphro ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 18. According to whom does philosophical knowledge free us from the cycle of birth, suffering, death, and rebirth? a. Plato b. Aristotle c. Krishna d. Buddha ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 19. What does philosophy literally mean? a. Love of knowledge b. Love of nature c. Love of wisdom d. Love of life ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 20. The view of philosophy as the activity of examining our assumptions and beliefs about ourselves and the universe around us was expressed by a. Plato. b. Perictione. c. Aristotle. d. Buddha. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 Page 4 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1—The Nature of Philosophy

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    21. What philosopher argues for determinism, the view that all things and all human beings are unfree? a. Paul Henri d'Holbach b. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan c. Viktor Frankl d. Plato ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 22. What philosopher argued that service toward others is our primary moral duty? a. Aristotle b. Mahatma Gandhi c. Plato d. Harry Browne ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 23. What subfield of philosophy is concerned with moral values and moral principles? a. Theology b. Ethics c. Metaphysics d. Epistemology ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 24. What subfield of philosophy is concerned with the ultimate characteristics of reality or existence? a. Epistemology b. Axiology c. Metaphysics d. Science ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 25. What does philosophy begin with? a. Wonder b. Despair c. Confusion d. Autonomy ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 Page 5 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1—The Nature of Philosophy

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    26. Philosophy is the love and pursuit of a. pleasure. b. wisdom. c. wonder. d. angst. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 27. The Allegory of the Cave does not suggest that philosophy is an activity a. that has the aim of freedom. b. that examines the most basic assumptions of human existence. c. that is fruitless. d. that is difficult. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 28. Perictione saw philosophy as a search for a. understanding. b. pleasure. c. equity. d. love. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 29. When we philosophize we are always engaged in a. doubting. b. sensing. c. a fruitful endeavor. d. reasoning. ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 30. Good reasoning is a key not only to philosophy, but to a. success in getting what you want out of life. b. generating anxiety. c. generating doubt. d. failure to live a proper human life. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 Page 6 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1—The Nature of Philosophy

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    Completion 31. ____________________ means "the study of knowledge." ANSWER: Epistemology POINTS: 1 32. ____________________ is the view that all things and all human beings are unfree because everything that happens does so in accordance with some law. ANSWER: Determinism POINTS: 1 33. ____________________ is the study of the most general characteristics of reality. ANSWER: Metaphysics POINTS: 1 34. ____________________ is the study of morality. ANSWER: Ethics POINTS: 1 35. Socrates claimed that he had a(n) ____________________ to obey the law. ANSWER: obligation POINTS: 1 36. Genevieve Lloyd is a(n) ____________________ philosopher. ANSWER: feminist POINTS: 1 37. The freedom of being able to decide for yourself what you will believe is called ____________________. ANSWER: autonomy POINTS: 1 38. Gail Stenstad calls the male approach to knowledge __________ thinking. ANSWER: theoretical POINTS: 1 39. There is usually something wrong with philosophical claims that are _________ or ambiguous. ANSWER: vague POINTS: 1 Page 7 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1—The Nature of Philosophy

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    40. A claim together with its supporting reasons is called an _________. ANSWER: argument POINTS: 1 Essay 41. What is Plato's Myth of the Cave, and how does it illustrate the challenges and advantages associated with philosophy? ANSWER: Answers may vary. POINTS: 1 42. Do you think that we have an obligation to obey the law? What if the law is unjust? Would we still have an obligation to obey it? Or would we instead say that the law in question was not properly a law, since it was unjust? What do your answers to these questions tell you about (a) your views concerning the nature of law; (b) your views concerning the nature of obligation? ANSWER: Answers may vary. POINTS: 1 43. Do you agree with Harry Browne that ethics is just a sham? Why, or why not? ANSWER: Answers may vary. POINTS: 1 44. After reading this chapter do you believe that philosophy is a discipline with a distinct subject-matter, like physics is, for example, or do you believe that it consists more of a set of techniques? Explain and illustrate your answer. ANSWER: Answers may vary. POINTS: 1 45. Would you prefer to be happy and ignorant, or unhappy, yet wise? Explain your answer. ANSWER: Answers may vary. POINTS: 1 Page 8 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 1—The Nature of Philosophy

