Leah Howard

2023-2025 Year 12 A-Level Psychology - Research Methods: Sampling Techniques - KU

A Target Population is the large group of individuals that a researcher is interested in studying. It represents everyone who fits the criteria for the research, from which a smaller sample is usually selected for the actual study.

2023-2025 Year 12 A-Level Psychology - Research Methods: Observations and Behaviour sampling

A Controlled Observation is when the researcher manipulates conditions or variables in order to observe how participants behave in a structured or controlled environment. This allows for greater control over extraneous variables and easier replication of the study.

2023-2025 Year 12 A-Level Psychology - Psychopathology: The Biological Approach To Explaining and Treating OCD TW

The biological approach explains OCD through three main factors: genetic, neurochemical, and neuroanatomical influences. The genetic explanation suggests that OCD can be inherited, with certain genes increasing an individual’s vulnerability to the disorder.

2023-2025 Year 12 A-Level Psychology - Research Methods: Experimental Methods - Lab Field Natural Quasi - KB

Lab experiments take place in a highly controlled environment, such as a laboratory or research setting. This allows researchers to carefully manage variables and establish clear cause-and-effect relationships.

2023-2025 Year 12 A-Level Psychology - Research Methods: Extraneous Variables and Controls

An Extraneous Variable is any variable other than the independent variable that could unintentionally influence the dependent variable. Researchers try to control these to ensure they don’t distort the results of an experiment.

2023-2025 Year 12 A-Level Psychology - Research Methods: Hypotheses - DS

A Null Hypothesis (H₀) states that there is no significant difference or relationship between variables in an experiment. It suggests that any observed effects are due to chance rather than the manipulation of the independent variable.

2023-2025 Year 12 A-Level Psychology - Research Methods: IV DV AIM - RN

An Independent Variable (IV) is the variable that the researcher deliberately changes or manipulates to test its effect on another variable (the dependent variable). It is the cause or factor believed to influence the outcome being measured.

A-LEVEL PE (OCR): PAPER 1 - Diet and Nutrition Part 2

Hypoglycaemia is a condition characterized by low blood glucose levels, which can cause symptoms such as dizziness, shaking, sweating, and an increased heart rate. It often occurs when the body’s glucose demand exceeds the available supply.

A-LEVEL PE (OCR): PAPER 1 - Diet and Nutrition Part 1

Macro-nutrients are types of food—such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats—that the body requires in large amounts to provide energy and support growth, repair, and overall bodily functions.

Psychology - Chapter 16 - Important Concepts

Women are more likely to seek psychological treatment than men. This difference is often attributed to socialization, greater willingness to express emotions, and higher recognition of mental health needs among women.

Psychology - Chapter 15 - Important Concepts

The failure-analysis approach involves studying breakdowns in adaptation or psychological problems to gain insights into how healthy psychological functioning works. By understanding what goes wrong, psychologists can better identify the processes that contribute to mental well-being.

Psychology - Chapter 16 - Key Words

Psychotherapy is a psychological intervention aimed at helping individuals resolve emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems and enhance their overall quality of life. It involves structured conversations and techniques that promote insight, coping skills, and positive change.

Psychology - Chapter 15 - Key Words

The demonic model is an early view of mental illness in which unusual behavior, hallucinations, or talking to oneself was believed to result from evil spirits or demonic possession. Treatments under this model often involved exorcism, rituals, or other supernatural interventions.

Psychology - Mtuner4

Optimism is the tendency to focus on the positive aspects of situations and expect favorable outcomes. Individuals like Adena use optimism to cope with challenges, maintain motivation, and enhance emotional well-being even during difficult circumstances.

Psychology - Chapter 9 - Important Concepts

A child prodigy is an individual who demonstrates extraordinary intellectual or artistic abilities at a very young age, far beyond what is typical for their peers. These exceptional talents often manifest in areas like music, mathematics, or language, highlighting advanced cognitive development early in life.

Psychology - Chapter 10 - Important Concepts - Part 2

Easy infants – generally cheerful, adaptable, and have regular routines. Slow-to-warm-up infants – tend to be inactive, show mild reactions, and gradually adapt to new experiences.

Psychology - Chapter 10 - Important Concepts

Cohorts are groups of people who were born and lived during the same time period. Studying cohorts helps psychologists understand how shared historical, social, and cultural experiences influence development, behavior, and attitudes across generations.

Psychology - Chapter 9 - Key Words

An intelligence test is a diagnostic tool designed to assess a person’s overall cognitive abilities, including reasoning, problem-solving, memory, and understanding. These tests help evaluate intellectual strengths and weaknesses and are often used in educational, clinical, and occupational settings.

Psychology - Chapter 14 - Important Concepts - Part 2

Neo-Freudian theories share with Freud’s original theory the emphasis on unconscious influences and the importance of early experiences in shaping personality. While they agreed with these core ideas, Neo-Freudians placed more focus on social and cultural factors rather than solely on sexual and aggressive drives.

Psychology - Chapter 14 - Important Concepts

The **fundamental attribution error** is the tendency to overestimate the influence of personal traits or dispositions and underestimate the impact of situational factors when explaining others’ behavior. This bias often leads us to judge people harshly without considering the context of their actions.