APush Unit 2 Vocab Part 1

The Hartford Convention was a meeting of New England Federalists held in Hartford Connecticut in the winter of 1814-15. These Federalist opposed the War of 1812 and held the convention to discuss and seek redress by Washington for their complaints and wrongs that the felt had been done. Many of these complaints were manifestation of their fears of being overpowered by states in the south and west. The Hartford Convention was an example of the growing issue of Sectionalism and was another event in the approaching end of the Federalist Party.

Sectionalism is disunity between the states based on location and lifestyle as a result of their location. George Washington warned against sectionalism in his Farewell Address. In the early years of the United States sectionalism developed between the agrarian southern states and the industrial northern states. The Sectionalism would cause much friction between the states on many issues and the issues that would cause this sectionalism to develop would make it a primary cause of Civil War.

The Industrial Revolution was a period during the 19th century where much of the technology involving the production and manufacturing of goods were improved in the U.S. The improvement of this technology made industry more efficient and encouraged people to become involved with industry. The further industrialization of the North also increased sectionalism between the north and south. The Industrial Revolution gave America the jump-start into industry that it needed to become the industrial powerhouse it would one day be.

The Cotton Gin was a machine made by Eli Whitney in 1793 that separated cotton seeds from the fiber. The Cotton Gin made the process of collecting cotton much more efficient and raised its profitability. This resurgence in the production of cotton fed the industrial revolution and revived slavery in the south.

Interchangeable parts went along with the method of assembly line production. Interchangeable parts were machine made and ergo were identical. Having interchangeable parts meant that the same part would fit in multiple products because the pieces were all the same. Interchangeable parts fed the industrial revolution especially in the North. They also sparked the beginnings of mass-production and gave the North and advantage in the production of goods during the Civil War.

The Lowell System was employed in mills during the Industrial Revolution especially in New England. The Lowell System involved employing young women to work and often live on mills, for low wages, before they were married. These women had few privileges and were monitored the majority of the time. Despite the low wages, few privileges, and dangerous, arduous work, the Lowell System was a step forward in women's rights because it had been very rare for a woman to work and earn wages beforehand.

The Adams-Onis Treaty was made between America and Spain in 1819. It solved many land disputes between the two nations and gave Florida to America. The treaty set a new boundary line for America as a way to solve the land disputes. The treaty was considered an achievement for American diplomacy and eased tensions between Spain and America.

Nationalism is pride in one's nation and a desire for their nation to succeed. In the years following the War of 1812 Nationalism in the United States increased. The nation became more unified and the effects of this desire for success influenced many American institutions including its economy and trade.

The Monroe Doctrine was created by James Monroe in 1823 in an attempt to protect American lands from further settlement. It declared that the time for colonization was at an end and went on to say that any attempts to further colonize the Americas would be seen as animosity towards the United States. The Monroe Doctrine was born from and perpetuated nationalism in the United States and would be looked to by future presidents.

Westward expansion was the increasing colonization of American territory in the west during the 19th century. Westward expansion was fueled the acquisition of land further west in the Louisiana Purchase and propagated the concept of Manifest Destiny in America. Westward Expansion would spread Americans further across the country and be the first American population of the high populous Western Cities of today.

The American System was first proposed by Henry Clay as a way to strengthen America during its time of prosperity after the War of 1812. The American System was very similar to economic plans proposed by Alexander Hamilton. It proposed creating a new protective tariff, reinstituting a Bank of the United States, and the construction of more reliable methods of travel (i.e. roads, railroads, and canals).The American system would make travel and the shipment of goods throughout the U.S. easier. Though the states would be given the responsibility of creating the roads and therefore the new system of travel could be disorganized at times. The Panic of 1819 occurred as a result of irresponsibility within the National Bank.

The Tariff of 1816 was a protective tariff that was instituted as a part of Clay's American System. This tax on imports was reminiscent of the Protective Tariff of Hamilton's presidency that taxed imported goods. The Tariff of 1816 was well received by the public; it also encouraged American production and manufacturing and fueled the economic prosperity during the Era of Good Feelings.

The Panic of 1819 was a period of economic hard times that fell upon the U.S. in 1819. The Panic of 1819 was the result of irresponsibility within the Bank of the United States and the irresponsibility of those who used it causing severe deflation of the dollar. The Panic of 1819, a time when many people were imprisoned for debt, put a spotlight on the cruelty of imprisoning debtors.

The Era of Good Feelings was a period of relative economic prosperity and peace in the U.S. following the War of 1812. The Era of Good Feelings was fueled by Nationalist sentiments among American citizens. It set the stage for many economic and domestic expansions including westward expansion.

Gibbons v. Ogden was a case presided over by Chief Justice John Marshall. The case concerned whether or not New York could grant a private business a monopoly over trade via waterways between New York and New Jersey. Marshall ruled against it, mentioning the fact that Congress is in charge of issues involving interstate commerce. This ruling dealt a blow to states rights in the continuing struggle over the power of the states and the federal government.

McCullough v. Maryland was a law suit in 1819 that concerned Maryland's right to tax a branch of the Bank of the United States. Chief Justice John Marshall denied the state of Maryland this right, once again using judicial review. This ruling gave the Federal Government more power over the states in the continuous power struggle.

