Back to FlashcardsPsychology / Psychology GCSE: Learning - Key Terms
Psychology GCSE: Learning - Key Terms
This deck covers key terms related to learning in psychology, including classical and operant conditioning, reinforcement, phobias, and various therapeutic techniques.
Define learning
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Define learning
A relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience
Define classical conditioning
Learning through association (learning to associate a reflex response with a new stimulus)
Define classical conditioning schedule
The steps in the procedure to condition a new response
Define unconditioned stimulus
The stimulus that produces a reflex response
Define unconditioned response
The reflex response to an unconditioned stimulus
Define conditioned stimulus
A new stimulus presented alongside the unconditioned stimulus
Related Flashcard Decks
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Define learning | A relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience |
Define classical conditioning | Learning through association (learning to associate a reflex response with a new stimulus) |
Define classical conditioning schedule | The steps in the procedure to condition a new response |
Define unconditioned stimulus | The stimulus that produces a reflex response |
Define unconditioned response | The reflex response to an unconditioned stimulus |
Define conditioned stimulus | A new stimulus presented alongside the unconditioned stimulus |
Define conditioned response | The response that is learnt and now occurs when the conditioned stimulus is presented alone |
Define extinction | A conditioned response dies out |
Define spontaneous recovery | A conditioned response that has disappeared suddenly appears again |
Define generalisation | The conditioned response is produced when a similar stimulus to the original conditioned stimulus is presented |
Define discrimination | The conditioned response is only produced when a specific stimulus is presented |
Define operant conditioning | Learning through consequences of behaviour |
Define law of effect | Behaviours that are followed by a positive consequences (e.g. reward) are likely to be repeated; those that are punished are not usually repeated |
Define punishment | A stimulus that weakens behaviour because it is unpleasant and we try to avoid it |
Define reinforcement | A consequence of behaviour that encourages or strengthens behaviour; this might be seen as a reward |
Define positive reinforcement | A pleasant consequence of behaviour that increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated |
Define negative reinforcement | An unpleasant experience is removed after a behaviour or action is made, therefore increasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated |
Define behaviour shaping | Involves changing behaviour in small steps using reinforcement |
Define phobia | A persistent and irrational fear of an object, activity or situation. The typical symptoms are intense feelings of fear and anxiety to avoid the object, activity or situation |
Define flooding | A treatment for phobias that involves the immediate exposure of the person to the feared object, activity or event, until there is no fear response |
Define systematic desensitisation | A treatment for phobias in which the person is taught to relax and then is gradually exposed to the feared object, activity or event |
Define hierarchy of fears | A series of feared events ranks from least to most frightening |
Define aversion therapy | A treatment of addictions, such as drug and alcohol dependency, which makes the addict have an extremely negative reaction (e.g. vomit) to the addictive substance |
Define primary reinforcer | A reward, such as food or water, that the animal or person needs in order to survive |
Define secondary reinforcer | A reward, such as money or a token, that the animal or person can exchange for a primary reinforcer |