Elementary Statistics Using The TI-83/84 Plus Calculator, 4th Edition Test Bank

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Chapter 1 Exam AName___________________________________SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.Form a conclusion about statistical significance. Do not make any formal calculations. Either use the results provided ormake subjective judgments about the results.1) Last year, the average math SAT score for students at one school was 475. The headmasterintroduced new teaching methods hoping to improve scores. This year, the mean mathSAT score for a sample of students was 481. Is there statistically significant evidence thatthe new teaching method is effective? If the teaching method had no effect, there wouldbe roughly a 3 in 10 chance of seeing such an increase.Does the result have statisticalsignificance? Why or why not? Does the result have practical significance?1)Provide an appropriate response.2) Why do you think that cluster sampling is frequently used in practice.2)Use critical thinking to determine whether the sampling method appears to be sound or is flawed.3) "38% of adults in the United States regularly visit a doctor". This conclusion was reachedby a college student after she had questioned 520 randomly selected members of hercollege. What is wrong with her survey?3)MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.Determine whether the given description corresponds to an observational study or an experiment.4) A stock analyst selects a stock from a group of twenty for investment by choosing the stock withthe greatest earnings per share reported for the last quarter.A) ExperimentB) Observational study4)Identify which of these types of sampling is used: random, stratified, systematic, cluster, convenience.5) The name of each contestant is written on a separate card, the cards are placed in a bag, and threenames are picked from the bag.A) RandomB) ClusterC) ConvenienceD) StratifiedE) Systematic5)6) To avoid working late, a quality control analyst simply inspects the first 100 items produced in aday.A) SystematicB) StratifiedC) ConvenienceD) ClusterE) Random6)1

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SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.Provide an appropriate response.7) A lawyer surveyed a simple random sample of his colleagues and asked them whetherthey were left-handed or right-handed. Is this convenience sample likely to provideresults typical of all adults in the United States? Do convenience samples in generalprovide good results?7)Identify the sample and population. Also, determine whether the sample is likely to be representative of the population.8) 100,000 randomly selected adults were asked whether they drink at least 48 oz of watereach day and only 45% said yes.8)MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.Provide an appropriate response.9) An education expert is researching teaching methods and wishes to interview teachers from aparticular school district. She randomly selects ten schools from the district and interviews all ofthe teachers at the selected schools. Does this sampling plan result in a random sample? Simplerandom sample? Explain.A) No; no. The sample is not random because teachers in small schools are more likely to beselected than teachers in larger schools. It is not a simple random sample because somesamples are not possible, such as a sample that includes teachers from schools that were notselected.B) Yes; yes. The sample is random because all teachers have the same chance of being selected.It is a simple random sample because all samples have the same chance of being selected.C) Yes; no. The sample is random because all teachers have the same chance of being selected. Itis not a simple random sample because some samples are not possible, such as a sample thatincludes teachers from schools that were not selected.D) No; yes. The sample is not random because teachers in small schools are more likely to beselected than teachers in larger schools. It is a simple random sample because all sampleshave the same chance of being selected.9)Identify the type of observational study (cross-sectional, retrospective, prospective).10) A town obtains current employment data by polling 10,000 of its citizens this month.A) ProspectiveB) RetrospectiveC) Cross-sectionalD) None of these10)SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.Provide an appropriate response.11) Distinguish between categorical and quantitative data. Give an example for each.11)MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.Determine whether the given value is from a discrete or continuous data set.12) The height of 2-year-old maple tree is 28.3 ft.A) ContinuousB) Discrete12)Determine which of the four levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) is most appropriate.13) Student's grades, A, B, or C, on a test.A) IntervalB) NominalC) OrdinalD) Ratio13)2

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SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.Provide an appropriate response.14) Use the data in the table to answer the question. The x-values are amounts of saturated fat(in grams) in various regular two-ounce muffins. The y-values are amounts of saturatedfat (in grams) in various "low fat" two-ounce muffins.Amounts of Saturated Fat in Regular and Low-Fat Muffinsx3.74.94.36.44.24.5y1.22.12.21.91.42.4Is each x-value matched with a corresponding y-value? That is, is each x-value associatedwith the corresponding y-value in some meaningful way? If the x-and y-values are notmatched, does it make sense to use the difference between each x-value and the y-valuethat is in the same column?14)15) Explain the difference between stratified and cluster sampling.15)MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.Identify which of these types of sampling is used: random, stratified, systematic, cluster, convenience.16) A tax auditor selects every 1000th income tax return that is received.A) StratifiedB) SystematicC) RandomD) ClusterE) Convenience16)SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.Use critical thinking to develop an alternative conclusion.17) A study shows that adults who work at their desk all day weigh more than those who donot. Conclusion: Desk jobs cause people to gain weight.17)Provide an appropriate response.18) Would an observational study or an experiment be more appropriate to investigate theeffects on humans of a substance known to be toxic? Explain.18)MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.Determine whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter.19) After inspecting all of 55,000 kg of meat stored at the Wurst Sausage Company, it was found that45,000 kg of the meat was spoiled.A) StatisticB) Parameter19)SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.Provide an appropriate response.20) Explain what is meant by the term "confounding" and give an example of an experimentin which confounding is likely to be a problem.20)3

