Psychotherapy: 108b/109b - Depression and Bipolar Disorders I and II
This flashcard set reviews key diagnostic criteria and epidemiology of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), including the requirement of at least one major depressive episode without manic/hypomanic episodes. It also distinguishes true neurobiological markers of MDD, highlighting that decreased activity in the left (not right) prefrontal cortex is associated with the disorder.
All of the following have been described in association with Major Depression Disorder except:
Decreased activity in right prefrontal cortext
Blunted TSH response to TRH
Short allele of serotonin transport protein
Volume reduction in hippocampus
Decreased BDNF
a. Decreased activity in right prefrontal cortext
Decreased activity in the left prefrontal cortex is a biomarker of recurrent MDD
All other findings are associated with MDD
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Key Terms
All of the following have been described in association with Major Depression Disorder except:
Decreased activity in right prefrontal cortext
Blunted TSH response to TRH
Short allele of serotonin transport protein
Volume reduction in hippocampus
Decreased BDNF
a. Decreased activity in right prefrontal cortext
Decreased activity in the lef...
What defines major depressive disorder? (MDD)
At least 1 major depressive episode
No periods of mania or hypmania
What is the lifetime prevalence of major depressive episodes in the US?
At least 1 major depressive episode
No periods of mania or hypmania
What is the lifetime prevalence of major depressive episodes in the US?
17%
21% females, 12% males
What is the lifeitme prevalence of Bipolar I disorder?
Bipolar II?
Both are ~1%
Tryptophan is a building block for which neurotransmitter?
Serotonin
What are the non-diagnostic but highly suggestive symptoms of a major depressive episode with mixed features?
Irritability, distractibility, and agitation in addtion to depressive symptoms
Which subtype of depression?
Mood reactivity, hypersomnia, leaden paralysis, hypersomnia
Depression with atypical features
How long must the 5 or more symptoms of depression last for something to classify as a major depressive episode?
2 weeks or more
What is the effect of the short allele of serotonin transporter?
Increased risk of depression and suicidality in response to stress
Likely to have a family history of depression
How are Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder diffentiated?
Bipolar I
Requires history of manic episodes (at least 1)
Bipolar II
Genetic factors are important in [early/late] onset depression
Genetic factors are important in early onset depression
What factors might increase the risk of recurrence of depression?
Positive family history
Incomplete treatment response
Neuroticim (personality trait)
Hypercort...
Which of the following best describes bipolar disorder in contrast to unipolar major depressive disorder
bipolar disorders are less likely to be respond adversely to sleep deprivation
bipolar disorders have an earlier age of onset
bipolar disorders are less likely to be psychotic
bipolar disorders are more likely to have a positive response to antidepressant medications
bipolar disorder has less concordance between monozygotic twins than is seen for major depressive disorder
b. bipolar disorders have an earlier age of onset (Maybe??)
This was one of the guiding...
What does the “with mixed features” specifier mean?
During a mood episode, at least 3 subthreshold symptoms from the opposing pole are present during a mood episode
Which subtype of depression?
Pervasive anhedonia, weight loss, early morning awakenings
Depression with melancholic features
Describe the neurotrophic hypothesis of bipolar disorder
Vulnerable individual
-> Atrophy, cellular damage/death with subseq...
What are the core features of depression with melancholic features?
Pervasive anhedonia
Lack of reactivity to usually pleasuralbe stimuli
Depre...
List 4 biomarkers of recurrent MDD
Decreased immune functioning
Blunted TSH response to TRH
Volume reduction: basal ganglia, hippocampus, fronta...
Which of the following is a core symptom of atypical depression?
a) expansiveness
b) hypersomnolence
c) loss of appetite
d) anhedonia
e) thought racing
b) hypersomnolence
Other core symptoms:
Weight...
What is the usual age of onset for MDD vs. Bipolar disorder?
MDD: 24-30
Bipolar disorder: late adolescence-early adulthood
Which is not a symptom of hypomania:
excessive sleeping
increase in goal directed behaviors
overactive thoughts
irritable mood
distractibility
a. excessive sleeping
All other symptoms can be seen in hypomania
How does the risk of recurrence of depression change with each depressive episode?
Risk of recurrence increases with each episode
What are the differneces between mania and hypomania?
Mania causes marked impairment in fuctioning
Expansive, euphoric, grandiose, possibly i...
Which neurotransmitters are associated with bipolar disorder?
Dopamine and norepinephrine
2nd messengers are also implicated (remember that Li acts o...
Related Flashcard Decks
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
All of the following have been described in association with Major Depression Disorder except:
| a. Decreased activity in right prefrontal cortext Decreased activity in the left prefrontal cortex is a biomarker of recurrent MDD All other findings are associated with MDD |
What defines major depressive disorder? (MDD) |
|
What is the lifetime prevalence of major depressive episodes in the US? |
|
What is the lifetime prevalence of major depressive episodes in the US? | 17% 21% females, 12% males |
What is the lifeitme prevalence of Bipolar I disorder? Bipolar II? | Both are ~1% |
Tryptophan is a building block for which neurotransmitter? | Serotonin |
What are the non-diagnostic but highly suggestive symptoms of a major depressive episode with mixed features? | Irritability, distractibility, and agitation in addtion to depressive symptoms |
Which subtype of depression? Mood reactivity, hypersomnia, leaden paralysis, hypersomnia | Depression with atypical features |
How long must the 5 or more symptoms of depression last for something to classify as a major depressive episode? | 2 weeks or more |
What is the effect of the short allele of serotonin transporter? |
|
How are Bipolar I, Bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder diffentiated? |
|
Genetic factors are important in [early/late] onset depression | Genetic factors are important in early onset depression |
What factors might increase the risk of recurrence of depression? |
|
Which of the following best describes bipolar disorder in contrast to unipolar major depressive disorder
| b. bipolar disorders have an earlier age of onset (Maybe??) This was one of the guiding questions and tbh I’m not sure what the answer is pls suggest an edit to share the answer if you know :) |
What does the “with mixed features” specifier mean? | During a mood episode, at least 3 subthreshold symptoms from the opposing pole are present during a mood episode Can occur in MDD, Bipolar I, Bipolar II (In a major depressive episode of MDD, subthreshold symtoms means that the pt does not suddenly have Bipolar I or Bipolar II) |
Which subtype of depression? Pervasive anhedonia, weight loss, early morning awakenings | Depression with melancholic features |
Describe the neurotrophic hypothesis of bipolar disorder |
More cellular loss, further decreased connectivity with each episode |
What are the core features of depression with melancholic features? |
|
List 4 biomarkers of recurrent MDD |
|
Which of the following is a core symptom of atypical depression? a) expansiveness | b) hypersomnolence Other core symptoms:
|
What is the usual age of onset for MDD vs. Bipolar disorder? | MDD: 24-30 Bipolar disorder: late adolescence-early adulthood (pls lmk if you have more specifics) |
Which is not a symptom of hypomania:
| a. excessive sleeping All other symptoms can be seen in hypomania Difference between hypomania and mania: Hypomania does not cause a marked impairment in functioning |
How does the risk of recurrence of depression change with each depressive episode? | Risk of recurrence increases with each episode |
What are the differneces between mania and hypomania? |
|
Which neurotransmitters are associated with bipolar disorder? | Dopamine and norepinephrine 2nd messengers are also implicated (remember that Li acts on second messengers) |