| 1801-1809 Reduced size of military, repealed excise taxes, lowered national debt Maintained nation bank and neutrality Adopted loser intepretation of constitution Purchased Louisiana Territory Vision of agrarian society of farmers Marbury vs. Madison Suspend alien and sedition act Embargo act
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| British presence on the western frontier and interference with US expansion Brtish allied with natives such as Tecumseh War Hawks- major supporters of war New england merchants, quids and federalist politicians were against the war because they feared losing trading relationships, sympathized with british Federalist party came to an end due to its opposition to the war and their gathering at the Fartford convention planning to go back to britian. After- Natives were forced to cede land, U.S. gained more respect. moved toward industrial self sufficeny, jackson emerged as a war hero.
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| End of partisan division & the Federalist party Spirit of nationalism & optimism Sectional tensions over slavery Monroe represented the growing nationalism of Americans - younger American believed the nation was entering an era of unlimited prosperity Patriotic themes infused in art, literature, etc. 1815-1825
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| 1817 to 1825 raise tariffs to protect Us manufacturers used American System by Henry Clay Panic of 1819 - caused second bank tightening credit to control inflaton Missouri Compromise- prohibit slavery north of the latitude 36 degrees Treaty of 1811 Florida purchase due to treaty of 1819 Monroe Doctrine
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| proposed by Henry Clay implemented after war of 1812 protective tariffs, national bank, internal improvements individual states make internal improvements on their own Monroe vetoed because he believed the Constitution did not give the federal government power for internal improvements
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| 1820 Congress attempting to preserve a sectional balance between the North & South Admit Missouri as a slave state, admit Maine as a free state, prohibit slavery North of the latitude 36 degrees Preserved sectional balance for about 30 years Americans torn between feelings of nationalism & sectionalism
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| improved relations between the US & Britain - established the western US-Canada boundary line |
| Marshal was a federalist and usually made rulings based on federalist beliefs Martin v. Hunter’s Lease - Supreme Court had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights McCulloch v. Maryland - state could not tax a federal institution Cohens v. Virginia - Supreme court could review a state court’s decision involving any of the powers of the federal government
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| 1795-1835 Religious revivals swept through the United States in the early 19th century Reaction against rationalism and Calvinist (Puritan) teachings of original sin and predestination Successful preachers we're easily understood by the uneducated - spoke about the opportunity for salvation for all Preachers like Charles Finney appealed to people’s by the belief that individuals could be saved through faith & hard work Baptist & Methodist preachers (Peter Cartwright) travel to different locations & attract thousands to hear their preaching at revivals - by 1850, Baptists & Methodists were the largest Protestant denomination Mormon church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 - beliefs based on the book of Scripture - forced to move west near the Great Salt Lake in Utah Second Great Awakening caused division between the new, evangelical sects & the older Protestant churches
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| 1830 to 1860 Romanticism - writers & artists shifted away from Enlightenment emphasis on balance, order, & reason toward feeling, intuition, individual acts of heroism, & the study of nature Writers Emerson & Thoreau questioned the doctrines of churches & business practices of the merchant class - argued for a mystical & intuitive way of thinking as a means for discovering one’s inner self & looking for the essence of God in nature
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Ralph Waldo Emerson on Transcendtalism | |
Henry David Thoreau on transcendentalism | |
| -1825 -pursued Christian perfection through every aspect of their daily conduct and created a highly ordered and productive community |
| -1848 Oneida Community was a Perfectionist communal society dedicated to living as one family and to sharing all property, work, and love |
| 1800-1848 painting - portrayed the everyday life of ordinary people Hudson River School(1825) - expressed romantic age’s fascination with the natural world Architecture - adapted Greek styles to glorify the democratic spirit of the republic Literature - American people became more eager to read works of American authors about American themes
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| Temprence - movement by reformers and protestant ministers to make people abstain from drinking. Humanitarian Reforms- called attention to the increasing number of criminals & emotionally disturbed persons Reformers proposed setting up new public institutions, mental hospitals, & state-supported prisons Social reforms for public schools for children
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Changing Social Structures - Womens Rights | Cult of Domesticity(1820-1860) - idealized view of women as moral leaders in the home Seneca Falls Convention - first women’s rights convention in American history - issued the Declaration of Sentiments & listed women’s grievances Stanton & Susan B. Anthony led the campaign for equal voting, legal, & property rights for women In the 1850s, issues of women’s rights was overshadowed by the crisis of slavery
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Changing Social Structures Slvaery | Second Great Awakening led many Christians to view slavery as a sin William Loyd Garrison - began the radical abolitionist movement - advocated immediate abolition of slavery Liberty Party - campagin pledge to bring about the end of slavery by political & legal means Frederick Douglass - advocated both political & direct action to end slavery & racial prejudice Nat Turner - led a revolt in which 55 whites were killed
