Back to AI Flashcard MakerHistory /Barron's AP World - Chapter 21: Totalitarianism and Nationalism Part 1
Barron's AP World - Chapter 21: Totalitarianism and Nationalism Part 1
This deck covers key concepts from Chapter 21 of Barron's AP World, focusing on totalitarianism and nationalism, including important figures, events, and policies in Russian history.
Alexander 2
the Russian czar who decided after the Crimean War that Russia needed to take steps in order to keep pace with the modernization of other nations; he began his reforms by freeing the serfs in 1861, replacing serfdom with peasant communities; nonetheless, the peasants still had to pay the Russian government for their land, while the nobles received government payment for their land
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Alexander 2
the Russian czar who decided after the Crimean War that Russia needed to take steps in order to keep pace with the modernization of other nations; he ...
Alexander 3
in 1881, Alexander 2 was assassinated, and this man, his successor, increased the czar’s control over Russia while promoting industrial development; a...
pogroms
organized violence against Jewish people; Jews were subjected to this in Russia, as well as being forced to live in areas segregated from other Russia...
Nicholas 2
coming to the throne of Russia in 1894, he vowed that he would continue in the autocratic tradition of his father, Alexander 3; nonetheless, he heavil...
Mensheviks
a group of Marxists who by 1903 differed with other Marxist parties in that it wanted to further industrialize before gaining support from the proleta...
Bolsheviks
a group of Marxists who by 1903 wanted radical change executed by a small group of extremely committed revolutionaries
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Alexander 2 | the Russian czar who decided after the Crimean War that Russia needed to take steps in order to keep pace with the modernization of other nations; he began his reforms by freeing the serfs in 1861, replacing serfdom with peasant communities; nonetheless, the peasants still had to pay the Russian government for their land, while the nobles received government payment for their land |
Alexander 3 | in 1881, Alexander 2 was assassinated, and this man, his successor, increased the czar’s control over Russia while promoting industrial development; although western nationalist sentiment that promoted democracy was growing in Russia, this man continued along the path of autocracy by encouraging the secret police and imposing strict censorship of written materials; political dissidents were exiled to remote Siberia |
pogroms | organized violence against Jewish people; Jews were subjected to this in Russia, as well as being forced to live in areas segregated from other Russians; this was part of an effort to establish a national Russian culture |
Nicholas 2 | coming to the throne of Russia in 1894, he vowed that he would continue in the autocratic tradition of his father, Alexander 3; nonetheless, he heavily industrialized, primarily though state-sponsored heavy industries such as railroads, armament factories, and steel manufacturing; during his reign, the Trans-Siberian Railway was constructed, stretching across Russia |
Mensheviks | a group of Marxists who by 1903 differed with other Marxist parties in that it wanted to further industrialize before gaining support from the proletariat for a revolution |
Bolsheviks | a group of Marxists who by 1903 wanted radical change executed by a small group of extremely committed revolutionaries |
Vladimir Ilyich Lenin | the exiled leader of the Bolsheviks, he maintained contact with them until he could return to Russia from Europe |
Russo-Japanese War | the Russian loss in this war to the seemingly insignificant islands of Japan in 1905 hurt national morale |
Bloody Sunday | an event in January 1905 in which workers and their families marched on the czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg; Czar Nicholas was not there, but his generals ordered soldiers to fire on the protesters, killing several hundred and wounding more than 1,000 |
Duma | the first Russian parliament, it was created by Czar Nicholas in response to popular demands; meeting for the first time in May 1906, it was led by moderates who wanted to pattern the Russian government after the constitutional monarchy of Great Britain; it was soon dissolved by Nicholas, and never wielded enough power to reform the Russian government |
Czarina Alexandra | the wife of Czar Nicholas, she ran the government when Nicholas moved his headquarters to the front during WW1 |
Alexis | the son of Czarina Alexandra and future heir to the throne, Alexandra became increasingly preoccupied with his health while Nicholas was away; he had hemophilia |
Rasputin | a mysterious, self-proclaimed holy man who seemingly relieved the symptoms of Alexis Romanov; Alexandra fell under his spell and began allowing him to make important decisions; he was assassinated in 1916 by a group of nobles |
March Revolution | starting with riots in March 1917, it was a general protest against Czar Nicholas that forced him to abdicate the throne; in July 1918, Bolshevik revolutionaries executed the czar and his family |
Alexander Kerensky | the leader of a provisional government that was set up to replace Czar Nicholas; he was determined to continue Russian participation in WW1 |
soviets | local councils of peasants, laborers, and soldiers that some revolutionaries organized themselves into; in 1922 Lenin restructured the Russian government into self-governing republics known as these, united under the central government, the USSR |
White Army | an army of those who opposed Bolshevik policies |
Red Army | the army that supported the Bolsheviks |
Leon Trotsky | a Bolshevik leader of the Red Army |
New Economic Policy (NEP) | a new policy introduced by Lenin in March 1921 that allowed a degree of capitalism and also sought foreign investment; it broke with Lenin’s vision of a state-controlled command economy; individuals could sell goods for profit; by 1928, the economy had improved |
Communist Party | despite the pretenses made in the constitution passed by the Bolsheviks (now calling themselves the Communists), this is where the actual power resided |
Stalin | when Lenin died in 1924, Leon Trotsky vied for leadership with this person; in 1928, this person assumed total control of the Communist Party, and in 1929 forced Trotsky into exile |
totalitarian state | a state characterized by the rule of only one party whose beliefs support the welfare of the state above all else; the state controls all aspects of public and private life, and force is often used to crush any opposition; Stalin immediately went about creating one of these |
Great Purge | a bloody campaign in orchestrated by Stalin in which anyone suspected of disloyalty to the Communist government was killed |