APUSH Unit 2 Vocab Part 3

A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War.

Two abolitionists and suffragettes, who came from South Carolina in an aristocratic family. Both sisters became Quaker abolitionists. In 1835, Angela wrote an anti-slavery letter to Abolitionist leader William Lloyd Garrison, who published it in The Liberator. They spoke at abolitionist meetings. In 1837, Angelina was invited to be the first woman to speak at the Massachusetts State Legislature. Sarah and Angelina Grimke also supported women's suffrage. The sisters roused support for both of their reform causes, helping move them forward.

1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. He got word out about the cause, roused support for it, and helped move the reform cause forward.

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education, he was a prominent proponent of public school reform, and set the standard for public schools throughout the nation. He was responsible for education reform and many of his ideas shaped educations as we know it today. He also helped with other reform movements along with Dorthea Dix.

The general term for the privateers in the employ of the ruler of the Barbary empire spanning the northern African coast, who plundered American, French, and British ships alike, with their king demanding protection money in return for a particular countries safe passage. Their threat to American shipping prompted action, and their defeat by the hands of the American navy brought a level of respect to America abroad.

One of the two first political parties of the American government, the federalists believed that the key to American prosperity was to have a strong central government. They generally supported laws and ideas which were geared towards the industrialization of America and those which would strengthen the American upper class. They identified most with the Tories, who supported the British during the American revolution, and eventually became the modern Democrat party.

The party which opposed the Federalists, this party believed that states should the majority of political power in America, and the central government should be kept weak. They generally favored laws and ideas which supported the lower class, provided liberty, and helped agriculture. They identified most with the revolutionaries of France, and eventually morphed into the modern Republican party.

Two American explorers tasked with the job of surveying the recently purchased Louisiana Purchase, after the land was bought from Napoleon Bonaparte. They were helped along through their trip by Sacajawea, and were the first Americans to reach the Eastern coast.

A native American who joined the Lewis and Clark expedition on its journey to the Western coast of the New World, providing diplomatic protection from Indians and translation service.

Democratic-republican politicians who advocated war with Britain, and put on the pressure to start the War of 1812. They were mostly young, and concerned with trying to oppose the British on account of Americas bumpy heritage with them. The war won unprecedented respect for America.

America's 3rd President, Jefferson was an Anti-Federalist who was best known for his efforts to keep America out of conflict, and his penning of the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions alongside Madison. He was also in charge of the American embargo and has both the Louisiana Purchase and the Lewis and Clark expeditions as part of his resume.

The leader of the Native American coalition, who worked together with his brother Tenskwatawa to fight back against American westward expansion. They formed a widespread Indian confederacy, and convinced their brethren to give up certain vices in order to better prepare for the fight. Tenskwatawa was killed in a foolish charge at the Battle of Tippecanoe, while Tecumseh died alongside British troops at the Battle of the Thames.

the first head of the American treasury, Alexander was the primary supporter of the whiskey excise tax, and so was indirectly responsible for the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794. he was a staunch federalist, and at one point suggested warring with France after the XYZ Affair.

A very skilled judge, Marshall was a hold over from the now defunct federalist party. He was responsible for flexing the central governments muscles in several cases by citing the powers dictated to the federal government by the constitution. Such cases include Cohen v. Virginia, and McCulloh v. Maryland, the first of which allowed him to assert supreme court power over state supreme, and the second being a case of states trying to tax the federal bank. Gibbons v. Ogden, where in New York tried to give a monopoly for control of its shipping with New Jersey, was struck down when John pointed out that only the federal government could handle interstate matters according to the constitution.

An organized group with the goal of deporting freed African slaves to a colony in Africa, which was built in Liberia, and reached a population of 5 million in only 40 years. It was appealing to racist whites because it distanced them from blacks.

Thomas Jefferson's personal political party, which supported revolutionary France and was the later incarnation of the anti-Federalists. It opposed most of President Hamilton's measures and laws, and was focused primarily on limiting the powers of the federal government.