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Innovations in technology | Erie canal - link western farms with eastern citie started canal building other states Improved transportation = lower food prices, more immigrants settling in the West, stronger economic ties between the two sections steamboat lines made round-trip shipping faster & cheaper Railroads changed western towns into booming towns & created rapid rlinks between cities As the factory system expanded, it encouraged the growth of financial businesses such as banking & insurance Textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts recruited young women - easy management because the women lived on site - 1830s other factories imitated the Lowell system Northern manufacturers began to employ immigrants
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| Eli Whiteney cotton gin in 1793 & devised a system for making rifles with a system of interchangeable parts - basis of mass production methods in Northern factories Samuel Slater helped establish the first US factory in 1791 - embargo and the War of 1812 stimulated domestic manufacturing |
| 1820-1830 Factories-most people worked for bosses/ wages, & the end of self-sufficient households Women gained relatively more control over their lives - still limited by legal restrictions (couldn’t vote) Gap between the wealthy and the poor grew Social mobility occured from between generations - economic opportunities in the US were greater than in Europe Rapid growth of the cotton industry & the expansion of slavery into new states increased the amount of slaves & ended hopes for a quiet end to slavery Long hours, low pay, & poor working conditions led to discontent among factory workers Canals and railroads opened new markets
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| Connected by transportation routes to the west Economic growth commercial farming and industrial innovation Agriculture was still prominent high birth rate and increased immigration Workers organized both unions and local political parties Improvements limited by periodic depressions, hostile unions, and cheap labor Slums expanded African americans in the north represented 50% of all free African Americans - still faced racial discrimination & no voting rights
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| Agriculture foundation of Southern economy By 1850s - cotton provided two-thirds of all US exports - linked South and Britain Wealth was measured in terms of land and slaves In the deep south, slaves made up of 75% of the total population increased restrictions on movement and education to their slave codes Cotton boom responsible for an increase in slaves Planter aristocracy maintained power by dominating state legislatures - enacted laws that favored the large landholders’ economic interests isolated and defensive about slavery Feudal society
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| Land that lay beyond the Mississippi River and reached to California and the Oregon Territory Vast majority of Natives were living west of the Mississippi River Nomadic way of lay for many Native tribes - could more easily oppose settlers In the public eye, the west represented he possibility of a fresh start and greater freedom for all ehtnic groups Daily life of frontier people was similar to early colonists - diseases and malnutrition were common dangers Frontier people exhausted soil and cleared forests - little understanding of the fragility of nature and the wildlife
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| Louisiana Purchase - US gainst western territory Adam Onis Treaty - US aqcquired florida from spain Treaty of ghent - British US canadian border. Constantly lowered land prices to encouage migration
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| The Monroe Doctrine, issued in 1823 by President James Monroe, was a key statement of American foreign policy. It declared that the Western Hemisphere was off-limits to future European colonization and warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of newly independent Latin American nations. In return, the U.S. promised to stay out of European internal affairs and wars. Although the U.S. lacked the military power to enforce it at the time, the doctrine signaled a growing sense of American nationalism and asserted the U.S. role as the dominant power in the Western Hemisphere. |
| War of 1812 caused creeks to ceede millions of acres. jackson supported georgian frontier against the cherokee. Jackson made the indial Removal act of 1830
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Indian Removal Act of 1830 | Andrew JAckson “asked” Natives east of the Mississippi to move to dedicated land for Native Americans Cherokee Nation v. Georgia - Cherokee were not a sovereign nation - under the federal government Worcester v. Georgia - a state had no right to tell the Cherokee what to do - it was a federal matter Andrew Jackson openly defied the Supreme Court ruling
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1830-1850
caused 3,000 cherokee to die when forced to relocate during winter |
| Enthusiasm for expansion drives by nationalism, population increase, rapid economic development, technological advances, & reform ideals
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| By 1830, Americans outnumbered Mexicans in Texas by three to one 1829 - Mexicans outlawed slavery & required all america to convert to Roman Catholicism When American’s refused, Mexico closes Texas to additional American immigrants American from Southern states ignored Mexican prohibition General Antionio Lopez made himself dictator -- American settlers led by Sam Houston revolted & declared Texas to be an independent republic Sam Hourston captured Mexican general & applied for Texas to be added to the United States as a new state - Jackson & Van Buren put off annexation
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| war between mexico and US over land disputes General Stephen Kearney succeeded in taking Santa Fe & southern California General Winfield Scott’s army succeeded in taking Vera Cruz & then captured Mexico City in 1847 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) - Ended war
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| Mexico recognized the Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas United States took possession of California & New Mexico - US paid $15 million & assumed responsibility for any claims of American citizens against Mexico
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Debate over expansion of slavery | |
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