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    True / False 1. Freud wrote Civilization and Its Discontents . a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 2. Hobbes believed that humans were altruistic. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 3. J. J. C. Smart argued that states of consciousness are identical with states of the brain. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 4. Aristotle held that all living things have a purpose. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 5. Aristotle claimed that barbarians could be enslaved by Greeks. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 6. Augustine did not believe that humans have wills. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 Page 1 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2—Human Nature

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    7. Existentialism emphasizes the free and conscious individual. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 8. In behaviorism, our consciousness seems to have disappeared. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 9. Bad faith, according to Jean-Paul Sartre, is deceiving ourselves by pretending we are free. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 10. Freud claimed that humans are selfish. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 Multiple Choice 11. Who said that men possess "a powerful measure of desire for aggressiveness"? a. Sigmund Freud b. Socrates c. Plato d. Jeremy Bentham ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 Page 2 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2—Human Nature

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    12. The view that "all humans have a rational spiritual self that is distinct from its body" is the a. Buddhist view b. Rational View c. Traditional View d. Hindu View ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 13. What, for Plato, was an eternal and perfect ideal that existed in an unchanging heaven? a. Forms b. Souls c. Reason d. Spirit ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 14. Who proposed the idea of natural selection? a. Charles Darwin b. Charles Taylor c. Plotinus d. Plato ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 15. The view that humans are whatever they make themselves is termed a. Darwinism b. Buddhism c. Existentialism d. Platonism ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 16. J.J. C. Smart endorsed what theory of human nature? a. Identity theory b. Coextension theory c. The Traditional View d. The Existential View ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 Page 3 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2—Human Nature

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    17. The philosopher who believed that who you are depends on your relationships to others is: a. Hegel b. Plato c. Taylor d. Sartre ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 18. The philosophical view that human beings act only out of self-interest is called a. natural selection b. psychological egoism c. altruism d. existentialism ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 19. What philosopher argued that humans act only out of self-interest and are material bodies? a. Thomas Hobbes b. Mark Mercer c. Sigmund Freud d. Aristotle ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 20. What contemporary American philosopher argued that behind every action we perform is a "self-regarding end"? a. Mark Mercer b. Sigmund Freud c. Jean Paul-Sartre d. Garrett J. DeWeese ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 21. An argument that is both valid and has true premises is called a(n) ____ argument. a. inductive b. rational c. sound d. reasonable ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 Page 4 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2—Human Nature

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    22. All that a valid deductive argument guarantees is that if its premises are true, then the conclusion has to be ____. a. false b. valid c. sound d. true ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 23. An argument whose conclusion necessarily has to be true if the premises are true is a. deductive b. inductive c. inconclusive d. verifiable ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 24. An argument that is supposed to show that its conclusion is probably true if its premises are true is called a. deductive b. inductive c. sound d. valid ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 25. What view of human nature claims that all humans have a rational spiritual self that is distinct from the material body, has a purpose, endures over time and exists as a separate individual? a. Traditional Western View b. Traditional Eastern View c. Modern Eastern View d. Postmodern Western View ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 Page 5 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2—Human Nature

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    26. What philosopher argues that our ability to reason is the characteristic that sets the human self apart from all other creatures of nature? a. Plato b. Aristotle c. Saint Augustine d. Charles Darwin ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 27. What philosopher argued that our individual identity depends on relationships with others, such that who we are cannot be separated from our relationship with others? a. Aristotle b. Hegel c. Plato d. George Mavrodes ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 28. An inference to the best explanation is a(n) a. deductive argument. b. valid argument. c. sound argument. d. inductive argument. ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 29. An inference to the best explanation can be a. either weak or strong. b. valid. c. invalid. d. sound. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 Page 6 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2—Human Nature

