2023-2024 WGU D236 Pathophysiology Practice Exam with Answers (170 Solved Questions)

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WGU D236 pathophysiologyOA Questions and Answers2023/2024 | Complete GuideGRADED A+

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WGU D236 pathophysiology OA Exam Study Guide 2023/2024Questions and Answers Graded A+What is Starling's Law of Capillary forces?How does this explain why a nutritionally deficient child would have edema?-☑️☑️Starling's Law describes how fluids move across the capillary membrane. There are two majoropposing forces that act to balance each other, hydrostatic pressure (pushing water out of thecapillaries) and osmotic pressure (including oncontic pressure, which pushes fluid into the capillaries).Both electrolytes and proteins (oncontic pressure) in the blood affect osmotic pressure, highelectrolyte and protein concentrations in the blood would cause water to leave the cells andinterstitial space and enter the blood stream to dilute the high concentrations.On, the other hand, low electrolyte and protein concentrations (as seen in a nutritionally deficientchild) would cause water to leave the capillaries and enter the cells and interstitial fluid which can leadto edema.How does the RAAS (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System) result in increased blood volume andincreased blood pressure?-☑️☑️A drop in blood pressure is sensed by the kidneys by low perfusion, which in turn begins tosecrete renin.

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Renin then triggers the liver to produce angiotensinogen, which is converted to Angiotensin I in thelungs and then angiotensin II by the enzymeAngiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Angiotensin II stimulates peripheral arterial vasoconstrictionwhich raises BP.Angiotensin II is also stimulating the adrenal gland to release aldosterone, which acts to increasesodium and water reabsorption increasing blood volume, while also increased potassium secretion inurine.How can hyperkalemia lead to cardiac arrest?-☑️☑️Normal levels of potassium are between 3.5 and 5.2 mEq/dL. Hyperkalemia refers topotassium levels higher that 5.2 mEq/dL.A major function of potassium is to conduct nerve impulses in muscles. Too low and muscle weaknessoccurs and too much can cause muscle spasms.This is especially dangerous in the heart muscle and an irregular heartbeat can cause a heart attack

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The body uses the Protein Buffering System, Phosphate Buffering System, and Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System to regulate and maintain homeostatic pH, what is the consequence of a pHimbalance-☑️☑️Proteins contain many acidic and basic group that can be affected by pH changes. Any increaseor decrease in blood pH can alter the structure of the protein (denature), thereby affecting its functionas wellDescribe the laboratory findings associated with metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratoryacidosis and respiratory alkalosis. (ie relative pH and CO2 levels).-☑️☑️Normal ABGs (Arterial Blood Gases) Blood pH: 7.35-7.45 PCO2: 35-45 mm Hg PO2: 90-100 mmHg HCO3-: 22-26 mEq/L SaO2: 95-100%Respiratory acidosis and alkalosis are marked by changes in PCO2. Higher = acidosis and lower =alkalosisMetabolic acidosis and alkalosis are caused by something other than abnormal CO2 levels. This couldinclude toxicity, diabetes, renal failure or excessive GI losses.

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WGU D236 pathophysiology OA Exam Study Guide 2023 Questions and AnswersHere are the rules to follow to determine if is respiratory or metabolic in nature. -If pH and PCO2 aremoving in opposite directions, then it is the pCO2 levels that are causing the imbalance and it isrespiratory in nature.-If PCO2 is normal or is moving in the same direction as the pH, then the imbalance is metabolic innature.The anion gap is the difference between measured cations (Na+ and K+) and measured anions (Cl- andHCO3-), this calculation can be useful in determining the cause of metabolic acidosis.Why would an increased anion gap be observed in diabetic ketoacidosis or lactic acidosis?-☑️☑️The anion gap is the calculation of unmeasured anions in the blood.Lactic acid and ketones both lead to the production of unmeasured anions, which remove HCO3- (ameasured anion) due to buffering of the excess H+ and therefore leads to an increase in the AG.Why is it important to maintain a homeostatic balance of glucose in the blood (ie describe thepathogenesis of diabetes)?-☑️☑️Insulin is the hormone responsible for initiating the uptake of glucose by the cells. Cells useglucose to produce energy (ATP).

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WGU D236 pathophysiology OA Exam Study Guide 2023 Questions and AnswersIn a normal individual, when blood glucose increases, the pancreas is signaled to produced in insulin,which binds to insulin receptors on a cells surface and initiates the uptake of glucose.Glucose is a very reactive molecule and if left in the blood, it can start to bind to other proteins andlipids, which can lead to loss of function.AGEs are advanced glycation end products that are a result of glucose reacting with the endotheliallining, which can lead to damage in the heart and kidneys.Compare and contrast Type I and Type II Diabetes-☑️☑️Type I diabetes is caused by lack of insulin. With out insulin signaling, glucose will not be takeninto the cell and leads to high blood glucose (hyperglycemia). Type I is usually treated with insulininjections.Type II diabetes is caused by a desensitization to insulin signaling. The insulin receptors are no longerresponding to insulin, which also leads to hyperglycemia.Type II is usually treated with drugs to increase the sensitization to insulin (metformin), dietary andlife-style changes or insulin injections.

