Contemporary American foreign Policy: Influences, Challenges, and Opportunities 1st Edition Test Bank

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Chapter 1Multiple ChoiceQuestions1. Which of the following best describes transnational relations.a. Relations between sovereign states.b. Relations among foreign-policy bureaucrats in several countries.*c. Relations among social groups indifferent societies.d. Relations among individuals in several ethnic groups in a country.2. Why did the Departments of State and Defense oppose immediate U.S. recognition ofIsrael in 1948?*a. Recognition might endanger U.S. relations with oil-rich Arab states.b. Israel had occupied a larger share of Palestine than recommended in the UN partitionplan.c. Great Britain’s Balfour Declaration had recommendedagainst establishing a Jewishstate.d. The territory of Israel included the West Bank of the Jordan River.3. Which of the following has blurred the distinction between the foreign and domesticpolicy arenas?a. Regional economic free-trade agreements.b. High-speed commercial jet aircraft.c. International organizations.*d. Globalization.4. Which source of U.S. foreign policy is reflected by the global distribution of power?a. Government.*b. External.c. Role.d. Society.5. Which of the following countries is most likely to be highly affected by external events?a. Russia.b. China.*c.Singapore.d. The United States.6. Which of the following countries is likely to be least affected by societal factors?*a. Russia.b. The United States.

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c. Great Britain.d. France.7. Which of the following factors was most responsible for making America’ssub-primemortgage crisis into a global recession?a. Rapidly increasing U.S. unemployment.*b. Growing economic interdependence.c. The size of the U.S. budget deficit.d. The rapid increase in U.S. home prices.8. Which of the following is a characteristic of globalization?a. Migration.b. Trade.c. Cyber-espionage.*d. All of the above.9. Which of the following increases America’s “soft power”?a. Growing wealth.*b. Democratic values.c. Nuclear weapons,d. Increasing energy independence.10. Which of the following is a governmental factor in foreign policy?*a. The system of checks and balances.b. The skills of an American president.c. The propensity of secretaries of defense to seek higher military spending?d. The lobbying by defense industries for higher defense spending.11. Which of the following wars was officially declared by Congress?a. The Korean War (1950).b. The Vietnam War (1965).*c. World War II (1941).d. The Iraq War (2003).12. Which of the following did Congress require under the War Powers Act?*a. To approve troop commitment of more than 60 days.b. To retaliate for an attack on the United States.c. To maintain a balanced budget during wartime.d. To approve the size of America’s defense budget.

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13. What foreign leader was invited by the Speaker of the House of Representatives tospeak to the House?a. President Xi Jianping, China.b. Prime Minister David Cameron, Great Britain.*c. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, Israel.d. Chancellor Angela Merkel, Germany.14. Which of the following is a barrier to congressional influence in foreign policy?*a. Inadequate time.b. Insufficient funding.c. The absence of authority to determine executive budgets.d. The unwillingness of executive officials to testifybefore congressional committees.15. What impact did the letter by Republican senators to Iranian leaders have on U.S.-Iranian negotiations concerning Iran’s nuclear program?a. Iran ended negotiations.b. The United States ended negotiations.c. Iran modified its demands.*d. It had little impact.16. How did the case ofMissouri v. Holland(1920)affect American foreign policy?*a. It ruled that international treaties took precedence over the right of U.S. states.b. It confirmed the supremacy of the government over privatecorporations in foreignpolicy.c. It confirmed the requirement that a president seek congressional approval to go to war.d. It ruled that drone strikes and targeted assassinations of U.S. citizens were illegal.17. How did the case ofUnited States v. Curtiss-Wright(1936)affect American foreignpolicy?a. It ruled that international treaties took precedence over the right of U.S. states.*b.It confirmed the supremacy of the government over private corporations in foreignpolicy.c. It confirmed the requirement that a president seek congressional approval to go to war.d. It ruled that drone strikes and targeted assassinations of U.S. citizens were illegal.18. Which of the following best describes Supreme Court rulings in cases dealing withcongressional-presidential relations involving foreign policy?a. The Court avoided ruling in most instances.b. The Court favored Congress in most instances.c. The Court remanded sent most back cases to federal appeals courts in mostinstances.*d. The Court favored the president in most instances.

