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AP® Psychology Learning Part 2
This deck covers key concepts in classical and operant conditioning, including definitions, examples, and contributions of major psychologists.
Identify the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR in the Little Albert experiment.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Identify the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR in the Little Albert experiment.
• UCS: loud noise • UCR: fear • CS: white rat • CR: fear
Define in terms of classical conditioning: extinction
elimination of the CR through presenting the CS without the UCS repeatedly; Pavlov’s example: ring bell without food, dog will not salivate from bell;...
Define in terms of classical conditioning: spontaneous recovery
original response disappears and then returns later on; Pavlov’s example: salivation from bell stops and then returns; Little Albert: baby stops cryin...
Define in terms of classical conditioning: generalization
stimuli similar to the CS elicit the CR without any new conditioning; Pavlov’s example: dog salivates from bells with different tones, pitches, or len...
Define in terms of classical conditioning: discrimination
CR is only produced by the presence of the CS because other stimuli is too dissimilar; Pavlov's example: dog will not salivate to a doorbell or teleph...
What is higher-order (a.k.a. second-order) conditioning?
learning which occurs when a previously learned CS is now used as the US to produce a CR to a new stimulus; Example: Flashing a light before Pavlov's ...
Related Flashcard Decks
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Identify the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR in the Little Albert experiment. | • UCS: loud noise • UCR: fear • CS: white rat • CR: fear |
Define in terms of classical conditioning: extinction | elimination of the CR through presenting the CS without the UCS repeatedly; Pavlov’s example: ring bell without food, dog will not salivate from bell; Little Albert: present rat without loud noise, baby will not cry from rat |
Define in terms of classical conditioning: spontaneous recovery | original response disappears and then returns later on; Pavlov’s example: salivation from bell stops and then returns; Little Albert: baby stops crying from presence of rat and then begins again |
Define in terms of classical conditioning: generalization | stimuli similar to the CS elicit the CR without any new conditioning; Pavlov’s example: dog salivates from bells with different tones, pitches, or lengths; Little Albert: baby cries from other white fluffy stimuli, such as white bunnies or cotton balls |
Define in terms of classical conditioning: discrimination | CR is only produced by the presence of the CS because other stimuli is too dissimilar; Pavlov's example: dog will not salivate to a doorbell or telephone ring; Little Albert: baby will not cry at presence of a black rat |
What is higher-order (a.k.a. second-order) conditioning? | learning which occurs when a previously learned CS is now used as the US to produce a CR to a new stimulus; Example: Flashing a light before Pavlov's bell would train the dogs to salivate from only the light. |
Define: operant conditioning | learning that occurs when a subject performs certain voluntary behavior, and the consequences of the behavior determine the likelihood of its recurrence |
How did Edward Thorndike contribute to research on operant conditioning? | • put cats in puzzle boxes to demonstrate trial and error in obtaining a fish • coined the terms 'instrumental learning' and 'Law of Effect' |
What is instrumental learning? | Thorndike's term for type of associative learning where a behavior becomes more or less probable depending on its consequence |
Explain the Law of Effect. | • behaviors followed by a positive consequence are strengthened and more likely to occur • behaviors followed by a negative consequence are weakened and less likely to occur concluded by Edward Thorndike |
What is a Skinner box? | operant conditioning chamber for research animals, designed by B.F. Skinner, that contained levers, food dispensers, lights, and an electrified grid |
What are the four training procedures of B.F. Skinner's operant conditioning? | 1. positive reinforcement 2. negative reinforcement 3. punishment 4. omission training |
Define in terms of classical conditioning: positive reinforcement | reward training where a behavior is followed by a reinforcer that increases the probability that the behavior will occur again; Example: praise after participating in class |
What is the Premack principle? | type of positive reinforcement where a more probable behavior is used as a reinforcer for a less probable one; Example: treating yourself to an hour of TV after spending three hours studying for an exam |
Define in terms of classical conditioning: negative reinforcement | removing an unpleasant consequence; Example: taking an advil to relieve a headache |
Explain the two types of negative reinforcement. | 1. avoidance behavior: takes away the aversive stimulus before it begins 2. escape behavior: takes away the aversive stimulus after it has already started |
Define in terms of operant conditioning: punishment | unpleasant consequence that follows a voluntary behavior, decreasing the probability the behavior will be repeated; a.k.a. positive punishment; Example: spanking a child for misbehaving |
Define in terms of classical conditioning: omission training | removing a rewarding consequence following a voluntary behavior, decreasing the probability the behavior will be repeated; Example: taking away a child's toy after misbehaving |
What is aversive conditioning? | learning that involves an unpleasant stimulus or reinforcer, such as negative reinforcement and punishment |
Define: learned helplessness | state of feeling powerless to change yourself or your situation because of a prior inability to avoid an aversive event |