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WGU D236 pathophysiology OA Exam Study Guide 2023 Questions and AnswersDescribe some reasons for a patient needing dialysis -☑️☑️AEIOU-acidosis. Electrolytes,Intoxication/Ingestion, overload, uremia. Patients with kidney or heart failure.A build up of phosphates, urea and magnesium are removed from the blood using a semi-permeablemembrane and dialysate.AEIOU:A—acidosis;E—electrolytes principally hyperkalemia;I—ingestions or overdose of medications/drugs;O—overload of fluid causing heart failure;U—uremia leading to encephalitis/pericarditisCompare and contrast hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.What are some reasons for a patient choosing one over the other? -☑️☑️Hemodialysis uses amachine to pump blood from the body in one tube while dialysate (made of water, electrolytes and

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WGU D236 pathophysiology OA Exam Study Guide 2023 Questions and Answerssalts) is pumped in the separate tube in the opposite direction. Waste from the blood diffuses throughthe semipermeable membrane separating the blood from the dialysate.Peritoneal Dialysis does not use a machine, but instead injects a solution of water and glucose into theabdominal cavity. The peritoneum acts as the membrane instead of dialysis tubing. The wasteproducts diffuse into the abdominal cavity and the waste solution is then drained from the body.Peritoneal dialysis offers continuous filtration and is less disruption to the patient's daily routines.However, it does require some training of the patient and is not recommended for individuals who areoverweight or have severe kidney failure.Hemodialysis provides medical care, but 3 times a week for several hours sitting at a hospital or clinic.Individuals with acute kidney failure are recommended to use hemodialysis.How does homeostasis and maintaining optimal physiological health impact your wellbeing? -☑️☑️Homeostasis acts to create a constant and stable environment in the body despite internal andexternal changes. Proteins and other cellular processes require optimal conditions in order to carryout their functions.

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WGU D236 pathophysiology OA Exam Study Guide 2023 Questions and AnswersAlterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature, glucose levels, etc. can have negative effects onhealth, so it is vital for mechanisms that regulate homeostasis to function properly for maintaininggood healthDifferentiate between Innate Immunity and Adaptive Immunity ? -☑️☑️The innate immune systemencompasses physical barriers and chemical and cellular defenses. Physical barriers protect the bodyfrom invasion. These include things like the skin and eyelashes. Chemical barriers are defensemechanisms that can destroy harmful agent. Examples include tears, mucous, and stomach acid.Cellular defenses of the innate immune response are non-specific. These cellular defenses identifypathogens and substances that are potentially dangerous and takes steps to neutralize or destroythem.Adaptive immunity is an organism's acquired immunity to a specific pathogen. As such, it's alsoreferred to as acquired immunity. Adaptive immunity is not immediate, nor does it always lastthroughout an organism's entire lifespan, although it can.The adaptive immune response is marked by clonal expansion of T and B lymphocytes, releasing manyantibody copies to neutralize or destroy their target antigen

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WGU D236 pathophysiology OA Exam Study Guide 2023 Questions and AnswersWhat is a way that Adaptive Immunity can recruit innate immunity? -☑️☑️The innate immuneresponse to microbes stimulates adaptive immune responses and influences the nature of theadaptive responses.Conversely, adaptive immune responses often work by enhancing the protective mechanisms of innateimmunity, making them more capable of effectively combating pathogenic microbesWhy are some infections harder on children while other infections are harder on the elderly? -☑️☑️Children have not been exposed to many pathogens yet, so they lack memory cells and have notbuilt-up immunity yet.The elderly have a depleted naïve T cell population from years of battling infections, so the likelihoodof getting a match is less.Describe how and why our injury response results in the signs of redness, swelling, heat, and pain?(Be sure to use chemokines, histamine, and vasodilation in your response.) -☑️☑️An injury causes aninflammatory response which is responsible for the redness, swelling, heat and pain. Upon injury, cellson the surface begin to release chemokines which act as messengers that something has happened.