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19. Against which president did the Supreme Court rule regarding presidential authority toseize private property?*a. Harry S. Truman.b. Dwight D. Eisenhower.c. John F. Kennedy.d. Richard M. Nixon.20. In what kind of cases involving foreign policy is the Supreme Court likely to rule againstthe president?a. Cases involving the dispatch of U.S.forces overseas.*b. Cases touching upon civil rights.c. Cases involving the travel of U.S. citizens to countries hostile to the United States.d. Cases involving covert operations by U.S. intelligence agencies.21. Which of the following best explains why foreign policymaking tends to beincremental?*a. Decisions involve numerous agencies and bureaucratic interests.b. Bold decisions are more likely to involve the judicial branch of government.c. Presidents know little about foreign policy in coming to office.d. Major decisions are likely to inflame partisan differences.22. In what sorts of decisions are standard operating procedures most likely to be used?a. When there are major differences among bureaucratic leaders.b. In dangerous international crises.c. When there is agreement in government about the need to make policychanges.*d. In recurring and routine issues.23. Which of the following best describes presidential relations with the bureaucraciesinvolved in implementing foreign policy?a. As commanders in chief, presidents dominates large bureaucracies like theDepartmentof Defense.b. Presidents appoint the heads of major bureaucracies and can fire them if theiragenciesdo not follow presidential guidelines.*c. Presidents are often frustrated because majorbureaucracies do not implementpresidential policy.d.Presidents permit agency heads wide discretion in implementing their policies.24. Which of the following describes the“military-industrial complex”?a. The hardline views ofmilitary commanders toward America’s foes.*b. An alliance of corporate, bureaucratic, and congressional interest groups.

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c. The belief that the U.S. national interest lies in being prepared for war, therebyavoiding afuture Pearl Harbor.d. Analliance of the Army, Navy, and Air Force to raise the budget of the Department ofDefense.25. Who coined the term “military-industrial complex”?*a. Dwight D. Eisenhower.b. George W. Bush.c. Barack Obama.d. John F. Kennedy.26. Which of the following best defines an international crisis?a. A situation that is highly threatening.b. A situation that was unexpected.c. A situation that requires rapid decisions.*d. All of the above.27. Which of the following characterizes decision-making during crises?a. It involves the collection of large amounts of information by the Departments of Stateand Defense.*b. It relies heavily on historical analogies.c. It relies on a coherent understanding of the national interest.d. It relies increasingly on computers and data collection.28. What is the essence of democratic peace theory?a. Democracies should impose peace on authoritarian states.*b. Democracies do not fight one another.c. Democracies should ally with one another to balance the power ofaggressive states.d. Democratic publics are anti-war.29. Which of the following believed that public opinion was harmful to shaping a coherentforeign policy?a. Thomas Jefferson.b. John Hancock.c. Abraham Lincoln.*d. Alexander Hamilton.30. What describes public opinion during international crises?*a. It rallies around U.S. leaders.b. It is deeply divided.

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c. It tends to be pacific.d. It reflects clear knowledge about the situation.31. What is the opinion ofJohn Mearsheimer and Stephen Walt regarding the “Israelilobby” in the United States?a. It is divided between hawkish supporters of Israel and dovelikeopponents of Israelipolicies.b. Although it backs Israeli, it rarely gets it way and lacks support in Congress.*c. It dominates U.S. policymaking toward Israel.d. It reflects the special relationship between the United States and Israel.32. On what kind of issues do interest groups enjoy the greatest influence?*a. Issues that directly affect them.b. Issues that enjoy wide public attention.c. Issues of war and peace.d. Issues that involve basic norms and values.33. Which of the following has a great impact on individual conceptions of their role in theforeign-policy process?a. The legal requirements of their positions.*b. Theexpectations of their superiors.c. Their personal values and ethical standards.d. Their political beliefs.34. With which of the following leaders did President Barack Obama have a particularlywarm relationship?a. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.b. Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.c. Russian President Vladimir Putin.*d.Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi.35. Which of the following scholars wrote about what he called “social psychiatry”?a. Thomas Carlyle.*b. HaroldLasswellc. Irving Janis.d. Garry Wills.36. What U.S. president became a “crusader” during his presidency?a. Barack Obama.b. Bill Clinton.

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c. Richard M. Nixon.*d. George W. Bush.37. Which of the following is like to be associated with ethnocentrism?a. A welcoming attitude toward migrants.*b. Suspicion of migrants.c. A desire to understand the views of migrants.d. The desire to learn foreign languages.38. Which of the following presidents was regarded as a “policy wonk”?a. George H. W.Bush.b. George W. Bush.*c. Bill Clinton.d. Harry S. Truman.39. Which of the following wasnota foreign-policy challenge for the Obamaadministration?*a. War between Pakistan and India.b. An Ebola epidemic in Africa.c. Russian aggression in Ukraine.d. Civil war in Syria.40. Which president was widely viewed as being aloof and unlikely to try and form closeworking relationships with those who worked for him?*a. Barack Obama.b. George W. Bush.c. Bill Clinton.d. Harry S. Truman.Essay Questions41. Identify two global processes that reflect globalization*a. Answers vary;migration, trade, drugs, subversive ideas, etc.42. Identify the five categories of factors that influence U.S.policymaking*a. Answers vary;external, government, role, society, and individual.43. In what way does the absolute decline of a country differ from its relative decline?

