(plasticity after brain damage-recovery) most survivors of brain damage show some degree of behavioral recovery some of the mechanisms of recovery include those similar to the mechanisms of brain development such as the new branching of a…. and d…….. | |
(plasticity after brain damage) almost all survivors of brain damage show behavioral recovery to some degree some recovery relies on the g….. of new branches of a…. and d…….. understanding the processes of recovery will give us new and improved t……. | growth of new axons and dendrites therapies |
(brain damage and short-term recovery) possible causes of brain damage: | tumors infections exposure to toxic substances or radiation degenerative diseases closed head injuries |
(damage to the brain and short-term recovery continued) a closed head injury refers to…? a stroke or cerebrovascular accident is temporary loss of b…. f… to the brain
-common cause of brain damage in..? | a sharp blow to the head that does not puncture the brain temporary loss of blood flow to the brain
-common in elderly |
(types of strokes) ischemia: the most common type of stroke, resulting from a b…. c… or obstruction of an a…..
- neurons lose their o….. and g…… supply hemorrhage: a less frequent type of stroke; resulting from a ruptures a…..
- neurons are flooded with excess blood, c……, o….., and other chemicals | resulting from a blood clot or obstruction of an artery
-neurons lose their oxygen and glucose supply from a ruptured artery
-neurons are flooded with excess blood, calcium, oxygen, and other chemicals |
(effects of strokes) ischemia and hemorrhage also cause: edema: the accumulation of f…. in the b…. resulting in increased pressure on the brain and increasing the probability of further s…… disruption of the s…..-p…….. pump leading to the accumulation of p…….. ions inside the n……
| accumulation of fluid in the brain resulting in increased pressure on the brain and increasing the probability of further strokes -disruption of the sodium-potassium pump leading to the accumulation of potassium ions inside the neurons |
(effects of strokes continued) edema and excess potassium triggers the release of the excitatory neurotransmitter g…….. the over stimulation of neurons leads to s….. and other ions entering the neuron in excessive amounts excess positive ions in the neuron block m……… in the mitochondria and kill the n….. | glutamate sodium metabolism neuron |
(immediate treatments for stroke) a drug called tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) breaks up b… c…. and can reduce the effects of an ischemic strokes research has begun to attempt to save n…… from death by blocking: glu…… synapses cal…. entry
| blood clots neurons glutamate synapses calcium entry
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(immediate treatments of stroke continued) one of the most effective laboratory methods used to minimize damage caused by strokes is to…? c…… protects the brain after ischemia by reducing o………….., a…….., and i……….. | cool the brain cooling reducing overstimulation, apoptosis, and inflammation |
immediate treatments of stroke continued) cannabanoids have also been shown to potentially minimize c… l… after a brain stroke benefits are most likely due to cannabinoids anti-inflammatory effects
-research shows that they are most effective in laboratory animals when taken b….. the stroke | |
(later mechanisms of recovery from brain damage) following brain damage, surviving brain areas i……. or r……… their activity
-diaschisis: d…….. activity of surviving n…… after damage to other n…… drugs (stimulants) may s…….. activity in healthy regions of the brain after a stroke | increase or reorganize decreased, neurons stimulate |
(later mechanisms of recovery continued) destroyed cell bodies can/cant be replaced?
but damaged axons do/dont grow back under certain circumstances -if an axon in the peripheral nervous system is crushed, it follows its m…. s….. back to the target and grows back toward the periphery at a rate of about ? mm per day | cant, do myelin sheath, 1mm per day |
(regrowth of axons) damaged axons do not readily regenerate in a mammalian b…. or s….. c… s… t…. makes a mechanical barrier to axon growth neurons on the two sides of the cut pull apart glial cells that react to CNS damage release chemicals that inhibit a… g…..
research on building protein bridges may help | brain or spinal cord scar tissue axon growth |
(axon sprouting) collateral sprouts are new b……. formed by other non-damaged axons that attach to vacant receptors cells that have lost their source of innervation release neurotrophins that induce a…. to form c……… s…… over several months, the sprouts fill in most vacated synapses and can be use…, neu…., or har…. | branches axons, collateral sprouts useful, neutral, or harmful |
(denervation supersensitivity) postsynaptic cells derived of synaptic inputs develop increased sensitivity to the neurotransmitter to compensate for d…….. input denervation super-sensitivity: the heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the des…… of an incoming a… -can cause consequences such as chronic pain | decreased destruction of an incoming axon |
(reorganized sensory representations and the phantom limb) phantom limb: the continuation of sensation of an…? | amputated body part amputation of a body part synapses |
(reorganized sensory representations and the phantom limb continued) the phantom limb can lead to the feeling of sens…… in the amputated part of the body when other parts of the body are stim…… e.g., a touch on the face can bring about the experience of a phantom arm use of an artificial limb can reduce the likelihood of experiencing phantom limb
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(learned adjustments in behavior) deafferentated limb: limbs that have lost their aff….. sen…. input -can still be used but are often not because use of other mechanisms to carry out the behavior are eas… | afferent sensory input easier capable of doing |