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WGU D236 pathophysiology OA Exam Study Guide 2023 Questions and AnswersMast cells are also alerted to release histamines which travel to the endothelial cells of capillaries andcauses vasodilation, which is related to swelling and redness.Vasodilation also causes the capillaries to become leaky which allows for histamines, chemokines andeven pathogen particles to enter the blood stream where they are met by neutrophils (non-specific)which start to adhere to the capillary wall and squeeze through the leaky holes (diapedesis orextravasation) to phagocytose pathogens and damaged cells.Dendritic cells just under the surface of skin are also activated to phagocytose foreign particles. OtherB cells, T cells (specific) and the complement system also squeeze through the capillary wall to createan area of congestion.Explain dominant vs recessive genetic diseases.What is a "carrier" in recessive genetic diseases? -☑️☑️The human genome contains 23 pairs ofchromosome (22 autosomes and 1 pair of sex chromosomes). The pairs are homologous and containthe same genes in the same order. This means that every gene has a copy, one inherited from yourmother and the other from your father.Not all versions of a gene (alleles) are treated the same by the cell. Some are expressed over others. Adominant gene is a gene that is expressed, even if you only have one copy. The dominant gene will beexpressed over the recessive gene, which must have two copies to be expressed.

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WGU D236 pathophysiology OA Exam Study Guide 2023 Questions and AnswersIn a dominant genetic disease, all it takes is one copy of the disease to have the disease. Recessivegenetic diseases require that the individual gets two copies of the gene to have the disease.Someone who is a carrier for a recessive genetic disease is healthy, but contains a copy of the diseasegene, potentially passing it to their offspring.Describe how to determine the probability of clinical outcomes given information about the parents(eg two heterozygous carriers of sickle cell disease). -☑️☑️Punnett Squares can be used to determinethe potential probabilities of certain traits being passed to offspring. If you know the genotypes ofeach parent (ie homozygous or heterozygous for the trait), you can determine the possible outcomes.Heterozygous means that the parent has one copy of each gene, homozygous means the parent hasthe same copy for each gene (either both dominant genes or both recessive genes).What are some of the consequences of alcohol exposure in pregnancy? -☑️☑️ND-PAE(neurobehavioral disorder-prenatal alcohol exposure) can cause birth defects and developmentaldisabilities (fetal alcohol spectrum disorders-FASDs).Affects thinking and memory, causes behavioral issues and linked to trouble with everyday functioning

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WGU D236 pathophysiology OA Exam Study Guide 2023 Questions and AnswersWhat are some of the distinctive features associated with trisomy 21, or Down's Syndrome?Why is increased maternal age a risk factor? -☑️☑️Distinct features of Down's syndrome includeintellectual disabilities and common physical features that include slanted eyes, flattened bridge of thenose and forehead, short in stature, poor muscle tone, loose joints and single palmar crease.As a woman's eggs age, they can have mistakes in meiosis potentially leading to a nondisjunctionevent causing trisomy 21What is Spina Bifida?Why are relative deficiencies in Folic acid or B12 associated with Spina Bifida? -☑️☑️Failure to closethe neural tube early in gestation due to low folic acid and B-12. These vitamins help activate DNAsynthesis in the developing fetus in the first 4 weeks of pregnancy, that are responsible for closing upthe spinal column.Three types of spina bifida.1) spina bifida occulta (most common, less severe)2) Meningocele (least common)

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WGU D236 pathophysiology OA Exam Study Guide 2023 Questions and Answers3) Myelomeningocele (most severe).Essential Question: How does the body's cellular responses and adaptations react to disruptions? -☑️☑️The body uses the RAAS system to regulate blood volume and pressure, the immune responsereacts to fight infection, the inflammatory response reacts to injuryDescribe how calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, and calcitriol (Vitamin D) work together to maintainnormal blood calcium levels. -☑️☑️Vitamin D: UV light stimulates formation of cholecalciferol, whichis hydroxylated in the liver and the kidney into the active form of Vitamin D, calcitriol.Calcitriol stimulates absorption of calcium and phosphorus from the GI tract in the intestine andphosphate in the kidney. Calcitriol increases the calcification of osteoid.Calcitriol also stimulates the formation of bone by raising the levels of calcium and phosphorus in theblood. Low vitamin D levels can cause hypocalcemia, which stimulates the parathyroid gland torelease parathyroid hormone (PTH).PTH stimulates osteoclasts to resorb bone calcium to increase blood calcium levels. PTH alsostimulates osteoblasts to form bone. PTH stimulates kidneys to reabsorb calcium into the blood and tosynthesize vitamin D.

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WGU D236 pathophysiology OA Exam Study Guide 2023 Questions and AnswersWhen blood calcium gets too high, the thyroid is stimulated to release calcitonin (suppressesosteoclast activity and calcium will be used to form bone).Describe the function of osteocytes within lacunae of bone -☑️☑️Osteocytes absorb nutrients fromthe bloodstream and distribute them within the bone structure.Osteocytes absorb waste products from the bone and excrete them into the bloodstream.Describe bone remodeling ?Which cells are involved in this process and what is their function? -☑️☑️Osteoclasts breakdownolder bone structure and secrete the release calcium into the bloodstream.Osteoblasts absorb calcium from the bloodstream and use it to build new bone structure.Working together, these two cell types allow for regeneration of damaged bone structure.Describe the process of articular degeneration.

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