AP World History Exam Study Guide Part 2

Answer: King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Though illiterate himself, he sponsored a brief intellectual revival.

Answer: Literally "middle age," a term that historians of Europe use for the period ca. 500 to ca. 1500, signifying its intermediate point between Greco-Roman antiquity and the Renaissance.

Answer: Historians' name for the eastern portion of the Roman Empire from the fourth century onward, taken from "Byzantion," an early name for Constantinople, the Byzantine capital city. The empire fell to the Ottomans in 1453.

Answer: A formal split within a religious community. See Great Western Schism.

Answer: In medieval Europe, a large, self-sufficient landholding consisting of the lord's residence (_____ house), outbuildings, peasant village, and surrounding land.

Answer: In medieval Europe, an agricultural laborer legally bound to a lord's property and obligated to perform set services for the lord. In Russia some _____ worked as artisans and in factories; serfdom was not abolished there until 1861.

Answer: In medieval Europe, a sworn supporter of a king or lord committed to rendering specified military service to that king or lord.

Answer: The central administration of the Roman Catholic Church, of which the pope is the head.

Answer: Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Answer: Dispute between the popes and the Holy Roman Emperors over who held ultimate authority over bishops in imperial lands.

Answer: Armed pilgrimages to the Holy Land by Christians determined to recover Jerusalem from Muslim rule. The ______ brought an end to western Europe's centuries of intellectual and cultural isolation.

Answer: Empire unifying China and part of Central Asia, founded 618 and ended 907. The _____ emperors presided over a magnificent court at their capital, Chang'an.

Answer: The 1,100-mile (1,771-kilometer) waterway linking the Yellow and the Yangzi Rivers. It was begun in the Han period and completed during the Sui Empire.

Answer: A bacterial disease of fleas that can be transmitted by flea bites to rodents and humans. Because of its very high mortality rate and the difficulty of preventing its spread, major outbreaks have created crises in many parts of the world. An outbreak spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons; for example, one-third of Europe's population was killed from it.

Answer: Empire in central and southern China (960-1126) while the Liao people controlled the north. Empire in southern China (1127-1279; the "Southern Song") while the Jin people controlled the north. Distinguished for its advances in technology, medicine, astronomy, and mathematics. A technological advancement was a huge, chain-driven mechanical clock that told the time, day of the month, and indicated the movements of the moon and certain stars and planets. They also improved the compass, introduced the sternpost rudder and watertight bulkheads, and they developed and used gunpowder weapons in their wars.

Answer: A very large flat-bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang, Ming, and Song Empires, specially designed for a long-distance commercial travel.

Answer: An aristocratic family that dominated the Japanese imperial court between the ninth and twelfth centuries.

Answer: A very large flat-bottom sailing ship produced in the Tang, Ming, and Song Empires, specially designed for a long-distance commercial travel.

Answer: Raised fields constructed along lake shores in Mesoamerica to increase agricultural yields.

Answer: Mesoamerican civilization concentrated in Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula and in Guatemala and Honduras but never unified into a single empire. Major contributions were in mathematics, astronomy, and development of the calendar.

Answer: Also known as Mexica, the _____ created a powerful empire in central Mexico (1325-1521 C.E.). They forced defeated peoples to provide goods and labor as a tax.

Answer: Largest and most powerful Andean empire. Controlled the Pacific coast of South America from Ecuador to Chile from its capital of Cuzco.

Answer: System of knotted colored cords used by preliterate Andean peoples to transmit information.

Answer: Constructed by the Anasazi and were underground buildings in the Arizona/New Mexico/Colorado/Utah region around 450-750 C.E. They were centers of culture: weaving, pottery, and religious rituals.

Answer: The title of Temüjin when he ruled the Mongols (1206-1227). It means the "oceanic" or "universal" leader. ______ ______ was the founder of the Mongol Empire.

Answer: Venetian merchant who lived in China for over 20 years working for Kubailai Khan then returned to Italy and wrote a book about his travels that inspired the Europeans to find easier trade routes to Asia to reach the riches found there.

Answer: A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia.

Answer: A way of life, forced by a scarcity of resources, in which groups of people continually migrate to find pastures and water.

Answer: Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate; _____ through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire for nearly a century and founded the Mughal Empire in India.

Answer: Adviser to the Il-khan ruler Ghazan, who converted to Islam on Rashid's advice.

Answer: Prince of Moscow who ended Mongol rule in 1480 and adopted the title of tsar.

Answer: From Latin caesar, this Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to a Russian ruler by Ivan III (r. 1462-1505).

Answer: Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the ______ Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

Answer: Last of the Mongol Great Khans (r. 1260-1294) and founder of the Yuan Empire.

Answer: Empire based in China that Zhu Yuanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The _____ emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. The later years of the _____ saw a slowdown in technological development and economic decline.

Answer: An imperial eunuch and Muslim, entrusted by the Ming emperor Yongle with a series of state voyages that took his gigantic ships through the Indian Ocean, from Southeast Asia to Africa.

Answer: Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan.

Answer: Empire created by indigenous Muslims in western Sudan of West Africa from the thirteenth to fifteenth century. It was famous for its role in the trans-Saharan gold trade. (See also Mansa Kankan Musa and Timbuktu.)

Answer: Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.

Answer: Ship of small to moderate size used in the western Indian Ocean, traditionally with a triangular sail and a sewn timber hull.

Answer: A Persian-influenced literary form of Hindi written in Arabic characters and used as a literary language since the 1300s.

Answer: European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later.

Answer: A mechanical device for transferring text or graphics from a woodblock or type to paper using ink. Presses using movable type first appeared in Europe in about 1450. See also movable type.