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*a. Answers vary;Absolute decline involves the independent reduction in a state’scapabilities, while relative decline involves the growth of other states’ resources.44. How do “hard power” and “soft power” differ?*a. Answers vary;Hard power refers to capabilities to coerce or reward others, while softpower involves a state’s reputation and its attraction for others.45. Identify two factors that have reduced the invulnerability that geography formerlyprovided the U.S.*a. Answers vary;ICBMs, the internet, dependence on foreign resources, etc.46. Identify to governmental factors that affect U.S. policymaking*a. Answers vary;checks and balances, separation of powers, democracy, largedemocracies, etc.47. Identify three wars in which the U.S. was involved that were not declared by Congress*a. Answers vary;Korean War, Vietnam War, Iraq War, etc.48. What did the case ofHamdi v. Rumsfeld(2004) decide?*a. Answers vary;The Court ruled that the government could not deprive an Americancitizen of the right ofhabeas corpus.49. Identify one reason why most foreign policymaking in the U.S. is incremental*a. Answers vary;bureaucratic competition, separation of powers, partisanship, etc.50. Identify two interests types of interest groups that frequently affect foreignpolicymaking*a. Answers vary;labor unions, ethnic groups, etc.Fill in the Blank Questions51.America’s Federal Reserve announced a third round of _____________in September 2012.*a. quantitative easing52. President Obama and Republican candidate Mitt Romney in a televised debate onOctober 16, 2012 vigorously disputed the assault___________________that climaxed with thedeath of America’sambassador.*a. on the U.S., consulate in Benghazi, Libya

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53. Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu gave a speech at theUnited Nationsinwhich he declared that ________was approaching the point where it could produce a nuclearweapon and urged Washington to act before it was too late.*a. Iran54. The five categories of factors that influence American policymaking are__________*a.external, government, role, society, and individual55. _______________is perhaps the leading external constraint on foreign policy becauseinterdependencedilutes Americansovereignty, makes the U.S. increasingly vulnerable tothe actions of other countries and makes those countries more vulnerable to U.S. policies.*a. Globalization56. The 2011 earthquake and tsunami in ___________and the subsequent nuclear crisis thatinterrupted global supply chains in a variety of transnational industries.*a. Japan57. _____________infer thenational interestby examining the distribution of power globally,especially military power, and caution against intervention except where substantialAmerican interests are at stake or where powerful rivals such as China or Russia are likelyto profit.*a. Realists58. The ________________assures that there will be a fragmentation of decision-makingauthority in American policymaking.*a. Separation of powers59. To rein in presidential power to go to war, Congress passed _____________________in 1973by which Congress must approve troop commitments in conflicts lasting over 60 days.*a. the War Powers Resolution60. John Boehner, the Republican Speaker of the Houseof Representatives, invited________________________to address Congress about the dangers posed byIran and Islamicterrorists, issues that Republicans believed Obama did not take sufficiently seriously.*a. Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu61.In the case of_____________(1920),the Supreme Court ruled that international treatiestook precedence over states’ rights.*a. Missouri v. Holland62. In the case of __________________(1952),the CourtSupreme ruled that President HarryTruman did not have the authority to seize private property.

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*a. Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer63.Presidents need __________to collect, process, and interpret information, as well asallocate resources and responsibilities for performing important tasks.*a. bureaucracies64._______________are especially helpful in dealing with recurring issues because high-ranking policymakers in the executive and legislative branches have neither the time norexpertise to do so.*a. Standard operating procedures65. According to “democratic peace theory,”_______________because they are constrained byvoters who are reluctant to do so.*a. democracies do not go to war with one another

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Chapter 2Multiple Choice Questions1. How would most observers describe U.S. foreign policy between World Wars I and II?a. Multilateralist.*b. Isolationist.c. Interventionist.d. Unilateralist.2. How would most observers describe U.S. foreignpolicy during the Cold War?a. Multilateralist.b. Isolationist.*c. Interventionist.d. Unilateralist.3. Which of the following doesnotrepresent an American value?a. Individualism.b. Rule of law.c. Democracy.*d. State capitalism4. Which of the following represented the successful spread of American values?*a. Japan after World War II.b. Russia after the Cold War.c. Vietnam after the Vietnam War.d. Iraq after 2003.5. Which of the following was recommended by George Washington in his“FarewellAddress”?a. Joining France in an alliance of democracies.*b. Remaining outside of alliancesc. Concluding an alliance with Great Britain.d. Annexing Canada.6. Why did America’s George Washington resist trying to spread American values overseas?a. To protect U.S. industry.*b. America was still a weak country.c. The attraction of opening the West.d. Dismay at the French Revolution.