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    30. ____ says there is no universal human nature, no rational human nature, no purpose for human nature. a. Aristotle b. Jean-Paul Sartre c. Plato d. Genevieve Lloyd ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 31. What philosopher argued that humans are made up of dual substances, a material body and an immaterial mind? a. Aristotle b. Jean-Paul Sartre c. Rene Descartes d. Genevieve Lloyd ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 32. What philosopher argued that the mind could be reduced to the physical actions of the material body? a. Thomas Hobbes b. Rene Descartes c. Gottfried Leibniz d. Nicolas Malebranche ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 33. Hobbes believed that everything in the Universe was a. corporeal. b. spiritual. c. unchanging. d. endless. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 34. How many parts of human nature did Plato believe there were? a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Five ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 Page 7 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2—Human Nature

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    35. Who used the image of a charioteer with two winged horses? a. Smart b. Aristotle c. Sartre d. Plato ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 Completion 36. According to Plato, humans can control their appetites and aggressive impulses through the use of their ____________________. ANSWER: reason POINTS: 1 37. Over thousands of years the process of ____________________ ____________________ can make a species change into a new species. ANSWER: natural selection POINTS: 1 38. ____________________ is the view that humans are made up of two substances. ANSWER: Dualism POINTS: 1 39. The view that processes such as thought and life are really nothing more than physical and chemical processes is called ____________________. ANSWER: reductionism POINTS: 1 40. One version of ____________________ is the identity theory of the mind. ANSWER: materialism POINTS: 1 41. Behaviorism began as a school of ____________________ that restricted the study of humans to what could be observed. ANSWER: psychology POINTS: 1 Page 8 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2—Human Nature

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    42. ____________________ is the view that we should explain mental states in terms of perceptual inputs and behavioral outputs. ANSWER: Functionalism POINTS: 1 43. Siddhartha Gautama was the founder of ____________________. ANSWER: Buddhism POINTS: 1 44. ____________________ argued that a person's culture is the mirror through which society shows her who and what she is. ANSWER: Hegel POINTS: 1 45. Descartes' view of human nature says that humans are ____________________ minds with ____________________ bodies. ANSWER: immaterial, material POINTS: 1 Essay 46. What is "psychological egoism"? Do you find it a compelling view of human nature? Why, or why not? ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 47. Do you think that humans have a different moral status than other animals? Why? If your view is that they have certain properties that other animals lack, do all humans have these properties? If not, do those that lack them lack the moral status that you ascribe to humans? If your view is that humans matter morally because they are human why does being human count for so much? ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 48. If we are genetically inclined to be selfish, does this justify our selfishness or merely explain it? Explain your answer. ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 49. Do you believe that there is a "you" to whom this question is addressed? Explain your answer. ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 Page 9 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2—Human Nature

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    50. Do you agree with the existentialists that humans are what they make of themselves? Why, or why not? What might the practical consequences of accepting the existentialist view be for (a) your own life, (b) social policy? Explain your answer. ANSWER: Answer not provided. POINTS: 1 Page 10 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 2—Human Nature

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    True / False 1. St. Augustine found it difficult to believe that spirits were real. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 2. The Charvaka philosophers were spiritualists. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 3. Hobbes believed that there was more to the Universe than measureable mater. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 4. Hobbes believed that our mental states are states of our brain. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 5. The neutrino has no mass, no electric charge, and no magnetic field. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 6. Vasubandhu claimed that we directly perceive the objects in the world around us. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 Page 1 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 3—Reality and Being

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    7. Dewey believed that philosophy arose out of people's struggles to deal with social and political problems. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 8. Charles S. Pierce was concerned with the psychological effects of ideas. a. True b. False ANSWER: False POINTS: 1 9. Newton believed that all material bodies in the universe were governed by universal laws of nature. a. True b. False ANSWER: True POINTS: 1 Multiple Choice 10. Who was also known as the Lokyata? a. The Buddhists b. The Hindus c. The Carvakas d. The Augustinians ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 11. Hobbes believed that a. Only matter is real b. Only spirit is real c. The world is composed of both matter and spirit d. The world cannot be known ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 Page 2 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 3—Reality and Being