Answer: Historians' term for the monarchies in France, England, and Spain from 1450 to 1600. The centralization of royal power was increasing within more or less fixed territorial limits.

Answer: A period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a "rebirth" of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern (trans-Alpine) Renaissance, from roughly the early fifteenth to early seventeenth century.

Answer: Historians' name for the territories of Europe that adhered to the Latin rite of Christianity and used the Latin language for intellectual exchange in the period ca. 1000-1500.

Answer: Beginning in the eleventh century, military campaigns by various Iberian Christian states to recapture territory taken by Muslims. In 1492 the last Muslim ruler was defeated, and Spain and Portugal emerged as united kingdoms.

Answer: An economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.

Answer: A division in the Latin (Western) Christian Church between 1378 and 1417, when rival claimants to the papacy existed in Rome and Avignon.

Answer: In medieval Europe, an association of men (rarely women), such as merchants, artisans, or professors, who worked in a particular trade and banded together to promote their economic and political interests. ______ were also important in other societies, such as the Ottoman and Safavid Empires.

Answer: A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

Answer: Early sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru.

Answer: The forgiveness of the punishment due for past sins, granted by the Catholic Church authorities as a reward for a pious act. Martin Luther's protest against the sale of indulgences is often seen as touching off the Protestant Reformation.

Answer: Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church beginning in 1519. It resulted in the "protesters" forming several new Christian denominations, including the Lutheran and Reformed Churches and the Church of England.

Answer: Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, establishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.

Answer: Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the conquest of Aztec Mexico in 1519-1521 for Spain.

Answer: Spanish explorer who led the conquest of the Inca Empire of Peru in 1531-1533.

Answer: Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean.

Answer: Portuguese prince who promoted the study of navigation and directed voyages of exploration down the western coast of Africa in the fifteenth century.

Answer: The pursuit of people suspected of witchcraft, especially in northern Europe in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Answer: In early modern Europe, the class of well-off town dwellers whose wealth came from manufacturing, finance, commerce, and allied professions.

Answer: A philosophical belief system in eighteenth-century Europe that claimed that one could reform society by discovering rational laws that governed social behavior and were just as scientific as the laws of physics.

Answer: The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science.

Answer: An English political philosopher who argued that governments were created to protect life, liberty, and property and that the people had a right to rebel when a monarch violated these natural rights. His theory began with the assumption that individual rights were the foundation of civil government. (Natural Rights and Consent of the Governed)

Answer: Enlightenment thinker who wrote the Most Famous Philosophe. He was one of the Enlightenment's most critical intellects and great celebrities and believed that Europe's monarchs were likely agents of political and economic reform.

Answer: Enlightenment thinker who devised the idea of Separation of Powers.

Answer: A radical Enlightenment thinker who published The Social Contract, which asserted that the will of the people was sacred and that the legitimacy of monarchs depended on the consent of the people. He envisioned people acting collectively as a result of shared historical experience.

Answer: A powerful European family that provided many Holy Roman Emperors, founded the Austrian (later Austro-Hungarian) Empire, and ruled sixtieth- and seventeenth-century Spain.

Answer: German monk who challenged the pope on the issue of indulgences and other practices he considered corrupt or not Christian. He began the Protestant Reformation, arguing that salvation could be by faith alone, that Christian belief could be based only on the Bible and on Christian tradition.

Answer: The Protestant leader who argued that salvation was God's gift to those who were predestined and that Christian congregations should be self-governing and stress simplicity in life and worship.

Answer: This Spanish nobleman created a new religious order, the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), in 1540. Well-educated Jesuits helped stem the Protestant tide by their teaching and preaching, and they gained converts through overseas missions.

Answer: Was put under house arrest by the Inquisition for supporting Heliocentric Theory. He built a telescope to observe the universe more closely.

Answer: During the Scientific Revolution, this mathematician came up with the Law of Gravity, showing why the planets move around the sun in elliptical orbits. He also helped develop calculus.

Answer: Condition of average person in Western Europe declined. New World crops (corn and potatoes) helped Western European peasants avoid starvation. Deforestation had particularly severe effects on the rural poor, who had relied on free access to forests for wood, building materials, nuts and berries, and wild game. Oppressed by economic and environmental trends, peasants and laborers generally lived in poverty, and their misery often provoked rebellion.

Answer: In contrast to rest of world, young European men and women in early modern Europe often chose own spouses (romantic marriage), but privileged families were more likely to arrange marriages than poor families. Europeans also married later than other cultures: Europeans married in their twenties while most others were married as teens.

Answer: In 1555, the ____ was signed, ending the German Wars of religion and giving German princes the right to choose either Lutheranism or Catholicism as the religion of their kingdoms.

Answer: It was an embrace of a union of church and state by which Henry IV, his son King Louis XII, and his grandson King Louis XIV supported the Catholic Church. Then when Louis XIV entered the picture more, he revoked ____ by which his grandfather had granted religious freedom to his Protestant supporters in 1598.

Answer: (1642-1649) A conflict over royal versus parliamentary rights, caused by King Charles I's arrest of his parliamentary critics and ending with his execution. Its outcome checked the growth of royal absolutism and, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, ensured that England would be a constitutional monarchy. Puritan general Oliver Cromwell replaced King Charles I, and he expanded England's peace overseas and imposed firm control over Ireland and Scotland, but was also unwilling to share power with Parliament.

Answer: was a military revolution in which cannon, muskets, and commoner foot soldiers became the mainstays of European armies. Armies grew in size, and most European states maintained standing armies (except England, which maintained a standing navy).