Back to AI Flashcard MakerHistory /Barron's AP World - Chapter 18 Industrialization and the Growth of Democracy Part 1
Barron's AP World - Chapter 18 Industrialization and the Growth of Democracy Part 1
This deck covers key concepts from Chapter 18 of Barron's AP World, focusing on industrialization and the growth of democracy. It includes important figures, inventions, and economic theories from the era.
enclosure movement
a preindustrial movement in the early 1700s that saw wealthy landowners purchase land from small farmers and experiment with new farming methods; this was also important because it eliminated common areas used by the public to graze animals and led to the development of urban poor
Tap or swipe ↕ to flip
Swipe ←→Navigate
1/25
Key Terms
Term
Definition
enclosure movement
a preindustrial movement in the early 1700s that saw wealthy landowners purchase land from small farmers and experiment with new farming methods; this...
factors of production
by the mid-18th century, England was an ideal location to begin industrialization because it enjoyed an abundance of these; the main ones are: land/re...
James Watt
invented the steam engine in the 1770s; this led to its application to power factory machinery
Eli Whitney
invented the cotton gin, providing the mechanization to speed up the cleaning of raw cotton
Robert Fulton
a US citizen who invented the steamboat in 1807
improvements in transportation that facilitated the distribution of manufactured goods
canals, macadam roads, turnpikes
Related Flashcard Decks
Study Tips
- Press F to enter focus mode for distraction-free studying
- Review cards regularly to improve retention
- Try to recall the answer before flipping the card
- Share this deck with friends to study together
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
enclosure movement | a preindustrial movement in the early 1700s that saw wealthy landowners purchase land from small farmers and experiment with new farming methods; this was also important because it eliminated common areas used by the public to graze animals and led to the development of urban poor |
factors of production | by the mid-18th century, England was an ideal location to begin industrialization because it enjoyed an abundance of these; the main ones are: land/resources (including water power, coal, and iron ore), labor (former small landowners, and anyone else), capital (machinery and buildings; these were usually bought with loans from a bank), entrepreneurship (the ability of persons to organize factors of production, and their willingness to assume risk) |
James Watt | invented the steam engine in the 1770s; this led to its application to power factory machinery |
Eli Whitney | invented the cotton gin, providing the mechanization to speed up the cleaning of raw cotton |
Robert Fulton | a US citizen who invented the steamboat in 1807 |
improvements in transportation that facilitated the distribution of manufactured goods | canals, macadam roads, turnpikes |
Samuel Morse | invented the telegraph in 1837 |
Alexander Graham Bell | invented the telephone in 1876 |
Muhammad Ali (1769-1849) | an Ottoman ruler who brought industrialization to Egypt; he set up factories to produce cotton cloth, as well as refined sugar and glass |
Egyptian industrialization | in order to realize huge profits, Muhammad Ali turned to commercial agriculture, forcing village farmers to leave their own plots and work instead on commercial plantations |
Russian industrialization | the Russian czars encouraged industrialization with railroads, such as the Trans-Siberian railroad; they also supported the armament industry |
Japanese industrialization | the Japanese government encouraged industrialization, even hiring foreign industrial experts; by 1900, Japan was the most highly industrialized land in Asia |
domestic effects of the Industrial Revolution | rapid urbanization (growth of cities), an emerging middle class of merchants and factory owners, unsanitary and unsafe working conditions in the early factories, child labor, low wages and long hours, inadequate housing in tenements with no running water or indoor plumbing, frequent fires, lack of police protection, and epidemic disease, a rising standard of living, cheaper goods, improved working conditions, and better housing |
global impact of the Industrial Revolution | the gap between industrialized and non-industrialized nations widened, a race for colonies ensued, as European nations and Japan sought sources of raw materials and new markets, Europe gained greater economic power, the middle class was strengthened and became politically active, political participation produced an interest in reform, world trade increased, various societies of the world became more closely connected |
Thomas Malthus | a supporter of Adam Smith’s laissez-faire economic theory, he also believed that the food supply could not compete with rapid population increases and that unless the excess population was decreased by war or disease, most people would live in poverty |
capitalism | an economic system which allows private ownership in order to produce profits |
David Ricardo | a supporter of Adam Smith’s laissez-faire economic theory, he also wrote in 187 that the abundance of laborers produced by high population growth would force wages to remain low |
utilitarian | a person who believes that government policies are useful only when they promote the common good |
John Stuart Mill | a utilitarian who supported women’s suffrage, prison reform, and improved education |
Robert Owen | a utopian socialist who believed that humans would demonstrate their natural goodness if they resided in cooperative environments; to illustrate his philosophy he built a model community, but his philosophy failed due to disagreements among the members |
socialism | an economic system in which factors of production belong to the government and are operated for the common welfare |
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels | two Germans who first proposed communist theory in their book, “The Communist Manifesto”; since then, other theories of communism have developed that are similar to theirs |
bourgeoisie | a middle class that consists of employers; this term is important in communist theory |
proletariat | the working class laborers; this term is important in communist theory |
communism | a theory set forth by Marx and Engels which stated that human society is and has been defined by an ongoing struggle between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat, and that the proletariat would eventually revolt against their adverse working conditions, seize factories, and control production; eventually, a classless society would develop in which the government/state would cease to exist; in the last phase, “pure communism,” private property would no longer exist and the factors of production would be shared by all the people |