The Missouri Compromise was made in 1820 as an attempt to calm tensions over disagreements between the North and the South over the future of slavery. The South felt that it needed to add more slave states in order to keep its power and Congress and prevent the abolishment of slavery. The Compromise included admitting Maine as a Free State and Missouri as a slave state. It was also proclaimed that Missouri and any lands below its bottom boundary could remain slave states while the rest of the territory above the boundary would be free. The South was upset by the difference in area that was proclaimed free in comparison to the land that was to use slavery. The Compromise that was supposed to ease tensions only strengthened them.

The Tallmadge Amendment was an attempt to stem the use of slavery in the U.S. particularly in Missouri. The Tallmadge Amendment demanded that no more slaves be brought into Missouri and that children born to slaves be gradually emancipated. The Tallmadge Amendment outraged both Southerners and pioneers expanding westward to Missouri and heated the conflict between the North and South.

Andrew Jackson was a hero of the War of 1812 known as 'Old Hickory' who was elected as president in 1828. He was wildly popular among the citizens of the U.S., especially those in the west, but caused a fair share of controversy during his presidency. He became known for the 'Tariff of Abominations', his use of the spoils system, and dismantling the Bank of the United States, among other things, and the controversy surrounding them. He also played a major role in the formation of both the Democrat and Whig political parties.

Henry Clay was one of the Great Triumvirate and was a Senator and Representative of Kentucky. He proposed the American System in the time of heightened Nationalism following the War of 1812, which would be quite effective for a time. During Andrew Jackson's presidency Clay often found himself at odds with the President. Opposition to Jackson would be a primary reason for the creation of the Whig political party, which Clay would lead.

John C. Calhoun, one of the Great Triumvirate, was a political theorist who was an advocate of slavery, nullification, and southern succession. Secretly he wrote The South Carolina Exposition protesting the Tariff of Abominations and urging that states nullify it. He was involved in and influenced many hot-button political issues at the time including slavery and the succession of the southern states.

Nicholas Biddle was the president of the Bank of the United States during Jackson's Presidency. Biddle held a large amount over America's economy and those in opposition of the Bank felt that both Biddle and the Bank were corrupt and unconstitutional. Biddle fought against Jackson's dismantling of the Bank up until the Bank expired. The consequences of Biddle's retaliation began a small financial crisis and gave those who had opposed the Bank in the first place vindication in their opposition.

The Judiciary Act of 1789 established the largely underdeveloped American Judiciary System. The Act gave the Supreme Court a chief justice, 5 Associate Justices, 3 Federal Circuit Courts, and the power to appeal a state decision that may be deemed unconstituational. The Act established the Judicial Branch as how we know it now, gave more power to the Federal Government, and allowed the new government to be able to do what was necessary to keep the new nation running.

Hamilton used the "necessary and proper" clause to authorized Congress to do whatever was necessary to carry out its enumerated powers: thus create a national bank of sorts. Wealthy American investors would fund the bank, allowing it to issue paper money and handle tax receipts/ other government funds. The national bank was a huge controversy as it gave a huge amount of power to the federal government, something anti-federalists feared. However, at the same time, it took care of national debt and set up the foundations for today's Department of Treasury.

The Excise Tax was a tariff on the manufacturing of an item, specifically whiskey. This helped Hamilton to achieve his goal of a strong central government, supported by the wealthy manufacturers. This tax mainly targeted poor Western front corn farmers, (as corn was too expensive to ship overseas so it was distilled into whiskey). This was used to demonstrate the power of the Federal Government, but sparked anger from the farmers, rousing the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794.

1794 - Jay Treaty was established in the hopes of settling the growing conflicts between the U.S. and Britain. It gave the US full control of Northwest posts, while still allowing the British to continue trading in the area. It led to Pinckney's treaty because the Spanish feared an Anglo-American alliance. It was particularly unpopular with France. It aided to growing tension and opposition for the US, France, and Britain.

In 1794, farmers in Pennsylvania rebelled against Hamilton's excise tax on whiskey, and several federal officers were killed in the riots caused by their attempts to serve arrest warrants on the offenders. In October, 1794, the army, led by Washington, put down the rebellion. The incident showed that the new government under the Constitution could react swiftly and effectively to such a problem.

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand (about quelling the growing tension between the US and French), but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand. The Affair rouses American anger and resentment toward foreigners, especially the French. In addition, the US deployed a navy to combat the French seizure of US ships.

Edmond Charles Genêt. was a French diplomat who disagreed with the policy of neutrality and came to the U.S. in 1793 to ask the American government to send money and troops to aid the revolutionaries in the French Revolution. Washington and Jefferson call for his removal, as he broke all rules of diplomacy. However, Genêt refuses and becomes a US citizen. This marked a continued French Beauregard of American rules and led to intensified feelings of distaste towards the French. In addition, caused the Alien and Sedition Acts to be passed.

The treaty between America and Spain in 1795 which granted America practically all they demanded, including all land east of the Mississippi (excluding Florida), and opened New Orleans and the Mississippi River to American traders. The Treaty established friendship between the US and Spain, as well as give more access of land to America.