The apologists view of slavery was that it was not a necessary evil, but a positive good. They pointed out how slaves were properly fed, clothed, and taught scripture once they had been brought to America, with their lives universally improved in comparison to their hungry, godless existences in the dangerous lands of Africa. Apologists pointed out examples of slaves being treated like an extension of the slaveholders own family, and compared the support earned from this surrogate family to the sink-or-swim wage slavery of the north, where a freedman had to get by on their own with little companionship or help in the impersonally industrial economy.

An anti-slavery fiction book written by Harriet Beecher Stowe, and was one of the catalysts of the American Civil War. Abraham Lincoln actually attributed part of the blame on the author, referring to her as "the little lady who started this great war." It sold the record number of copies of the decade, and the second most of the century.

One of the leaders of the American war for independence, George Washington was the head of the American spy system and the American military. After the war, he was unanimously elected President of the United States, and resigned after two terms. During his tenure as President, Washington formed the First Cabinet, and delivered the first inaugural address in America, both traditions that have stayed with the US. In addition, he was responsible for the quelling of Shay's Rebellion, which prompted his administration to replace the old Articles of Confederation with the new Constitution. He presided over the Constitutional Convention which drafted and ratified the new Constitution, still in use today.

the Cabinet of trusted heads of state appointed by George Washington after his inauguration as President of the United States. The Cabinet was composed of Henry Knox as Secretary of War, Edmund Randolph as Attorney General, Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of the Treasury, and Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State. They were responsible for the military, the law system, the treasury and federal funding, and diplomatic relations, respectively.

A war hero from the Battle of Tippecanoe, and Americas 9th President, who had both the shortest term and the longest inaugural speech in American history. His speech was nearly 2 hours long, despite being edited for length, and he was inaugurated in the rain with no coat or hat on. He contracted a cold 3 weeks later, which developed into pneumonia due to his busy schedule, which prevented any proper rest.

One of the Founding Fathers, Henry was the one to give the famous "Give me Liberty, or give me Death!" speech. He was a member of the Virginia quorum which enacted the Stamp Act Resolutions, thus catalyzing the American Revolution. He was one of the leaders of the Anti-Federalists Party, and opposed the United States Constitution on the grounds that it gave too much power to the federal government, and so was one of the politicians to demand the inclusion of the Bill of Rights.

America's 2nd President, and a Federalist. He was the Vice-President of George Washington for both of his terms, and had to deal with the Quasi-War during his own administration. He settled the conflict peacefully, and also was the one to sign the Alien and Sedition Acts. He had policies of strengthening the federal government, as well as strengthening the Army and the Navy.

One of the founding members of the Democratic-Republican Party, alongside Thomas Jefferson, He was the 4th President of the United States, and is considered the "Father of the Bill of Rights." As Jefferson's Secretary of State, Madison was responsible for the Louisiana Purchase. During his own Presidency, he attempted to enforce an embargo on the warring nations of France and Britain, but ultimately found that he had overestimated their reliance on American trade, and so the American economy was effectively locked out of its 2 biggest markets for several years. Madison eventually declared war on Britain and France, thus commencing the War of 1812. the general difficulties of the American military in the war convinced Madison that a stronger central government was needed if America was to survive any sort of military conflict.

Invented the cotton gin, which multiplied the amount of cotton that can be cleaned, which allowed American cotton production to skyrocket

a British mechanic who immigrated to the U.S. after memorizing the designs of textile mill machines; he started the first textile mill in the U.S. and later developed the Rhode Island System.

5th president of the US, acquired Florida for the US in 1819; part of the Missouri Compromise in which Missouri was declared a slave state; declared US opposition to European interference in the Americas

president of the United States, wasn't very tactful, not a very well-liked president; won over Jackson in a difficult decision where even though Jackson won popular vote, Adams won presidency; because of this he faced a lot of opposition and was unable to make very many big decisions; expanded the nations borders; authorized the Monroe Doctrine