Human Geography Vocabulary Part 6

a crop or livestock system characterized by low inputs of labor per unit area of land. May be part of either a subsistence or a commercial economy

primary activities involving the mining and quarrying of nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic mineral resources

primary activities involving the subsistence or commercial harvesting of renewable natural resources of land or water. Primitive gathering involves local collection of food and other materials of nature, both plant and animal; commercial gathering usually implies forestry and fishing industries

a term suggesting the great increases in food production, primarily in subtropical areas, accomplished through the introduction of very high-yielding grain crops, particularly wheat, maize, and rice

any agricultural system involving the application of large amounts of capital and/or labor per unit of cultivated land; may be part of either subsistence or commercial economy

the maximum rate at which a renewable resource can be exploited without impairing its ability to be renewed or replenished

a physically occurring item that a population perceives to be necessary and useful to its maintenance and well-being; also resource

migratory but controlled movement of livestock solely dependent on natural forage

a natural resource that is not replenished or replaced by natural processes or is used at a rate that exceeds its replacement rate

a system of production of goods and services, usually consumed or distributed by a governmental agency, in quantities, at prices, and in locations determined by governmental program

a large agricultural holding, frequently foreign owned, devoted to the production of a single export crop

the part of an economy involved in making natural resources available for use or further processing; includes mining, agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting, grazing

the part of the economy concerned with research, with the gathering and dissemination of information, and with administration; often considered only as a specialized subdivision of tertiary activities

a sometimes separately recognized subsection of tertiary activity management functions involving highest-level decision making in all types of large organizations. The most advanced form of the quarternary subsector

a natural resource that is potentially inexhaustible either because it is constantly (eg solar) or periodically (eg biomass) replenished as long as its use does not exceed its maximum sustainable yield

those parts of the economy involved in the processing of raw materials derived from primary activities and in altering or combining materials to produce commodities of enhanced utility and value; includes manufacturing, construction, and power generation

crop production on tropical forest clearings kept in cultivation until their quickly declining fertility is lost. Cleared sites are then abandoned and new sites are prepared. Synonyms: slash-and-burn agriculture / swidden agriculture

an economic system of relatively simple technology in which people produce most or all of the goods to satisfy their own and their family's needs; little or no exchange occurs outside or the immediate or extended family

the integrated system of knowledge, skills, tools, and methods developed within or used by a culture to successfully carry out purposeful and productive tasks

those parts of the economy that fulfill the exchange function, that provide market availability of commodities, and that bring together consumers and providers of services; includes wholesale and retail trade, associated transportational and governmental services, and personal and professional services of all kinds

the observation that in the absence of collective control over the use of a resource available to all, it is to the advantage of all users to maximize their separate shares even though their collective pressures may diminish total yield or destroy the resource altogether

the intensive production of fruits and vegetables for market rather than for processing or canning; synonyms horticultural farming, market gardening

mineral deposits that have been identified and can be recovered at current prices and with current technology

model developed by vonThunen, German economist and landowner, to explain the forces that control the prices of agricultural commodities and how those variable prices affect patterns of agricultural land utilization

part of the physical landscape that represents material culture; the landscape created by humans

body of traditional practices, usages, and conventions that regulate social life

body of institutions, customs, dress, artifacts, collective wisdoms, and traditions of a homogeneous, isolated, largely self-sufficient, and relatively static social group

oral tradition of a group; includes proverbs, prayers, common expressions, superstitions, beliefs, narrative tales, and legends

the learned behavior shared by a society that prescribes accepted and common modes of conduct

tangible, physical items produced and used by members of a specific culture group and reflective of their traditions, lifestyles, and technologies

the oral traditions, songs, and stories of a culture group along with its beliefs and customary behaviors

the replacement of local variety with a homogeneous and standardized landscape (eg Walmart)

general mass of people primarily urban based, constantly adopting, conforming to, and quickly abandoning ever-changing common modes of behavior and fads of material and nonmaterial culture

a region perceived and defined by its inhabitants, usually with a popularly given or accepted nickname; vernacular region

built in traditional form but without formal plans or drawings

a region perceived and defined by its inhabitants, usually with a popularly given or accepted nickname; popular region

the adoption by the immigrants of the values, attitudes, ways of behavior, and speech of the receiving society

natural selection - characters are transmitted that enable people to adapt to particular environment conditions such as climate

formal term for the "melting pot" concept of the merging of many immigrant ethnic heritages into a composite American mainstream

two part process - behavioral (cultural) assimilation and structural assimilation

