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Psychology /IB Psychology HL - BLOA - Discuss use of tech in Investigating the Link Between Biological Factors and Behaviour

IB Psychology HL - BLOA - Discuss use of tech in Investigating the Link Between Biological Factors and Behaviour

Psychology16 CardsCreated 6 months ago

Brain imaging technologies are non‑invasive methods used to observe the structure and function of the brain, helping us understand how biological factors relate to behaviour.

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Brain imaging technology

non invasive procedures

- used to measure brain activity, look at brain structures, and discover the functions of brain areas

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Key Terms

Term

Definition

Brain imaging technology

non invasive procedures

- used to measure brain activity, look at bra...

PET

positron emission tomography

injects radioactive sugar that produces gamma rays...

Raine et al. (1997) - Aim

To investigate brain abnormalities in murderers using PET scans

Raine et al. (1997) - Process

41 prisoners charged with murder were paired with a control (non-murdering) subject
Raine et al. (1997) - Findings
murderers exhibited:
- lower activity in the prefrontal cortex (linked to a loss ...

Raine et al. (1997) - Conclusion

problems with the mentioned structures may cause a lack of inhibition for violent behaviour and greater fearlessness

Raine et al. (1997) - Evaluation

gender imbalance (only 2 out of the 41 participants were female)
match...

CT

combines computer and X-ray technology
X-rays show human bones but not...

hemineglect

cause: damage to one side of the brain
effect: inattention to the opposite side of space

Ogden (2005) - Aim

investigate hemineglect’s biological causes and cognitive effects

Ogden (2005) - Findings

CT scan showed that Janet had a tumour in the parietal lobe in her right hemisphere
Ogden (2005) - Conclusion
the fact that Janet appears to be aware of her condition implies that her condition doesn’t cause inability to sense the...

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IB Psychology HL - BLOA - Discuss use of tech in Investigating the Link Between Biological Factors and Behaviour

Term	Definition
Brain imaging technology	non invasive procedures - used to measure brain activity, look at brain structures, and discover the functions of brain areas
PET	positron emission tomography injects radioactive sugar that produces gamma rays while it’s being metabolised by the brain based on the principle that rate of metabolism depends on activity strengths: can show dynamic info in real-time helpful diagnostic tool showing abnormalities in activity levels limitations: not very precise some health concerns but overall quite safe PET study: Raine et al. (1997)
Raine et al. (1997) - Aim	To investigate brain abnormalities in murderers using PET scans
Raine et al. (1997) - Process	41 prisoners charged with murder were paired with a control (non-murdering) subject Each control subject had the same age, sex, and absence/presence of schizophrenia as their partner
Raine et al. (1997) - Findings	murderers exhibited: lower activity in the prefrontal cortex (linked to a loss of self-control and altered emotion) lower activity in the corpus callosum (connects the two brain hemispheres), suggesting less communication between the 2 hemispheres lower activity than with controls in the amygdala (linked to emotional expression) lower activity in the angular gyrus (linked with verbal ability and educational success)
Raine et al. (1997) - Conclusion	problems with the mentioned structures may cause a lack of inhibition for violent behaviour and greater fearlessness
Raine et al. (1997) - Evaluation	gender imbalance (only 2 out of the 41 participants were female) matched-pairs design was a real strength as it ruled out other effects on brain activity but findings apply only to a sub-group of violent offenders (not to other types of violence or crime) some participants were murderers while others were manslaughterers (specific brain abnormalities should not be generalized) however the PET scan can lack precision
CT	combines computer and X-ray technology X-rays show human bones but not soft tissue computer technology fills in to allow us to see those tissues CT scans can be taken from the top, bottom, back, front or sides of the head and can show the brain at any depth basically cross-sections of the brain strengths: - extremely useful for showing structural changes (e.g. due to a brain tumour or brain damage limitations: can only produce structural images cannot show brain activity health concerns due to x-rays CT study: Ogden (2005)
hemineglect	cause: damage to one side of the brain effect: inattention to the opposite side of space
Ogden (2005) - Aim	investigate hemineglect’s biological causes and cognitive effects
Ogden (2005) - Findings	CT scan showed that Janet had a tumour in the parietal lobe in her right hemisphere she ignores everything on the left side of space often justifies, rationalizes and jokes about her tendencies
Ogden (2005) - Conclusion	the fact that Janet appears to be aware of her condition implies that her condition doesn’t cause inability to sense the left side of space, simply a willing neglect
strengths of case studies	yields rich data and detailed data - can be very useful for constructing/challenging theories
limitations of case studies	extent of generalizability to population is limited - ethical considerations: participant may be upset by invasiveness
general evaluation of applications of tech in investigating the link between neurophysiology and behaviour	effective in showing correlations between specific brain areas and behaviour but takes a reductionist approach to complex issues brain differences in the murderers (Raine et al., 1997) may have been a consequence of a violent lifestyle and not its cause the smaller hippocampi (Luby, 2012) may have been the result of lifestyle factors such as poor diet or biological factors such as inheritance
what to write when asked: “Discuss use of tech in investigating the link between biological factors and behaviour”	main idea: use of PET and MRI to investigate the link between brain functions and behaviour for each tech: explain how it shows brain processes in action how does it help us understand how the brain works? evaluate their use (ethical, methodological) evaluate the studies mentioned state advantages and disadvantages + give your opinion on whether advantages outweigh disadvantages + explain why PET: Raine et al. (1997) MRI: Ogden (2005)