APUSH Review Part 3

Belief that the US was destined to stretch across the continent; idealistic, sent by God, not for economic or territorial reasons

Vast arid territory west of the Missouri River & east of the Rocky Mountains; encouraged westward expansion after Stephen Long's Expedition

American adventurers and fur trappers who spent most of their time in the Rocky Mountains; 1st to move into Indian territory, land they would ultimately dominate

(1836) Texan gov. declared independence from Mexico; American settlers proclaimed Texan independence; Sam Houston won independence (treaty rejected by Mexican legislature); Texans wanted annexation by U.S.; not done b/c opposition from northerners and anti-slavery groups; fear of sectional controversy

Westward trail route of wagon trains bearing settlers; collective experience; despite contradicting stories, Indian attacks were extremely rare & more helpful than harmful

Driven from NY b/c of persecution; after Joseph Smith was charged w/treason and killed; led by Brigham Young

Successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith; responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Salt Lake City, Utah

Under "joint occupation" by US & Britain; increased immigration & interest; missionaries failed to convert residing natives

American military officer, explorer, the 1st candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the US & 1st presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery; founded & explored CA in preceding decades; "Pathfinder"- mapped Oregon Trail; 1845 report on explorations encouraged westward movement

Objectives that were achieved: reduction of tariff, re-establishment of Independent Treasury, annexation of Texas, settlement of Oregon question, & acquisition of CA

Conflict between the US and Mexico that after the US annexation of Texas, which Mexico still considered its own; US troops fought primarily on foreign soil; covered by mass-circulation newspapers; Whigs opposed

Rejected; slavery would be prohibited in any territory acquired from Mexico

Treaty that ended the Mexican War, granting the U.S. control of Texas, New Mexico, and CA in exchange for $15 million

1849 (San Francisco 49ers) Gold discovered in California attracted a rush of people all over the country and world to San Francisco; arrival of the Chinese; increased pressure on fed gov. to establish a stable gov. in CA

CA admitted as a free state, increased fugitive slave laws, slave trade banned in Washington DC; popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican- American War

Horse-drawn machine that greatly increased the amount of wheat a farmer could harvest; invented by Cyrus McCormick in 1831 & produced wheat in large quantities.

1st commercially successful steel plow used; invented by John Deere

Migration into cities; largest in US history; majority Irish, then Germans b/c of widespread famine in their native countries

Nativism- opposed immigration; aided in the collapse of the second-party system

By Harriet Beecher Stowe- highly influenced England's view on the American Deep South & slavery; novel promoting abolition; intensified sectional conflict.

Law that provided for harsh treatment for escaped slaves & for those who helped them; made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for the arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal and required their return to slaveholders; Supreme Court eventually overturned the laws--> South outraged

Affected by the fugitive slave act after he became a fugitive in Massachusetts; was captured & tried; 1st person in the United States tried under the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

American political and cultural attitude in the mid-19th century that supported ideas like "manifest destiny" & the expansion of democracy westward to distract Americans from slavery issue; formed as a political organization; advocated free trade, expansion southward into the territories, & support for republican movements abroad; became a faction in the Democratic Party in the 1850s

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny.

Created Nebraska and Kansas as states & gave the ppl in those territories the right to chose to be either a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.; repealed Missouri Compromise; destroyed Whig party & led to emergence of Republican party

Senator from Illinois, author of the Kansas-Nebraska Act & the Freeport Doctrine, argues in favor of popular sovereignty; debated Lincoln prior to the 1860 presidential election

Political ideology of the 1840s that opposed the expansion of slavery in order to allow white farmers to settle in western territories; believed slavery was dangerous b/c it was a threat to whites & the rights of all; believe the South wanted to extend slavery & destroy Northern capitalism --> formed Republican party

Political party that believed in the non-expansion of slavery & consisted of Whigs, N. Democrats, & Free-Soilers in defiance to the Slave Powers

sequence of violent events involving abolitionists & pro-Slavery elements that took place in Kansas-Nebraska Territory; dispute further strained the relations of the North and South, making civil war imminent; Kansas- symbol of conflict

Heavily armed Pro slavery radicals burned most of the city of Lawrence to the ground, stole their hogs, scattered their women and children.

Abolitionist John Brown and his men killed 5 pro-slavery men in Kansas; response to Sack of Lawrence

Sumner of Massachusetts criticized Bulter of S. Carolina in Senate --> Preston Brooks beat Sumner w/ cane--> angered Northerners

Ruling by the Supreme Court —reversed by the 14th Amendment in 1868— black Americans were not citizens under the Constitution; the Missouri Compromise (which banned slavery in the territories) was unconstitutional

Free-staters refuse to participate in election in Kansas; fraudulent election; opposed by Douglas; constitution resubmitted and rejected by Kansas voters; South angry at Douglas; Kansas admitted as free state

During the race to become Senator Lincoln asked to have multiple debates with Douglas; certain topics of these debates were slavery, how to deal with slavery, and where slavery should be allowed; although Lincoln lost the election to Douglas, he was known throughout the country because of the debates; Douglas said ppl could exclude slavery by not enforcing & protecting slave-owner property--> ppl would not support Douglas for president

John Brown's failed scheme to invade the South w/ armed slaves, backed by sponsoring, N. abolitionists; seized the fed. arsenal; Brown & remnants were caught by Robert E. Lee and the US Marines; Brown was hanged; South feared danger if it stayed in Union

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won this election b/c the Democratic party was split over slavery; as a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a # of states seceded from the Union.