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.Determine whether the given value is from a discrete or continuous data set.21) The temperature of a cup of coffee is 67.3°F.A) ContinuousB) Discrete21)Solve the problem.22) On a test, 74% of the questions are answered correctly. If 111 questions are correct, how manyquestions are on the test?A) 37B) 67C) 150D) 7422)Identify the type of observational study (cross-sectional, retrospective, prospective).23) Researchers collect data by interviewing athletes who have won olympic gold medals from 1992 to2008.A) RetrospectiveB) Cross-sectionalC) ProspectiveD) None of these23)SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.Form a conclusion about statistical significance. Do not make any formal calculations. Either use the results provided ormake subjective judgments about the results.24) Charlie's teacher claims that he does not study and just guesses on exams. On an examwith 201 true-false questions, Charlie answered 53.7% of the questions correctly.Calculations using these results show that if he were really just guessing, there would beroughly 1 chance in 7 that he would do this well. Is there statistically significant evidenceagainst the teacher's claim that Charlie is just guessing? Why or why not?24)MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.Provide an appropriate response.25) A psychology student wishes to investigate differences in political opinions between businessmajors and political science majors at her college. She randomly selects 100 students from the 260business majors and 100 students from the 180 political science majors. Does this sampling planresult in a random sample? Simple random sample? Explain.A) Yes; yes. The sample is random because all students have the same chance of being selected.It is a simple random sample because all samples of size 200 have the same chance of beingselected.B) No; yes. The sample is not random because political science majors have a greater chance ofbeing selected than business majors. It is a simple random sample because all samples of size200 have the same chance of being selected.C) No; no. The sample is not random because political science majors have a greater chance ofbeing selected than business majors. It is not a simple random sample because some samplesare not possible, such as a sample consisting of 50 business majors and 150 political sciencemajors.D) Yes; no. The sample is random because all students have the same chance of being selected. Itis not a simple random sample because some samples are not possible, such as a sampleconsisting of 50 business majors and 150 political science majors.25)4

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Answer KeyTestname: CHAPTER 1 EXAM A1) No. The new mean SAT score is not substantially higher. Even if the new teaching method had no effect, a smallincrease such as this could easily be seen just by chance. No. The increase is not sufficient to be of practicalsignificance.2) Answers will vary. Possible answer: Cluster sampling can save time and money and be more efficient, especiallywhen the clusters are geographically far apart from each other. For example, if a researcher wishes to interview asample of high school teachers in a school district, it will be easier to interview all the teachers at a few schools than tointerview a few teachers from many different schools.3) The sample is biased. College students are not representative of the U.S. population as a whole.4) B5) A6) C7) Yes. There is nothing about left-handedness or right-handedness that would affect being one of the lawyer'scolleagues. In terms of left-or right-handedness, a simple random sample of the lawyer's colleagues is likely to berepresentative of all adults in the United States. Convenience samples in general do not tend to provide good resultsas the sample is often not representative of a broader population.8) Sample: the 100,000 selected adults; population: all adults; representative9) C10) C11) Qualitative data can be separated into categories that are distinguished by nonnumeric characteristics. Quantitativedata consist of numbers representing counts or measurements. Examples will vary.12) A13) C14) The x-values are not matched with the y-values, so it does not make sense to use the differences between eachx-value and the y-value that is in the same column.15) In both cluster sampling and stratified sampling, sub-groups (clusters or strata) are formed. However, in stratifiedsampling, all strata are used and a sample is selected from each strata. In cluster sampling, a sample of the clusters isfirst selected, then all members of those clusters are selected.16) B17) Desk job workers are confined to their chairs for most of their work day. Other jobs require standing or walkingaround which burns calories. It is probably the lack of exercise that causes higher weights, not the desk job itself.Avoid causality altogether by saying lack of walking and exercise is associated with higher weights.18) An observational study would be more appropriate. An experiment would not be appropriate because it would beunethical to administer as a treatment a substance known to be toxic. However a retrospective observational study,for example, could be carried out by examining records from the past and observing the effects where the substancehad been accidentally ingested.19) B20) Confounding occurs in an experiment when the effects of two or more variables cannot be distinguished from eachother. Examples will vary. One example is that of a school district that conducts a study regarding whether thescience laboratory approach or the computer simulation approach is better for learning chemistry among seniors. Astandardized achievement test is used to measure learning, and the results of the two schools are compared. Unlesscontrolled in the study, two confounding variables are teaching expertise and student motivation.21) A22) C23) A24) No; The exam result of 53.7% is not substantially greater than 50%. Even if Charlie were just guessing, he could easilydo this well just by chance.25) C5

