APush Unit 2 Vocab Part 2

These resolutions were a direct response from the Alien and Sedition acts. Drafted by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, they claimed that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated the U.S. Constitution and were a misuse of government power. These resolutions affirmed the principle of nullification: a state could consider any act of Congress null and void. The resolutions voiced the disagreement between more federal and state power, but the issue died quickly.

Washington's Farewell Address took place in 1792 when Washington left office after two terms. His speech outlined the issues that America must watch out for (including foreign involvement/ alliances, factions, and sectionalism). In order for America's unity and strength to last, we must do our best to battle against those issues and stay connected. Washington's address served as a warning, and a very prophetic one at that. However, America still survived as a country.

The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the Supreme Court to determine the meaning of the U.S. Constitution. The decision established the Court's power of judicial review over acts of Congress. This gave the Judicial Branch a major power, allowing them equal involvement in the government and more organization. Without Judicial Review, there would be many of unsolved court cases and possibly unfair laws.

A period of brutal conflict in the French colony of Saint-Domingue, lasting from 1993 to 1801, led by Toissant L'Ouverture (an African Slave). It led to the elimination of slavery and the establishment of Haiti as the first republic ruled by people of African ancestry. Africans were able to defeat the British, Spanish, and almost the French (who recaptured the colony after a few years)

The U.S., under Jefferson, bought the Louisiana territory from France, under the rule of Napoleon, in 1803. The U.S. paid $15 million for the Louisiana Purchase, and Napoleon gave up his empire in North America (eliminating the French threat in America), Jefferson gains power, the Federalists lose power, the U.S. gains control of the New Orleans port and the Mississippi trade route and America doubles its size.

British practice of taking American sailors from American ships and forcing them into the British navy; a factor that aggravated US/ British tension and was a major cause of the War of 1812.

This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. However, it did not hurt French/ British economy as much as hoped- America's trade was simply replaced. Rather, it hurt the national economy. It's repealed and replaced with the Non-intercourse Act of 1809

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored peace and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war ended the Federalist party, strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

A document drafted by the second Continental Congress in 1776 declaring the colonies independent from Great Britain's rule; written by Thomas Jefferson. Said 'all men are created equal', but this didn't apply to women or blacks; listed grievances against the King and threats to their 'inalienable rights'. Led to the American Revolution as a need for the colonists to assert their independence; united Americans under a common goal.

The first constitution adopted during the second Continental Congress in 1781 during the revolution. It aimed to fix the immediate problems that the colonies faced after the end of Great Britain's rule, such as their unhappiness with taxation. It ultimately failed as a government because it gave too much power to the states, and Congress did not have the ability to tax, regulate trade, or control currency. It led to the writing of the Constitution to fix the problems of the nation and establish a more stable government. People realized that they would have to relinquish some power to the government in order to function as a nation.

A rebellion of backcountry farms in western Massachusetts who were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures. Led by Daniel Shays in 1786; they demanded cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of property takeovers. Highlighted the need for a strong national government instead of the one set up by the Articles of Confederation. Although the rebellion was squashed, it ignited fear in the upper class that more rebellions such as these would happened, and called serious attention to the faults of the Articles.

One of the most important pieces of legislature passed under the Continental Congress; established the process for which new states would be added to the Union; prohibited slavery in the northwest territories; set up a process for creating governments and plotting land in the new states, involved the ways they would be taxed to make money for the national government. Important because of the ways it established adding a new state to the nation and contributed to the country's wants to expand further westward by setting up more states.

A convention in Annapolis, Maryland in 1786 that met to discuss the debatable issues of commerce, trade and navigation in the nation. However because of poor attendance (only 5 states were represented), Alexander Hamilton wrote up a proposition for another Constitutional Convention the following year, which was the most significant outcome of the meeting.

The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. They planned to revise the Articles of Confederation to make it stronger but, finding too many problems, it instead designed a new plan of government, the US Constitution. It is important because it was the meeting of men that drafted the Constitution, which became the long-lasting outline of government for the United States

A plan proposed by James Madison at the Constitutional Convention that said that Congress should be divided with bicameral legislature, and representation in Congress should be determined by state population. This largely favored the southern states because they had larger populations (slaves) and would get more representation. Important because it became the form of representation in the House of Representatives.

A plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention that said Congress should be composed of one legislative body (single-chamber) with each state having only one vote. Complete opposite of the Virginia plan. Created conflict between the north and the south, because the south wanted more representation. This became the form of representation in the Senate.

The compromise in Congress that decided on bicameral legislature where one section (the House of Representatives) would have representation based on population (which pleased the Southern states) and another section (the Senate) would have equal representation from each state (which pleased the Northern states). This became the set up of the legislative branch of Congress that exists today.

During the Constitutional Convention, the north and south couldn't agree on whether or not to include slaves in a state's population. The north argued that including slaves was unfair and would guarantee the Southern states more representation, whereas the south argued that they were part of the population and should thus be included. A compromise was reached that counted slaves as 3/5 of a person. This decision was important because it politically acknowledged that slaves were not people, but still didn't count for anything. Also showed the vast differences between the opinions of the north and the south (beginnings of sectionalism)

The division of power between the central government and the state governments. After the Articles of Confederation people saw that it was essential to share the power with the central government and not just give it all to the states. This idea was important in the Constitution and remains important today; helped establish strength as a country by giving certain powers to Congress and others to states.

The policy set up in the Constitution that allows certain branches of government to have powers over other branches so as to avoid one section becoming all powerful. ex: Legislative branch can pass bills but Executive branch can veto those bills. Important because it keeps a government (or a specific section of it) from becoming too powerful.

The division among powers in the Constitution between the legislative, executive and judicial branch. This policy tries to insure that the government won't become too powerful, which was important to the colonists as they tried to avoid a tyranny like the had with Great Britain. It is a policy still in place today.

The three branches of government (as established in the Constitution and as they still exist today) are the legislative, which makes the laws; the executive, which execute the laws; and the judicial, which interpret the laws. Effective because it divides the power three ways, without letting it become centered, and gives different duties to each section.

A group of representatives that are picked to represent states in a vote for the president and vice-president. Each member of the electoral college represents a state, and the votes they make reflect the votes made and the decisions of their state. It was originally created to keep the 'uneducated masses' from voting for the president, and consisted of only wealthy educated white males.

A series of anonymous essays written by Hamilton, Madison and Jay that were written in a New York newspaper and aimed to try and convince people that of the benefits of the Constitution. They elaborated on its strengths in comparison to the Articles, and tried to get the states to ratify the Constitution. These essays had a great effect and convinced the final states to ratify, which was important because it then meant that there were no states opposed to the Constitution, which made it that much stronger.

The first ten amendments made to the Constitution that protected and guaranteed people's inalienable and natural rights, like freedom of speech/religion, right to bear arms, etc. It gave the states all the power that the Constitution did not give to Congress, which was a key amendment. The Bill of Rights was essential in getting the final states to ratify the Constitution, as it convinced them that they would be safe and still have rights as individual citizens. These were the first of many amendments added to the Constitution, and were important in making the Constitution unanimously ratified.

A long process because of the many disagreements between the Federalists and AntiFederalists in the writing and signing of the Constitution. Eventually, with the addition of the Bill of Rights, the Constitution was sent out to all the states and was voted on and approved as the formal Constitution of the United States. The ratification allowed all states to be in agreement, and the Constitution was set in place as the outline of government until present day.

When William Henry Harrison urged the Indians to sign away 3 million acres of Indian territory, they were met with Indian anger and opposition. Chief Tecumseh banned with British to protect the land, but his brother decided to wage an attack on the "white menace". Harrison and his men retaliated, burning down the Indian village and discovering British weapons within. The Battle of Tippecanoe roused War Hawks' cry for war against the British as well as caused anger and distrust towards them.

As apart of the Chesapeake Campaign, the British landed in the Chesapeake Bay and made their way to Washington D.C., burning it to the ground. It was retaliation from the battle of York in 1813, when Americans burned and looted. It didn't have the desired affect, but rather distracted the British, and roused unity and opposition towards the British menace.

Jackson led a battle that occurred when British troops attacked U.S. soldiers in New Orleans on January 8, 1815; the War of 1812 had officially ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent in December, 1814, but word had not yet reached the U.S. Jackson's popularity was increased, the British were driven back, and it marked the very last battle of the War of 1812.

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the prewar status. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. It didn't deal with the many causes of the War of 1812 (such as impressment), but made way for nationalism, and the Era of Good Feelings: a period of economic growth and prosperity.