After Lincoln was elected President and threatened to abolish slavery, the Southern states secceeded from the North; 7 originally seceded, but 4 soon followed.

Eventually made up of 11 former states that seceded; Jefferson Davis was the 1st & only president; unable to defeat the North b/c of lack of railroad lines, lack of industry, & inability to get European nations to support their cause.

Civil War: effective commander-in-chief, took advantage of Northern materials, destruction of Confederate armies; ignored parts of the Constitution

total war; Union is perpetual v. liberty before Union; began w/ bombardment of Fort Sumter; Lee surrendered at Appotomax; 600k casualties; legacy expanded federal power and destroyed agrarian south

Passed March 1863; virtually all males eligible to be in army; could escape service by paying gov. or finding replacement; increased voluntary enlistments

Reaction to the Union military draft; anti-black Irish Americans burnt down buildings and killed blacks; feared for their jobs; opposition of draft by immigrants & laborers

Habeas Corpus was suspended; civil law was suspended in those areas of the South under Union Control & placed under martial law; censorship imposed on several newspapers and journalist; restrictions on commerce enacted & enforced; attacked opposition, arrested civilian dissenters

N. Democrats who opposed the Civil War & sympathized w/ the South; fought against Lincoln, the draft & emancipation

Morrill Tariff; National Banking Act; Homestead Act; Morrill Land Grant Act--> land-grant colleges; Pacific Railway Acts--> 1st transcontinental railroads; Contract Labor Law- import immigration labor; bound northern industrialists & western farmers to Republican party & contributed to rapid postwar expansion of US industrialization

Taxation (levied taxes on all goods and services); paper currency (greenbacks printed backed by gov.); borrowing American ppl & banks/ war bonds

Drafted 1861; similar to the original; guaranteed sovereignty of the Confederate states & prohibited the Confederate Congress from enacting protective tariffs & from supporting internal improvements; specifically sanctioned slavery; president had 6-year terms; line-item veto

Began in Apr. 1862; 1st in US history; subjected all white males to service for 3 years unless substitute was provided or owned slaves; intense opposition; repealed 1863; reintroduced in 1864 & allowed slaves to join; 1 white man for every 20 slaves was left on plantations

Used specie money backed by gold and silver; paper money was overprinted & not uniform--> mass inflation (9000%); small/unstable banking system; hard to request funds from states, income tax, & borrowing unable to raise significant funds

Foreign event involving Union seizure of British ship with Confederate diplomats; tensions btw Britain & US eased w/ Lincoln's negotiations

Turning points of Civil War in 1863; G: bloodiest battle where Lee's army never recovered from casualties; V: placed Mississippi River under control of Union & split Confederacy in 1/2

5 political parties supported candidates for the presidency: War Democrats, Peace Democrats, Copperheads, Radical Republicans, & National Union Party; each political party offered a diff. point of view on how the war should be run & what should be done to the Confederate states after the war; National Union Party joined w/ Lincoln, who won the election on the recent northern victories against the South; decided that the Confederacy would lose & that slavery was dead

Campaign from Atlanta to the Atlantic Ocean; Union army destroyed everything on path; "forty acres and a mule" legend

All-out war that affects civilians at home as well as soldiers in combat; military, economic, political, & social war; destruction of resources was vital

Series of laws passed by fed gov. designed to liberate slaves in seceded states; authorized Union seizure of rebel property, and stated that all slaves who fought with Confederate military services were freed of further obligations to their masters; virtually emancipation act of all slaves in Confederacy

Issued by Lincoln on Sept. 22, 1862; declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free; not applied to border states; gov. actively enlists blacks into Union military; abolition of slavery was a Union war goal

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

New employment opportunities: clerks, factories, nursing, teaching, etc.; beginning of national woman's suffrage moment

Nurse during the Civil War; founder of the American Red Cross

Period after the Civil War in the US when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union; struggle over status of former Confederate states & political, social, economic position of freedmen

Fed. agency set up to help former slaves after the Civil War; focus was to provide food, medical care, administer justice, manage abandoned & confiscated property, regulate labor, and establish schools.