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Chapter 1 Exam BName___________________________________SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.Form a conclusion about statistical significance. Do not make any formal calculations. Either use the results provided ormake subjective judgments about the results.1) A manufacturer of laptop computers claims that only 1% of their computers are defective.In a sample of 600 computers, it was found that 3% were defective. If the proportion ofdefectives were really only 1%, there would be less than 1 chance in 1000 of getting such alarge proportion of defective laptops in the sample. Is there statistically significantevidence against the manufacturer's claim? Why or why not?1)MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.Identify which of these types of sampling is used: random, stratified, systematic, cluster, convenience.2) A pollster uses a computer to generate 500 random numbers, then interviews the voterscorresponding to those numbers.A) ConvenienceB) SystematicC) ClusterD) RandomE) Stratified2)SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.Provide an appropriate response.3) A hip hop radio show broadcast in the city of Puddelton asked people to call in andexpress their opinions on the new mayor. Are the results likely to be representative of alladults in Puddelton? Of all listeners to the hip hop show? Why or why not?3)4) Use the data in the table to answer the question. The x-values are amounts of saturated fat(in grams) in various regular two-ounce muffins. The y-values are amounts of saturatedfat (in grams) in various "low fat" two-ounce muffins.Amounts of Saturated Fat in Regular and Low-Fat Muffinsx4.53.53.75.24.93.9y1.22.12.21.81.62.2Note that the table lists measured amounts of saturated fat in two different types ofmuffin. Given these data, what issue can be addressed by conducting a statistical analysisof the values?4)5) At a school there are two different math classes of the same age. The two classes havedifferent teachers. The school principal is interested in gauging the effectiveness of twodifferent teaching methods and asks each teacher to try one of the methods. At the end ofthe semester both classes are given the same test and the results are compared. In thisexperiment, what is the variable of interest? Give some examples of variables which couldbe confounding variables.5)6

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.Determine whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter.6) After taking the first exam, 15 of the students dropped the class.A) StatisticB) Parameter6)Determine which of the four levels of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) is most appropriate.7) Student's grades, A, B, or C, on a test.A) RatioB) OrdinalC) NominalD) Interval7)8) Nationalities of survey respondents.A) RatioB) NominalC) IntervalD) Ordinal8)SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.Provide an appropriate response.9) The table shows the weights (in pounds) and monthly incomes (in dollars) of ninerandomly selected women between the ages of 18 and 65. Assume that the x-values arethe weights and the y-values are the monthly incomes.Weight (lb)113132155122166140118129185Monthly Income (dollars) 142036505475231047102910172024604115If we use statistical methods to conclude that there is a correlation (or relationship orassociation) between the weights of women and their monthly incomes, can we concludethat by increasing her weight a woman can increase her monthly income?9)MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.Identify which of these types of sampling is used: random, stratified, systematic, cluster, convenience.10) A tax auditor selects every 1000th income tax return that is received.A) StratifiedB) ConvenienceC) RandomD) ClusterE) Systematic10)SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.Provide an appropriate response.11) A lawyer surveyed a simple random sample of his colleagues and asked them whetherthey were left-handed or right-handed. Is this convenience sample likely to provideresults typical of all adults in the United States? Do convenience samples in generalprovide good results?11)12) A teacher was interested in knowing how much tax people pay in the United States. Sheselected a simple random sample of her friends and asked them about their taxes. Is thissample likely to be representative of all adults in the United States?12)13) Would an observational study or an experiment be more appropriate to investigate theeffects on humans of a substance known to be toxic? Explain.13)7