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7. Which of the following reflected American multilateralism?a. Failure to sign the Kyoto Protocol.b. The 2003 invasion of Iraq.c. Refusal to join the International Criminal Court.*d. None of the above.8. Which of the following are sometimes known assovereignty-mindedmultilateralists?*a. Republicans.b. Federalists.c. Democrats.d. Socialists.9. Which of the following represents the American position on the legality ofinterventionism?a. Intervention without United Nations approval is illegal.b. Intervention is prohibited because it violates another country’s sovereignty.c. Invention is onlylegal when it is undertaken for humanitarian reasons.*d.States retain the right to determine which interests aresufficiently vital to justifyintervention.10. Which of the following was the golden age of U.S. grand strategy?a. The post-Cold War world.b. The years before World War I.c. The years following the Revolutionary War.*d. The Cold War.11. Which of the following treaties resolved U.S.-Spanish territorial disputes and gaveAmerican ships access to the Mississippi River?a. Jay Treaty (1794).b. Treaty of Brownstone (1808).*c. Treaty of San Lorenzo (1795).d. Treaty of Fort Wayne (1803).12. Which of the following best describes the first-century foreign policy of the U.S.?a. Isolation from the rest of the world.*b. An effort to expand the country’s borders.c. Involvement in the Concert of Europe.d. Humanitarian intervention.

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13. Which two events illustrated the tension between isolationism and internationalism in19th-century U.S. foreign policy.a. The Spanish-American War and the annexation of Hawaii.b. The Civil War and the Mexican-American War.*c. The Louisiana Purchase and the Monroe Doctrine.d. None of the above.14. What was the purpose of the Monroe Doctrine?*a. Prevent European countries from reoccupying their former colonies theAmericas.b. End Spanish occupation of Central and South America.c. Reduce British influence in Canada.d. Foster reconciliation with Napoleonic France.15. Which European country approved of and supported the Monroe Doctrine.a. Prussia.*b. Great Britain.c. Austria.d. Russia.16. Which of the following did the Monroe Doctrine best reflect?a. Multilateralism.*b. Unilateralism.c. Isolationism.d. Non-interventionism.17. Which of the following eras reflected American interventionism?a. 1792-1823.*b. 1823-1914.c. 1918-1939.D. All of the above.18. When did the United States acquire the Philippines and Puerto Rico?a. The Mexican-American War.b. The Seven Years War.*c. The Spanish-American War.d. World War I.19. Which U.S. president sought to annex Texas, Mexican California, and the OregonTerritory?*a. James K. Polk.

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b. William Henry Harrison.c. John Tyler.d. Zachary Taylor.20. Which of the following was a consequence of the Platt Amendment?a. American acquisition of the Philippines.*b. American acquisition of Guantánamo, Cuba.c. American annexation of Hawaii.d. American annexation of the Philippines.21. Which of the following best describes the Roosevelt Corollary to the MonroeDoctrine?a. It promised to transform Hawaii from the status of a “territory” to the status of anAmerican “state.”b. It promised U.S. recognition of Philippine independence after end of the Philippineinsurrection.*c. It proclaimed the U.S. prerogative to intervene torestore stability in unstablecountriesin the Americas.d. It proclaimed the U.S. right to close the Panama Canal to American enemies.22. What U.S. president called upon the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague tohear a longstanding dispute between America and Mexico?a. Woodrow Wilson.*b. Theodore Roosevelt.c. Herbert Hoover.d. Franklin D. Roosevelt.23. What U.S. president campaigned under the slogan “He kept us out of war!”?*a. Woodrow Wilson.b. Calvin Coolidge.c. Herbert Hoover.d.Franklin D. Roosevelt.24. Which of the following best describes Woodrow Wilson’s foreign policy views?a. Realist..b. Isolationist.*c. Liberal.d. Unilateralist.25. Which of the following best describes Franklin D. Roosevelt’s foreign policy views?a. Isolationist.

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b. Unilateralist.*c. Internationalist.d. Idealist.26. Which of the following was not one of Franklin Roosevelt’s “four freedoms”?a. Freedom of speech.b. Freedom of worship,c. Freedom from want.*d. Freedom from aggression.27. Which of the following describes U.S. grand strategy during the Cold War?a. Multilateralist.b. Unilateralist.c. Interventionist.*d. All of the above.28. Which of the following Cold War policies reflected American unilateralism?a. The formation ofNATO.*b. The removal of missiles from Turkey after the Cuban missile crisis.c. U.S. involvement in the Korean War.d. The U.S. offer of the Marshall Plan.29. Which of the follows describes Barack Obama’s foreign-policy style?*a. Pragmatic.b. Aggressive.c. Idealistic.d. Ideological.30. Which of the following post-Cold War presidents was not an internationalist?a. George H. W. Bush.b. Bill Clinton.c. George W. Bush.*d. None of the above.31. Which of the following post-Cold War presidents had the greatest foreign-policyexperience before becoming president?*a. George H. W. Bush.b. Bill Clinton.c. George W. Bush.d. Barack Obama.

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