L: 10% Plan used to encourage people to join Republican party; pocket-vetoed Congress's Wade-Davis Bill; J: appointed provisional governors, allowing former Confederate officials to immediately regain power; amnesty to Southerners who took allegiance; rapid readmission of Confederate states

Laws passed in the South after the civil war aimed at controlling freedmen & enabling plantation owners to exploit African American workers; denied all blacks rights; guaranteed white supremacy

Congressional election; radical republicans took control of Congress & started Congressional Reconstruction--> Congress could enact its own plan over Johnson's veto

Military districts in south; respond with Wade-Davis Bill - authorized President to appoint provisional governor for each conquered state; new state constitutions that renounce secession as illegal, abolish slavery, disenfranchise Confederate leaders; repudiate Confederate debts

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens & are guaranteed equal protection of the laws; citizenship by birth & naturalization; prohibited state gov. from infringing on equal rights; gave black Americans citizenship & legal equality; still allowed the North to prohibit black suffrage

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote b/c of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

15th amendment caused split in women's movement b/c did not give women's suffrage

10 southern states were divided into 5 military districts in 1867; register voters; Congress sovereign in all governing decisions in South; ratification of Southern state constitutions only need majority of actual voters rather than those registered; black voters registered

Attempted against President in 1868; power struggle b/t him and Congress; President removed cabinet officer w/o Senate approval & interfered w/ Congressional reconstruction; crippled his presidency

Reality after Civil War; unqualified blacks held gov. positions but never achieved dominance; corruption existed but no more than during Gilded Age; increased taxes & public debt - to pay for public schools; new constitutions of southern states - established free public school abolished property & qualifications for voting/jury duty

Southern whites who supported Republican policy through reconstruction

Northern whites who moved to the South & served as Republican leaders during reconstruction

Sherman's Special Field Order; slogan promising blacks (freedman) forty acres of land & a mule to plow with ; failed reconstruction attempt

Historian William Dunning wrote Reconstruction was oppressive in South

Started by Nathan Bedford Forrest; secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremacy in Southern states after the Civil War.

Gave expanded power to fed. authorities to stop KKK violence & to protect civil rights of citizens in the South.

Advocated white Democratic Southerners must gain political power by any means

Reduced tensions b/t poor whites & bourbons; race unity; KKK prevented black citizens & white republicans from voting through open intimidation; Mississippi Plan

Deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) & Samuel Tilden (Dem.); Hayes was awarded presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of fed. troops from the South--> ended Reconstruction

Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South; staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem" the south by taking back southern state gov.; foundation rested on the idea of racism & white supremacy; waged and aggressive assault on African Americans; political power to white Democrats; lower taxation, lower gov. spending, lower education; advances of Reconstruction gov. dismantled

System of farming in which a person rents land to farm from a planter & pays in crops or $

System that allowed farmers to get more credit; used harvested crops to pay back loans.

Began in 1865, by 1890 it had bought out its competitors & created American Tobacco Company ; 1 market that South controlled; 90% of US tobacco production

Attempts at disenfranchisement of blacks; included poll tax, grandfather clause, literacy tests; 1890s discrimination in voting; loopholes for whites

Laws designed to enforce segregation of blacks from whites in all public facilities & social interaction; white supremacy ideology

Ruled that the 14th Amendment did not create a new set of national citizenship rights; did not give US gov. power to suppress ordinary crimes, only when states denied rights; did not prohibit private organizations from discriminating

A case that was brought to challenge the legality of segregation; court ruled that separate accommodations did not deprive blacks of rights if accommodations were equal

Women activist who lead the movement to ban lynching--> fed. anti-lynching laws failed

African Americans who moved from post reconstruction South to Kansas.

Myth: Civil War fought over states' rights & creation of independent nation; slavery was not a major cause; slavery would have been eventually eliminated; unity b/t North & South to exclusion of blacks

African American progressive who supported segregation & demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality

Argument put forward by Booker T. Washington that African-Americans should not focus on civil rights or social equality but concentrate on economic self-improvement; should not challenge segregation

Attacked "Atlanta Compromise" in The Souls for the Black Folk; believed that African Americans should strive for full rights immediately; demanded restoration of civil rights by "ceaseless agitation"

Founded by W.E.B. DuBois to promote the education of African Americans in the liberal arts; end segregation & discrimination in unions, courts, & public accommodations; equality of opportunity

Founded in 1909 to abolish segregation and discrimination; opposed racism & strove to gain civil rights for African Americans; got Supreme Court to declare grandfather clause unconstitutional

Refers to a region that had unique socioeconomic developments post-Civil War; contained sources of agricultural goods and raw materials that fed urban and industrial growth; included racial division in which whites used violence to assert their dominance; people living here looked beyond their region for human and financial resources; whites exploited Latinos and forced Indians to assimilate; mining, ranching and agriculture were used initially -> followed by corporations

These were built across North America in the 1860s, linking the railway network of the Eastern United States with California on the Pacific coast; made communication and trade throughout the country easier; opened west to miners and open range ranching; Irish and Chinese workers played role in construction; led to the near extinction of buffalo

This act, passed in 1862, gave 160 acres of public land to any settler who would farm the land for five years.