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Form a conclusion about statistical significance. Do not make any formal calculations. Either use the results provided ormake subjective judgments about the results.14) Charlie's teacher claims that he does not study and just guesses on exams. On an examwith 201 true-false questions, Charlie answered 53.7% of the questions correctly.Calculations using these results show that if he were really just guessing, there would beroughly 1 chance in 7 that he would do this well. Is there statistically significant evidenceagainst the teacher's claim that Charlie is just guessing? Why or why not?14)Provide an appropriate response.15) A coach uses a new technique in training middle distance runners. The times, in seconds,for 8 different athletes to run 800 meters before and after this training are shown below.AthleteABCDEFGHBefore115.2114116.4119.8110.9112.4111.5117.3After112.9112.7114120.6109.1109.1107.9113.4Does the conclusion that the technique is effective appear to be supported with statisticalsignificance? Does the conclusion that the technique is effective appear to have practicalsignificance?15)16) Why do you think that cluster sampling is frequently used in practice.16)Form a conclusion about statistical significance. Do not make any formal calculations. Either use the results provided ormake subjective judgments about the results.17) Last year, the average math SAT score for students at one school was 475. The headmasterintroduced new teaching methods hoping to improve scores. This year, the mean mathSAT score for a sample of students was 481. Is there statistically significant evidence thatthe new teaching method is effective? If the teaching method had no effect, there wouldbe roughly a 3 in 10 chance of seeing such an increase.Does the result have statisticalsignificance? Why or why not? Does the result have practical significance?17)MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.Determine whether the given description corresponds to an observational study or an experiment.18) A political pollster reports that his candidate has a 10% lead in the polls with 10% undecided.A) ExperimentB) Observational study18)Identify the type of observational study (cross-sectional, retrospective, prospective).19) A town obtains current employment data by polling 10,000 of its citizens this month.A) Cross-sectionalB) ProspectiveC) RetrospectiveD) None of these19)Determine whether the given description corresponds to an observational study or an experiment.20) A doctor performs several diagnostic tests to determine the reason for a patient's illness.A) Observational studyB) Experiment20)SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.Identify the sample and population. Also, determine whether the sample is likely to be representative of the population.21) An employee at the local ice cream parlor asks three customers if they like chocolate icecream.21)8

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.Identify which of these types of sampling is used: random, stratified, systematic, cluster, convenience.22) A market researcher selects 500 people from each of 10 cities.A) ConvenienceB) ClusterC) StratifiedD) RandomE) Systematic22)23) 49, 34, and 48 students are selected from the Sophomore, Junior, and Senior classes with 496, 348,and 481 students respectively.A) StratifiedB) ClusterC) ConvenienceD) SystematicE) Random23)Solve the problem.24) A gardener has 75 clients, 45% of whom are businesses. Find the number of business clients.A) 41 clientsB) 34 clientsC) 36 clientsD) 73 clients24)Determine whether the given description corresponds to an observational study or an experiment.25) A marketing firm does a survey to find out how many people use a product. Of the one hundredpeople contacted, fifteen said they use the product.A) ExperimentB) Observational study25)9

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Answer KeyTestname: CHAPTER 1 EXAM B1) Yes. If the claimed proportion of defectives of 1% were correct, there would be a very small likelihood of getting 3%defectives in the sample. The sample rate of 3% is significantly greater than the claimed rate of 1%.2) D3) No. A hip hop show is likely to attract a younger audience. Listeners to the show will not be representative of alladults in Puddleton so a sample from those listeners, however well selected, will not be representative. No, thissample will not be representative of all listeners to the show because it is a voluntary response sample-listenersthemselves choose whether to respond. Those with stronger opinions are more likely to respond so the sample isunlikely to be representative of all listeners to the show.4) Given the context of the data, we could address the issue of whether the two types of muffin provide the sameamounts of saturated fat, or whether there is a difference between the two types of muffin.5) The variable of interest is the teaching method. Possible confounding variables are "skill of teacher" (is one teacherbetter than the other?), "aptitude of students" (do the two classes have students of the same ability?), "amount of studytime" (does one class have students who are more conscientious?).6) B7) B8) B9) No. If a correlation (or relationship or association) is found, this doesn't mean that one variable is the cause of another.Larger weights do not cause higher incomes, but tend to be associated with higher incomes because both weight andincome are associated with a third variable, age. Older women tend to be heavier and to have higher incomes thanyounger women.10) E11) Yes. There is nothing about left-handedness or right-handedness that would affect being one of the lawyer'scolleagues. In terms of left-or right-handedness, a simple random sample of the lawyer's colleagues is likely to berepresentative of all adults in the United States. Convenience samples in general do not tend to provide good resultsas the sample is often not representative of a broader population.12) No. In terms of income, the teacher's friends are unlikely to be representative of all adults in the United States. So asample from this group, however well selected, is unlikely to be representative of all adults in the United States.13) An observational study would be more appropriate. An experiment would not be appropriate because it would beunethical to administer as a treatment a substance known to be toxic. However a retrospective observational study,for example, could be carried out by examining records from the past and observing the effects where the substancehad been accidentally ingested.14) No; The exam result of 53.7% is not substantially greater than 50%. Even if Charlie were just guessing, he could easilydo this well just by chance.15) Yes. Almost all runners have considerably faster times after the training.Yes. The differences appear to be substantial.16) Answers will vary. Possible answer: Cluster sampling can save time and money and be more efficient, especiallywhen the clusters are geographically far apart from each other. For example, if a researcher wishes to interview asample of high school teachers in a school district, it will be easier to interview all the teachers at a few schools than tointerview a few teachers from many different schools.17) No. The new mean SAT score is not substantially higher. Even if the new teaching method had no effect, a smallincrease such as this could easily be seen just by chance. No. The increase is not sufficient to be of practicalsignificance.18) B19) A20) B21) Sample: the 3 selected customers; population: all customers; not representative22) C23) A24) B25) B10