(syn cultural assimilation) integration into a common cultural life through shared experience, language, intermarriage, and sense of history; rough equivalent of acculturation

the assemblage in one area if the relatives, friends or unconnected compatriots of the first arrivals; attracted by both favorable reports and by familiar presences in specific locales of the New World

the dominant first arrivals establishing the cultural norms and standards against which other immigrant groups were measured

a pattern of movement and settlement resulting from the collective action of distinctive social or ethnic group

a settlement in a new territory that keeps close ties to its homeland

the readoption by later generations of culture traits and identities associated with immigrant forebears or ancestral homelands

cluster of an ethnic population

The study of diffusion, migration and mixing of peoples of different origins

populations that feel themselves bound together by a common origin and set off from other groups by ties of culture, race, religion, language, or nationality

the dispersed and rural counterparts of urban ethnic neighborhoods

a shared ancestry and cultural heritage, the retention of a set of distinctive traditions, and the maintenance of in-group interactions and relationships

entire regions of North America that have become associated with larger ethnic or racial aggregations

tendency to evaluate other cultures against the standards of one's own

the culture that first moves into an area has a tremendous influence on the area no matter how tiny the initial band of settlers may have been. Work of Wilbur Zelinsky

acts to homogenize neighboring populations via interbreeding. No scientific basis for race

a heritable trait that appears by chance in one group and becomes accentuated through inbreeding. Differentiates populations in non-adaptive ways

when a cluster is perpetuated by external constraints and discriminatory actions

the established dominant group

or adaptation - characteristics that are transmitted that enable people to adapt to particular environment conditions, such as climate

population subset whose members have in common some hereditary biological characteristics that set them apart physically from other human groups

the extent to which members of an ethnic group are not uniformly distributed in relation to the rest of the population

how much social "space" is there between differing racial or ethnic groups in society, refers to the amount of space that operates between individuals or groups as a result of differences in race, age, culture, ethnicity, etc.

fusion of immigrant ethnics with the groups, social systems, and occupations of the host society and the adoption of common attitudes and values

a critical percentage of newcomer housing occupancy is reached which may precipitate a rapid exodus by the former majority population

belief that life exists in all objects, rocks, trees, mountains etc or that inanimate objects are the abode of the dead, of spirits, and of gods

universalizing faith founded 6th century BC in India; moral philosophy that offered an explanation for evil and human suffering

birth structure of society; an expression of the eternal transmigration of souls

origin in the life and teachings of Jesus, a Jewish preacher of the 1st century; promised Messiah; salvation to all races not just Jews

the importance of proper conduct; no churches or clergy; worship of ancestors encouraged

if pidgin becomes the first language of a group of speakers; may have lost their former native tongue; acquire more complex grammatical structure and enhanced vocabulary

recognizable speech variants

strong territorial and cultural group identification; usually become a member by birth or by adoption of a complex lifestyle and cultural identity, not by simple declaration of faith

regional dialects

oldest major religion (?); no common creed, single doctrine, or central ecclesiastical organization; caste system; aim is to conform to prescribed social rituals and duties for assigned caste

"submission" to the will of God; springs from Judaic roots; many similar beliefs

the outer limit of the territorial extent of a dialect

belief in a single God laid the foundation of both Christianity and Islam

organized system of spoken words by which people communicate with each other with mutual comprehension

group of languages descended from a single, earlier tongue

an established language used for communication by people whose native tongues are mutually incomprehensible

the study of the character and spatial pattern of dialects and language

belief in a single deity

societies in which two or more languages are in common use

the required language of instruction in schools, government business, courts, etc

amalgam of languages, usually a simplified form of one with borrowings from another local language

belief in many gods

reconstructed earlier form of a language

unified system of beliefs and practices that join all those who adhere to them in a single moral community

an indifference to or rejection of religion or religious belief

tribal religion; involves community acceptance of a shaman, religious leader, healer, and worker of magic who can intercede with the spirit world

The Way of the Gods; Japanese nature and ancestor worship; a structure of customs and rituals rather than an ethical or moral system

denote social class and educational level

people who speak a common language

the accepted norms of syntax, vocabulary, and pronunciation

a combination of different forms of belief and practice

an ideology whose central theme is the Way, a philosophy teaching that eternal happiness lies in total identification with nature and deploring passion, unnecessary invention; simple life of individuals

place names

the study of place names

special forms of ethnic religions distinguished by their small size, unique identity with localized culture groups not absorbed into modern society, and close ties to nature

faiths that claim applicability to all humans and that seek to transmit their beliefs through missionary work and conversion