AP Human Geography All Vocab Terms Part 4

Voluntary travel by an adherent to a sacred site to pay respects or participate in a ritual at the site

One of three major branches of Christianity (together with the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church). Following the widespread societal changes in Europe starting in the 1300s CE, many adherents to the Roman Catholic Church began to question the role of religion in their lives and opened the door to the Protestant Reformation wherein John Huss, Martin Luther, John Calvin, and others challenged many of the fundamental teachings of the Roman Catholic Church

Religious fundamentalism carried to the point of violence

Religious movement whose objectives are to return to the foundations of the faith and to influence state policy

One of three major branches of Christianity, the Roman Catholic Church, together with the Eastern Orthodox Church, a second of the three major branches of Christianity, arose out of the division of the Roman Empire by Emperor Diocletian into four governmental regions: two western regions centered in Rome, and two eastern regions centered in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey). In 1054 CE, Christianity was divided along that same line when the Eastern Orthodox Church, centered in Constantinople; and the Roman Catholic Church, centered in Rome, split

Place or space people infuse with religious meaning

Community faith in traditional societies in which people follow their shaman—a religious leader, teacher, healer, and visionary. At times, an especially strong shaman might attract a regional following. However, most shamans remain local figures

The system of Islamic law, sometimes called Qu'ranic law. Unlike most Western systems of law that are based on legal precedence, Sharia is based on varying degrees of interpretation of the Qu'ran

Adherents of one of the two main divisions of Islam. Also known as Shiahs, the Shiites represent the Persian (Iranian) variation of Islam and believe in the infallibility and divine right to authority of the Imams, descendants of Ali

Adherents to the largest branch of Islam, called the orthodox or traditionalist. They believe in the effectiveness of family and community in the solution of life's problems, and they differ from the Shiites in accepting the traditions (sunna) of Muhammad as authoritative Political Geography the study of the political organizations of the world

a politically organized territory with a permanent population, a defined territory, and a government

(Robert Sack) the attempt by and individual or group to affect, influence, or control people, phenomena, and relationships, by delimiting and asserting control over a geographic area

having the last say (having control) over and territory-politically and militarily

the right of a state to defend sovereign territory against incursion from other states

marked the beginning of the modern state and ended the Thirty Years' War, Europe's most destructive internal struggle over religion. The treaties contained new language recognizing statehood and nationhood, clearly defined borders, and guarantees of security

in the general sense, associated with the promotion of commercialism and trade

a culturally defined group of people with a shared past and a common future who relate to a territory and have political goals (ranging from autonomy to statehood)

a politically organized area in which nation and state occupy the same space

the idea that people are the ultimate sovereign-that is the people, the nation, have the ultimate say over what happens within the state

a state with more that one nation inside its borders

when a nation stretches across borders and across states

nations that do not have a state

rule by an autonomous power over a subordinate and alien people and place.

representation of a real-world phenomenon at a certain level of reduction or generalization.

in the world economy, people, corporations, and states produce goods and exchange them on the world market, with the goal of achieving profit

the process of placing a price on a good and then buying, selling, and trading the good

processes that incorporate higher levels of education, higher salaries, and more technology thereby generating more wealth in the world economy

processes that incorporate lower levels of education, lower salaries, and less technology, thereby generating less wealth in the world economy.

In the context of political power, the capacity of a state to influence other states or achieve its goals through diplomatic, economic, and militaristic means

Forces that tend to unify a country—such as widespread commitment to a national culture, shared ideological objectives, and a common faith

Forces that tend to divide a country—such as internal religious, linguistic, ethnic, or ideological differences

A nation-state that has a centralized government and administration that exercises power equally over all parts of the state

A political-territorial system wherein a central government represents the various entities within a nation-state where they have common interests—defense, foreign affairs, and the like—yet allows these various entities to retain their own identities and to have their own laws, policies, and customs in certain spheres

The process whereby regions within a state demand and gain political strength and growing autonomy at the expense of the central government

System wherein each representative is elected from a territorially defined district

Process by which representative districts are switched according to population shifts, so that each district encompasses approximately the same number of people

In the context of determining representative districts, the process by which the majority and minority populations are spread evenly across each of the districts to be created therein ensuring control by the majority of each of the districts; as opposed to the result of majority-minority districts

In the context of determining representative districts, the process by which a majority of the population is from the minority

Political boundary defined and delimited (and occasionally demarcated) as a straight line or an arc

Political boundary defined and delimited (and occaisionally demarcated) by a prominent physical feature in the natural landscape—such as a river or the crest ridges of a mountain range

A geopolitical hypothesis, proposed by British geographer Halford Mackinder during the first two decades of the twentieth century, that any political power based in the heart of Eurasia could gain sufficient strength to eventually dominate the world. Mackinder further proposed that since Eastern Europe controlled access to the Eurasian interior, its ruler would command the vast "heartland" to the east

Process by which geopoliticians deconstruct and focus on explaining the underlying spatial assumptions and territorial perspectives of politicians

World order in which one state is in a position of dominance with allies following rather than joining the political decision-making process

A venture involving three or more nation-states involving formal political, economic, and/or cultural cooperation to promote shared objectives. The European Union is one such organizationurban morphology the study of the physical form and structure of urban places

a conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics

the buildup of the central city and the suburban realm-the city and the surrounding environs connected to the city

a relatively small, egalitarian village, where most of the population was involved in agriculture. Starting over 10,000 years ago, people began to cluster in agricultural villages as they stayed in one place to tend to their crops

one of two components, together with social stratification, that enable the formation of cities; agricultural production in excess of that which the producer needs for his or her own sustenance and that of his or her familiy and which is then sold for consumption by others

one of two components, together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities, the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige

(or urban elite) consist of a group of decision makers and organizers who controlled the resources, and often the lives, of others

the innovation of the city

region of great cities (e.g. Ur and Babylon) located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers; chronologically the first urban hearth, dating to 3500 BCE, and which was founded in the Fertile Crescent

chronologically the second urban hearth, dating to 3200 BCE

chronologically, the third urban hearth, dating 2200 BCE

Rivers in present-day China, it was at the confluence of the Huang He and Wei Rivers where chronologically the fourth urban hearth was established around 1500 BCE

chronologically the fifth urban hearth, dating 200 BCE

literally "high point of the city". The upper fortified part of an ancient Greek city, usually deoted to religioius purposes

in Ancient Greece, public spaces where citizens debated, lectured, judged each other, planned military campaingns, socialized, and traded

the absolute location of a city, often chosen for the best trade location, the best defensive location, or an important religious location

the focal point of ancient Roman life combining the functions of the ancient Greek acropolis and agora

a city's relative location, its place in the region and world around it

a crescent-shaped zone across Eurasia from England in the west to Japan in the east, including the cities of London, Paris, Venice, Constantinople (Istanbul today), and Tabriz, Samarqand, Kabul, Lahore, Amra, Jaunpur, Xian, Anyang, Kyoto and Osakatrade area an adjacent region within which a city's influence is dominant

holds that in a model urban hierarchy, the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy

theory proposed by Walter Christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another

the movement of milloins of Americans from northern and northeastern States to the South and Southwest regions (Sunbelt) of the United States

the division of a city into different regions or zones (e.g. residential or industrial) for certain purposes or functions (e.g. housing or manufacturing)

areas with relatively uniform land use, for example, an industrial zone or a residential zone

a concentration of business and commerce in the city's downtown

the urban area that is not suburban

an outlying, functionally uniform part of an urban area, and is often (but not always) adjacent to the central city.