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Chapter 2 Exam AName___________________________________SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.Provide an appropriate response.1) Create an example displaying data in a pie chart. Display the same data in a Pareto chart.Which graph is more effective? List at least two reasons in support of your choice.1)Use the given data to construct a frequency distribution.2) A school district performed a study to find the main causes leading to its studentsdropping out of school. Thirty cases were analyzed, and a primary cause was assigned toeach case. The causes included unexcused absences (U), illness (I), family problems (F),and other causes (O). The results for the thirty cases are listed below:UUUIFOOUIFFOUIIFIIOUIFFUUIIOFUConstruct a table summarizing the frequency distribution of the primary causes leading tostudent dropout.CauseFrequency2)Provide an appropriate response.3) Use the high closing values of Naristar Inc. stock from the years 1992-2003 to construct atime-series graph. (Let x=0 represent 1992 and so on.) Identify a trend.YearHighYearHigh199248199862199353199960199447200068199555200142199658200251199761200378xyxy3)MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.Use the given paired data to construct a scatterplot.11

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4) x-1-4-3-3-7429-4-2y-3-6-4-93111-6-3x-1010y10-10x-1010y10-10A)x-1010y10-10x-1010y10-10B)x-1010y10-10x-1010y10-10C)x-1010y10-10x-1010y10-10D)x-1010y10-10x-1010y10-104)12

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Provide an appropriate response.5) A nurse measured the blood pressure of each person who visited her clinic. Following is arelative-frequency histogram for the systolic blood pressure readings for those people agedbetween 25 and 40. The blood pressure readings were given to the nearest whole number.Approximately what percentage of the people aged 25-40 had a systolic blood pressure readingbetween 110 and 119 inclusive?A) 0.35%B) 3.5%C) 30%D) 35%5)6) A nurse measured the blood pressure of each person who visited her clinic. Following is arelative-frequency histogram for the systolic blood pressure readings for those people agedbetween 25 and 40. The blood pressure readings were given to the nearest whole number.Approximately what percentage of the people aged 25-40 had a systolic blood pressure readingbetween 110 and 139 inclusive?A) 75%B) 89%C) 59%D) 39%6)SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.7) Describe at least two advantages to using stemplots rather than frequency distributions.7)13

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.Solve the problem.8) The Kappa Iota Sigma Fraternity polled its members on the weekend party theme. The vote was asfollows: six for toga, four for hayride, eight for beer bash, and two for masquerade. Display thevote count in a Pareto chart.A)B)C)D)8)14

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Construct the dotplot for the given data.9) A store manager counts the number of customers who make a purchase in his store each day. Thedata are as follows.101181471010118751015A)51015B)51015C)51015D)510159)Use the data to create a stemplot.10) The following data show the number of laps run by each participant in a marathon.46 65 55 43 51 48 57 30 43 49 32 56A)34560 23 3 6 8 91 5 6 75B)34460 23 6 8 91 3 5 6 7510)Provide an appropriate response.11) The frequency distribution below summarizes employee years of service for Alpha Corporation.Find the class boundaries for class 26-30.Years of service Frequency1-556-102011-152516-201021-25526-303A) 26.5, 30.5B) 26.5, 29.5C) 25.5, 30.5D) 25.5, 20.511)15
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