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    12. The view that whatever I perceive is merely one of my perceptions or a collection of them is known as a. Subjective idealism b. Objective idealism c. Subjective materialism d. Objective materialism ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 13. Which pragmatist was concerned with the logical implications of ideas? a. John Dewey b. C. S. Pierce c. William James d. Elmer Sprague ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 14. A. J. Ayer believed that there were only two kinds of meaningful statements: a. Relations of ideas and statements of fact b. Relations of ideas and tautologies c. Empirical hypotheses and statements of fact d. Relations of fact and statements of ideas ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 15. Which view is the heir of pragmatism and idealism? a. Materialism b. Irrealism c. Antirealism d. Immaterialism ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 16. Sartre endorses a. Libertarianism b. Determinism c. LaPlacianism d. Psychologism ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 Page 3 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 3—Reality and Being

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    17. Thomas Hobbes endorses a. Libertarianism b. Compatibilism c. Determinism d. Existentialism ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 18. For what philosopher(s) does reality contain every possible kind of being, from the "lowest" kind of inert matter to the "highest" kind of spirit? a. Thomas Hobbes b. Karl Marx c. Saint Augustine d. Charvaka Philosophers of India ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 19. What philosopher argued that reality can be explained in terms of the smallest pieces of matter he called atoms? a. Aristotle b. Plato c. Saint Augustine d. Democritus ANSWER: d POINTS: 1 20. What philosopher, in his book Man a Machine , argued that humans are nothing more than complex machines? a. Karl Marx b. Democritus c. Julien Offray de La Mettrie d. Vasubandhu ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 Page 4 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 3—Reality and Being

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    21. An unusual aspect of consciousness is that it must have an object. This feature of consciousness is called a. subjectivity. b. intensionality. c. spatiality. d. awareness. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 22. What contemporary Canadian philosopher argues that all the things in the universe are thoughts in the mind of God? a. John Leslie b. John Rawls c. Josiah Royce d. F. H. Bradley ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 23. The attribution of human thoughts and emotions onto the nonhuman universe is the fallacy of a. equivocation b. composition c. anthropomorphism d. wishful thinking ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 24. The philosophical view that interprets an idea in terms of its practical consequences and asks what difference it would make if it were true is called a. materialism. b. idealism. c. pragmatism. d. logical positivism. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 Page 5 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 3—Reality and Being

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    25. The statement, "All bachelors are unmarried." is a(n) a. analytical statement. b. synthetic statement. c. meaningless statement. d. empirical statement. ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 26. Who held that many linguistic utterances have only an expressive function? a. William James b. Thomas Hobbes c. Rudolf Carnap d. Jacques Derrida ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 27. The philosophical view that a real world exists independently of our language, our thoughts, our perceptions, and our beliefs is called a. antirealism. b. realism. c. pragmatism. d. postmodernism. ANSWER: b POINTS: 1 28. The view that there are many realities and that realities are constructed by the many languages of the cultures and subcultures is called a. pragmatism. b. existentialism. c. postmodernism. d. realism. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 Page 6 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 3—Reality and Being

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    29. Who believed that the flow of time as we experience it cannot be real? a. Hilary Putnam b. Jean Grimshaw c. Maurice Merleau-Ponty d. Edmund Husserl ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 30. The philosophical position that holds that people have control over what they do and are free to choose to act other than the way they do is called a. determinism. b. existentialism. c. libertarianism. d. phenomenology. ANSWER: c POINTS: 1 31. What French philosopher argues that the scientist's objective time is just a conceptual abstraction, a construct of the mind? a. Henri Bergson b. Edmund Husserl c. Immanual Kant d. J. J. C. Smart ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 32. What, according to Plato, is the true lover of knowledge always striving after? a. Being b. Forms c. Souls d. Love ANSWER: a POINTS: 1 Page 7 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 3—Reality and Being

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