USMLE Step 2 CK Lecture Notes 2019: Pediatrics (2019)

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USMLE® STEP 2 CK: PEDIATRICSLecture Notes

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2019

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Table of ContentsUSMLE Step 2 CK Lecture Notes 2019: PediatricsCoverTitle PageCopyrightEditorsFeedback PageChapter 1: The NewbornApgar ScoreBirth InjuriesPhysical Examination: Normal FindingsNewborn ScreeningFetal Growth and MaturitySpecific DisordersInfectionsSubstance Abuse and Neonatal WithdrawalChapter 2: Genetics/DysmorphologyAbnormalities of ChromosomesEarly Overgrowth with Associated DefectsUnusual Brain and/or Neuromuscular Findings with Associated DefectsFacial Features as the Major DefectOsteochondrodysplasiasConnective Tissue DisordersEnvironmental AgentsMiscellaneous SequencesMiscellaneous AssociationsChapter 3: Growth and NutritionChildhood GrowthDisorders of GrowthFeedingBreast FeedingSolidsChapter 4: DevelopmentOverviewPrimitive Reflexes and Developmental MilestonesChapter 5: Behavioral/Psychological DisordersEating DisordersElimination DisordersSleep DisordersChapter 6: ImmunizationsActive ImmunizationsActive Immunization after Disease ExposureSpecific Vaccines (Routine Vaccinations)

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Chapter 7: Child Abuse and NeglectIntroductionPhysical AbuseSexual AbuseChapter 8: Respiratory DiseaseAcute Inflammatory Upper Airway ObstructionCongenital Anomalies of the LarynxAirway Foreign BodyInflammatory Disorders of the Small AirwaysPneumoniaCystic Fibrosis (CF)Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)Chapter 9: Allergy and AsthmaAllergiesAsthmaChapter 10: Immune-Mediated DiseaseEvaluation of Suspected Immune DeficiencySpecific DefectsOther Immune DeficienciesChapter 11: Disorders of the EyeAbnormalities of the Eye StructuresEye InjuriesPeriorbital versus Orbital CellulitisChapter 12: Disorders of the Ear, Nose, and Throat .EarsNose and ThroatChapter 13: CardiologyCardiac Evaluation and Congenital Heart LesionsPediatric Heart Sounds and Innocent MurmursLeft to Right ShuntsStenotic LesionsRight to Left Shunts (Cyanotic Lesions)Mixed LesionsRegurgitant LesionsOther Cardiac PathologyHypertensionChapter 14: Gastrointestinal DiseaseOral CavityGastroenteritisVomitingHematocheziaConstipationChapter 15: Renal and Urologic DisordersUrinary Tract Infection (UTI)Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)Obstructive UropathyDiseases Presenting Primarily with Hematuria

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Polycystic Kidney DiseaseDiseases Presenting with ProteinuriaMale Genitourinary DisordersChapter 16: Endocrine DisordersPituitary DisordersThyroid DisordersParathyroid DisordersAdrenal DisordersDiabetes MellitusChapter 17: Orthopedic DisordersDisorders of the HipIntoeingDisorders of the KneeDisorders of the SpineDisorders of the Upper LimbOsteomyelitis and Septic ArthritisOsteogenesis ImperfectaBone TumorsChapter 18: Rheumatic and Vasculitic DisordersJuvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)Neonatal LupusKawasaki DiseaseHenoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)Chapter 19: HematologyAnemias of Inadequate ProductionCongenital AnemiasAcquired AnemiasMegaloblastic AnemiasHemolytic AnemiasHemoglobin DisordersThalassemiasHemorrhagic DisordersPlatelet DisordersChapter 20: OncologyLeukemia and LymphomaBrain TumorsOther MalignanciesChapter 21: NeurologyCentral Nervous System (CNS) AnomaliesSeizuresNeurocutaneous SyndromesEncephalopathiesNeurodegenerative DisordersNeuromuscular DiseaseChapter 22: Infectious DiseaseMeningitis

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PertussisMycobacteriaLyme DiseaseRocky Mountain Spotted FeverMycotic InfectionsViral InfectionsOther Viral DiseasesHelminthic DiseasesChapter 23: AdolescenceMortality/Morbidity, Sexuality, and STIsAcne

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USMLE® is a joint program of the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) and the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME),neither of which sponsors or endorses this product.This publication is designed to provide accurate information in regard to the subject matter covered as of its publication date, with theunderstanding that knowledge and best practice constantly evolve. The publisher is not engaged in rendering medical, legal, accounting, orother professional service. If medical or legal advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should besought. This publication is not intended for use in clinical practice or the delivery of medical care. To the fullest extent of the law, neither thePublisher nor the Editors assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of thematerial contained in this book.© 2018 by Kaplan, Inc.Published by Kaplan Medical, a division of Kaplan, Inc.750 Third AvenueNew York, NY 10017All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted thenon-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this eBook on screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted,downloaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or byany means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of the publisher.ISBN-13: 978-1-5062-3629-2

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EDITORSWilliam G. Cvetnic, MD, MBAFellow of the American Academy of PediatricsBoard Certified in Pediatrics and Neonatal-Perinatal MedicineJacksonville, FloridaEduardo Pino, MDAssociate Professor, Department of PediatricsMarshall University School of MedicineMedical Director, Hoops Family Children's HospitalCabell Huntington HospitalHuntington, West Virginia

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We want to hear what you think. What do you like or not like about the Notes? Please email us atmedfeedback@kaplan.com.

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THE NEWBORN

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LEARNING OBJECTIVESCalculate an Apgar scoreUse knowledge of birth injuries to predict symptomologyDemonstrate understanding of newborn screening, fetal growth/maturity, and neonatal infections

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APGAR SCOREA newborn infant at birth is noted to have acrocyanosis, heart rate 140/min, and grimaces tostimulation. She is active and has a lusty cry. What is her Apgar score?Table1-1.Apgar Scoring SystemEvaluation0 Points1 Point2 PointsHeart rate0<100/min>100/minRespirationNoneIrregular, shallow, gaspsCryingColorBluePale, blue extremitiesPinkToneNoneWeak, passiveActiveReflex irritabilityNoneFacial grimaceActive withdrawalApgar scores are routinely assessed at 1 and 5 minutes, and every 5 minutes thereafter as long asresuscitation is continuing.In general, the Apgar score isnotpredictive of outcome; however, infants with score 0−3 at ≥5 minutescompared to infants with score 7−10 have a worse neurologic outcome.The1-minute scoregives an idea of what was going on during labor and delivery.The5-minute scoregives an idea of response to therapy (resuscitation).

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NEWBORN CAREVitamin K IMProphylactic eye erythromycinUmbilical cord careHearing testNewborn screening tests

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